Food Forensics: The Hidden Toxins Lurking in Your Food and How You Can Avoid Them for Lifelong Health

Introduction

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Part 1: Everything You Need to Know About Toxic Elements

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14. Ibid.

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Heavy Metals: Arsenic

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Heavy Metals: Mercury

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115. Sorensen J, Mottl P, & Yablon B. Not so sweet: missing mercury and high fructose corn syrup. 2009. Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. http://www.iatp.org/files/421_2_105026.pdf

116. The FDA sat on evidence of mercury-tainted high-fructose corn syrup. January 27, 2009. Grist. http://grist.org/article/some-heavy-metal-with-that-sweet-roll

117. Stanhope KL & Havel PJ. Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, sucrose, or high fructose corn syrup. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. December 2008. 88(6):1733S–1737S. PMCID:3037017. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3037017

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119. Fetzer WR, Crosby EK, Engel CE, et al. Effect of acid and heat on dextrose and dextrose polymers. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry. May 1953. 45(5):1075–1083. doi:10.1021/ie50521a056. American Chemical Society. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie50521a056?journalCode=iechad

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121. Mitchell DO. Sugar policies: opportunity for change. The World Bank: Development Prospects Group. World Bank Policy Research working paper 3222. February 2004.

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123. The Associated Press. High fructose corn syrup sales down 11%. June 2, 2010. Chicago Breaking Business. http://archive.chicagobreakingbusiness.com/2010/06/high-fructose-corn-syrup-sales-down-11.html

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125. Buck AW. “High fructose corn syrup.” Alternative Sweeteners, third edition, revised and expanded. 2001. Marcel Dekker: New York, NY.

126. Williams O & Bessler DA. Cointegration: implications for the market efficiencies of the high fructose corn syrup and refined sugar markets. Applied Economics. 1997. 29(2):225–232. doi:10.1080/000368497327281. Michigan State University. https://www.msu.edu/course/aec/845/READINGS/WilliamsBessler1997.pdf

127. Dufault R, LeBlanc B, Schnoll R, et al. Mercury from chlor-alkali plants: measured concentrations in food product sugar. Environmental Health. 2009. 8:2. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-8-2. http://www.ehjournal.net/content/8/1/2

128. McLaughlin, L. Is high-fructose corn syrup really good for you? TIME. September 17, 2008. http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1841910,00.html

129. Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. Much high fructose corn syrup contaminated with mercury, new study finds. January 25, 2009. http://www.iatp.org/documents/much-high-fructose-corn-syrup-contaminated-with-mercury-new-study-finds

130. Duffey KJ & Popkin BM. High-fructose corn syrup: is this what’s for dinner? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. December 2008. 88(6):1722S–1732S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825C. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/88/6/1722S.short

131. Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, & Popkin BM. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. April 2004. 79(4):537–543. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/79/4/537.short

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133. Angelopoulos TJ, Lowndes J, Zukley L, et al. The effect of high-fructose corn syrup consumption on triglycerides and uric acid. The Journal of Nutrition. April 2009. 139(6):1242S–1245S. doi:10.3945/jn.108.098194. http://jn.nutrition.org/content/139/6/1242S.short

134. Stanhope KL & Havel PJ. Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, sucrose, or high-fructose corn syrup. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. December 2008. 88(6):1733S–1737S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825D. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/88/6/1733S.short

135. Ouyang X, Cirillo P, Sautin Y, et al. Fructose consumption as a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Hepatology. June 2008. 48(6):993–999. PMCID:2423467. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2423467/

136. Duke University Medical Center. High fructose corn syrup linked to liver scarring, research suggests. March 23, 2010. Science Daily. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100322204628.htm

137. Sanchez-Lozada LG, Mu W, Roncal C, et al. Comparison of free fructose and glucose to sucrose in the ability to cause fatty liver. European Journal of Nutrition. February 2010. 49(1):1–9. doi:10.1007/s00394-009-0042-x. Springer Link. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00394-009-0042-x#

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142. Stanhope KL & Havel PJ. Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming beverages sweetened with fructose, glucose, sucrose, or high fructose corn syrup. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. December 2008. 88(6):1733S–1737S. PMCID:3037017. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3037017/

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144. Duffey KJ & Popkin BM. High-fructose corn syrup: is this what’s for dinner? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. December 2008. 88(6):1722S–1732S. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.25825C. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/88/6/1722S.short

145. Wallinga D, Sorenson J, Mottl P, et al. Not so sweet: missing mercury and high fructose corn syrup. 2009. Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy. http://www.iatp.org/files/421_2_105026.pdf

146. Dean S. Make your own high-fructose corn syrup with artist Maya Weinstein. Bon Appétit. May 30, 2013. http://www.bonappetit.com/trends/article/make-your-own-high-fructose-corn-syrup-with-artist-maya-weinstein

147. Dufault R, LeBlanc B, Schnoll R, et al. Mercury from chlor-alkali plants: measured concentrations in food product sugar. Environmental Health. January 2009. 8(2). PMCID:2637263. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2637263

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150. Wenner M. Corn syrup’s mercury surprise. Mother Jones. July/August 2009. http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2009/07/corn-syrups-mercury-surprise

