One of the best overall guides to informal logical fallacies is Douglas Soccio and Vincent Barry’s Practical Logic: An Antidote for Uncritical Thinking. This textbook is a goldmine for those interested in fallacies and critical thinking in general.
The best introduction to formal, informal, and categorical logic is C. Stephen Layman’s The Power of Logic. This textbook provides short, clear chapters on the basics of logic and critical thinking. The only negative features of this book, and of Soccio and Barry’s, are the size: each is over 500 pages.
If one is looking for an inexpensive guide to critical thinking and logical terms, then one should turn to Nigel Warburton’s Thinking from A to Z. This is a small book that can be thrown in a backpack and used for reference in the college classroom or anywhere else.
One of my favorite books on informal logical fallacies is Madsen Pirie’s The Book of the Fallacy: A Handbook for Intellectual Subversives. This is out of print, but a new edition has been released under a new title: How to Win Every Argument: The Use and Abuse of Logic. This book provides a good overview of many informal logical fallacies.
A very helpful historical overview of the development of logic is found in William and Martha Kneale’s History of Logic. This is a clear survey of the evolution of Western logic from Aristotle, through Scholasticism, and into the present era. Another useful history text is Anton Dumitriu’s History of Logic. Dumitriu gives an insightful introduction not only to Western logic but also to Indian and Chinese logic.