List of Illustrations

Shòu Shān, the taoist Paradise (Print with key and reference number plate	Frontispiece
Sacrificial ploughing	35
Alarm-staff	36
Buddhist priest with alarm-staff	36
Amida Buddha	37
Toy Pedlar	38
Dice and Playing-cards	39
Xiàngqí, or Elephant Checkers, with Board	40
Wēiqí, or Surrounding Checkers. Boards, with Wooden Receptacles for Checkers (conventionally treated)	40
Kite-flying	42
The Dragon Boat Festival	43
Ananda, the favourite disciple of Buddha, and compiler of the Buddhist scriptures	44
Worshipping before the ancestral tablets	45
Emperor Shî of the Qín Dynasty designing the Great Wall of China	49
Chinese house	50
House in process of construction	50
“The Forbidden City,” Peiping	54
Astrologer Casting a Horoscope	56
Ancient battle-axe	59
Buddhist axe	59
Conventional bats	61
Bronze cauldron of the Shāng Dynasty, ornamented with the “cloud and thunder pattern” and the “Beast of Greed”	63
Eared bronze bell of the Zhōu Dynasty	66
The test of the year-old baby to indicate his future tastes	69
Sets of books in covers, conventionally treated for decorative purposes	72
Bronze sacrificial wine vessel of the Shāng Dynasty	74
Bronze wine-pot of the Zhōu Dynasty	74
The cangue	78
Senna knot and Giordes knot	79
Old Chinese temple rug	80
Taoist nostrum curing all diseases	87
Large Míng polychrome vase	89
Kāng Xï “Three Colour” wine pot in the form of the character shòu, longevity	90
Lama chisel-knife	91
Wüzhü coin	94
Coins of the Táng Dynasty	94
Kāng Xï coin	94
Diagram showing principal shapes of Chinese coins	97
The Chinese astrological compass	101
The Duke of Zhōu, the reputed inventor of the compass	102
Confucius in court costume	105
Emperor and Empress in sacrificial costume	108
Yáng Guìfēi, dancing before the Emperor Xuán Zōng of the Táng Dynasty	109
Ancient warriors	110
Official of the first grade under the Manchu regime	112
Cí Xî, Empress Dowager	113
Men’s clothing (modern)	114-115
Women’s clothing (modern)	116
Women’s adornments	117
Cranes and pine-tree	119
Cross-thunderbolt	120
The Great Yû, first Emperor of the Xià Dynasty	126
Funeral banner	129
Funeral procession at Peking	130
The chû or diamond mace	133
Bronze cauldron of the Zhōu period showing example of key-pattern	134
The Wú Zhuān Dîng of the Zhōu Dynasty	135
The evolution of the key-pattern	136
Diaper patterns	137
Dì Zàng Wáng, Ruler of Hades	138
The two door gods, military style	143
The two door gods, civil style	143
Dragon	145
Order of the double dragon as conferred during the Manchu Dynasty	146-147
Dragon of the clouds	152
Dragon of the sea	152
Chinese performers in stage dress	155
Táogû or hand-drum	158
The eight diagrams with the symbol of creation in the centre	162
Zhōnglí Quán	164
Zhāng Guōlâo	164
Lû Dòngbïn	165
Cáo Guójiù	165
Lí Tiêguâi	166
Hán Xïangzî	166
Lán Câihé	167
Hé Xiāngü	167
The eight ordinary symbols	166
The eight Buddhist symbols	169
Lohan No. 1, Bin-du-luo-bo-luo-duo-she, Pindola the Bhãradvãja	172
Lohan No. 2, Ga-no-ga-fa-zuo, Kanaka the Vatsa	172
Lohan No. 3, Bin-tou-lu-e-luo-sui-shi, a second Pindola	172
Lohan No. 4, Nan-ti-mi-duo-luo-qing, Nandimitra	172
Lohan No. 5, Ba-no-ga, Vakula or Nakula	173
Lohan No. 6, Dan-mo-luo-po-tuo, Tãmra Bhadra	173
Lohan No. 7, Ga-li-ga, Kalika or Kala	173
Lohan No. 8, Fa-she-na-fu-duo, Vajraputra	173
Lohan No. 9, Jie-bo-ga, Gobake, the Protector	175
Lohan No. 10, Ban-tuo-ga, Panthaka or Pantha the Elder	175
Lohan No. 11, Luo-hu-luo, Rãhula, the son of Buddha	175
Lohan No. 12, Na-ga-xi-na, Nãgasena	175
Lohan No. 13, Yin-jie-tuo, Angida	176
Lohan No. 14, Fa-na-po-su, Vanavãsa	176
Lohan No. 15, A-shi-duo, Asita or Ajita	176
Lohan No. 16, Zhu-cha-ban-tuo-ga, Chota-Panthaka or Pantha the Younger	176
Lohan No. 17, A-ci-da, Ajita	117
Lohan No. 18, Ba-luo-tuo-she	177
The white elephant with the sacred almsbowl of Buddha on its back	178
Examples of Chinese fans	185
Examples of Chinese lanterns	189
