GLOSSARY

Affordances   what you can do with technology, even if designers don’t anticipate that activity. Many engineers and computer scientists imagine the possible benefits of the internet of things, but a world full of device networks will also afford corporations and governments access to immense amounts of private data.

Big data   information about many people collected over many kinds of devices, information that tends to reveal behavior but not attitudes or aspirations

Crowd sourcing   allowing many people over many devices to provide individual pieces of information that in aggregated form have immense utility

Crypto clan   an extended group of friends and family that we actively and purposefully maintain through norms of trust and reciprocity in encryption, content sharing, social networking, and information filtering

Cyberattack   the process of finding and exploiting vulnerable device networks by entering them and copying, exporting, or changing the data within them

Cyberwar   conflict involving the professional staff of established militaries who no longer just act in response to offline events but are trained to respond to the last cyberattack

Democracy   a form of open society in which people in authority use the internet of things for public goods and human security in ways that have been widely reviewed and publicly approved. Democracy occurs when the rules and norms of mass surveillance have been developed openly, and state practices are acknowledged by the government.

Device tithe   reserving 10 percent of processing power, sensor time, bandwidth, or other network-device feature for the user to voluntarily and openly assign to the civic organizations of his or her choice

Digital activism   an organized public effort with clear grievances, targeted authority figures, and campaigns initiated using device networks

Digital club   a small group of people with strong, direct ties who use their device networks for providing collective goods

Digital dilemma   the difficult choice of internet policy: either encourage internet access and device networking for economic benefits and political risks, or avoid civic engagement over the internet and pass up economic benefits

Dirty network   a social and technical system for corruption, crime, and human rights violations that supports negative social capital, passes negative memes, or allows for negative feedback

Ideology   meaning in the service of power. Today, information technology is the most important tool for servicing power.

Institutions   norms, rules, and patterns of behavior

Internet exchange point   the physical infrastructure that serves as a mandatory point of passage for data flowing from one network, or service provider, to others

Internet of things   networks of manufactured goods with embedded power supplies, small sensors, and an address on the internet. Most of these networked devices are everyday items that are sending and receiving data about their conditions and our behavior.

Metadata   information about our use of device networks. It is data about data, revealing context clues about the who, what, when, where, why, and how of the production and consumption of digital content and devices.

Net neutrality   the idea that all data, devices, and people on the internet should be treated equally

Organization   a social unit made up of people and material resources, like desks and device networks

Pax technica   a political, economic, and cultural arrangement of institutions and networked devices in which government and industry are tightly bound in mutual defense pacts, design collaborations, standards setting, and data mining

Sociotechnical system   an organization defined by the relationships between people and devices

TOR Server   a free and open-source software that allows your device to anonymously connect to a network so that activities and location cannot be discovered by someone surveilling the communication