Paper charm known as the five poisons	196
Ancient imperial standard	198
Fly-whisk or chauri	201
Tracings from “Buddha-foot stones”	202
Mólî Qïng, Guardian of the East	203
Mólî Hâi, Guardian of the West	203
Mólî Hóng, Guardian of South	203
Mólî Shòu, Guardian of the North	203
Fú Yì inventing the Eight Diagrams	210
Zhù Róng, the God of Fire	213
God of Literature	214
God of Longevity	214
God of the Kitchen	216
Guān Dì reading the ancient classics	216
The two Gods of Wealth, Civil and Military	217
The money-tree	220
The wild goose as harbinger of good news	221
“A Hundred Colts”	228
The eight famous horses of Mù Wáng	229
Hundred antiques	230
Kuan Yin as protector of children	243
Lama priest attired for worship	246
Insignia and weapons of the Lama gods	247
Lama devil dancers’ masks used in the religious ceremonies celebrated on the 8th of the first moon	248
The philosopher Laocius	249
Lion	251
Lotus flowers	254
Manjusri	261
Wedding procession at Peiping	264
Ancient anatomical chart	267
The philosopher Mencius	270
Mirror of the Táng period	271
Stone and metal instruments	278
Stringed instruments	279
Bamboo and wooden instruments	281
Skin instruments	282
Gourds: Reed organ	283
Clay instruments: Ocarina	283
Nézhā	285
The spring ox and driver	294
A typical Chinese pagoda	296
Landscape in the style of Wáng Wéi	299
Landscape after Xià Guï	301
Pán Gû chiselling out the universe	304
The God of Longevity issuing from a peach	306
Golden pheasant	312
Phoenix	313
Taoist philosopher who has discovered the sacred fungus of immortality	318
Pû Xián mounted on a white elephant	323
The Taoist Queen of Heaven with her two attendants	325
Sceptre and head	330
Scrolls	332
Examples of Chinese seals	333
Seal of the first emperor of the Qín Dynasty	334
Dream of Buddha’s mother of his incarnation	339
The new-born Buddha washed by the nine dragons	339
Buddha, Mahayanistic type	339
Death of Buddha	339
Buddhist monks with rosaries	340
Pawnshop sign	343
The Emperor Shùn	344
The three star gods of happiness, affluence and longevity, with auspicious emblems	352
Mirror of the Táng period	354
Dôu Mû, the mother of the bushel, accompanied by two attendants, Yòu Bì and Zuô Fû	355
The meeting of the Cow-herd and the Spinning-maid on the borders of the Milky Way	356
The Poet Sü Dōngpō	361
Sauvastika with crampons to the left	364
Swastika, or svastika, with crampons to the right	364
Types of swords	366
The tàijí or Ultimate Principle of all things	364
Bodhidharma, the Blue-eyed Brahmin	368
The Three Pure Ones of the Taoist Trinity	372
The Pearly Emperor Yù Huáng seated in his court of justice	373
God of Thunder	375
Tiān Mû, the Goddess of Lightning	375
Léi Gōng, the God of Thunder, assisted by Tiān Mû, the Goddess of Lightning	376
The meeting of the dragon and the tiger, the two great forces of the universe	377
Liú Hâi, the Immortal, sporting with the three-legged toad	380
Twelve ornaments	386
Charm depicting the yïn and yáng, the Eight Diagrams, and the symbolic animals or Twelve Terrestrial Branches	388
Unicorn	391
Mâra the tempter, arch fiend of the Buddhists	394
The Lord of the Rain	396
The spirit of the Yellow River	397
The sacred wheel of Buddhism	399
The Lama Wheel of Life	401
A plate of willow ware	404
Five-fold (cinta) mani, or wish-granting gem	413
The evolution of Chinese writing from ancient to modern form	416
Inscribed bone fragments of great antiquity unearthed in Honan	418
Facsimile of inscription on ancient stone drums in a Confucian temple at Peking	418
The six scripts or categories of written symbols (ancient and modern style)	420
The six forms of writing	422
Xï Wáng Mû mounted on the crane	424
The souls of the dead arraigned before Yama, the God of Hell, and placed before the mirror, which shows the forms under which they will be reincarnated	427
Tortures of the Buddhist Hell	428, 430-1
Emperor Yáo	432
Flags of China, 1931 (in colours)	inside back cover