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156. Watkins, T. “Corn sugar” is false advertising, FDA warns. Associated Press. September 15, 2011. NBC News. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/44543271

157. Corn Refiners Association. Statement of Audrae Erickson, president, Corn Refiners Association on the Food & Drug Administration denial of petition. Press release. May 30, 2012. http://www.corn.org/press/newsroom/fda-petition-denial-statement

158. Adams M. Health ranger research breakthrough: how to block nearly all the mercury in your diet using common, everyday foods. March 18, 2014. NaturalNews. http://www.naturalnews.com/044339_dietary_mercury_heavy_metals_removal.html

159. Steijns M, Peppelenbos A, & Mars P. Mercury chemisorption by sulfur adsorbed in porous materials. Journal of colloid and interface science. 57(1):181–186. ISSN:0021-9797. University of Twente. http://doc.utwente.nl/68345

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171. Abdalla FH, Bellé LP, De Bona KS, et al. Allium sativum L. extract prevents methyl mercury induced cytotoxicity in peripheral blood leukocytes (LS). Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2010. 48(1):417–21. PMID:19879309. Science.NaturalNews. http://science.naturalnews.com/pubmed/19879309.html

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173. Zhao J, Wen Y, Bhadauria M, et al. Protective effects of propolis on inorganic mercury induced oxidative stress in mice. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 2009. 47(4):264–9. PMID: 19382722. Science.NaturalNews. http://science.naturalnews.com/pubmed/19382722.html

Heavy Metals: Lead

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176. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Basic information about lead in drinking water. Updated February 18, 2016. http://www.epa.gov/your-drinking-water/basic-information-about-lead-drinking-water

177. European Food Safety Authority. Lead dietary exposure in the European population. EFSA Journal. 2012. 10(7):2831. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2831

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179. European Food Safety Authority. Lead dietary exposure in the European population. EFSA Journal. 2012. 10(7):2831. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/pub/2831

180. Wang ZW, Nan ZR, Wang SL, et al. Accumulation and distribution of cadmium and lead in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in contaminated soils from the oasis, north-west China. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2011. 91(2):377–84. doi:10.1002/jsfa.4196.

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183. Environmental Law Foundation. Notice of violation of the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Proposition 65), Section 25249.6 of the California Health and Safety Code, for exposing consumers of apple juice, grape juice, packaged peaches, packaged pears, and fruit cocktail to lead. 2010. http://oag.ca.gov/system/files/prop65/notices/2010-00214.pdf

184. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Best Value, Inc., recalls PRAN bran turmeric powder due to elevated levels of lead. October 15, 2013. http://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm371042.htm

185. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bottled water everywhere: keeping it safe. Updated June 28, 2010. http://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm203620.htm

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189. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA analyses of lead in lipsticks. 2010. http://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/productsingredients/products/ucm137224.htm#expanalyses

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193. Magzamen S, Imm P, Amato MS, et al. Moderate lead exposure and elementary school end-of-grade examination performance. Annals of Epidemiology. 2013. 23(11):700–7. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.08.007. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24095655

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195. Rosin A. The long-term consequences of exposure to lead. The Israel Medical Association journal. 2009. 11(11):689–94. PMID:20108558. Science.NaturalNews. http://science.naturalnews.com/pubmed/20108558.html

196. Stewart WF & Schwartz BS. Effects of lead on the adult brain: a 15-year exploration. American journal of industrial medicine. 2007. 50(10):729–39. PMID:17311281. Science.NaturalNews. http://science.naturalnews.com/pubmed/17311281.html

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200. Hegazy AA, Zaher MM, Abd El-Hafez MA, et al. Relation between anemia and blood levels of lead, copper, zinc and iron among children. BMC Research Notes. 2010. 3:133. PMID:20459857. Science.NaturalNews. http://science.naturalnews.com/pubmed/20459857.html

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202. Kasperczyk A, Kasperczyk S, Horak S, et al. Assessment of semen function and lipid peroxidation among lead exposed men. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2008. 228(3):378–84. PMID:18252257. Science.NaturalNews. http://science.naturalnews.com/pubmed/18252257.html

203. Fatima P, Debnath BC, Hossain MM, et al. Relationship of blood and semen lead level with semen parameter. Mymensingh Medical Journal. 2010. 19(3):405–16. PMID:20639835. Science.NaturalNews. http://science.naturalnews.com/pubmed/20639835.html

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211. Sajitha GR, Jose R, Andrews A, et al. Garlic oil and vitamin E prevent the adverse effects of lead acetate and ethanol separately as well as in combination in the drinking water of rats. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2010. 25(3):280–8. PMID:21731199. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21731199

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Heavy Metals: Cadmium

222. Mortvedt JJ. Heavy metal contaminants in inorganic and organic fertilizers. Fertilizer Research. 1996. 43:55–61. Springer Link. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00747683#page-1

223. Dorris J, Atieh BH, & Gupta RC. Cadmium uptake by radishes from soil contaminated with nickel cadmium batteries: toxicity and safety considerations. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods. 2002. 12(4):265–76. PMID:20021168. Science.Naturalnews.com. http://science.naturalnews.com/pubmed/20021168.html

224. Mortvedt JJ. Heavy metal contaminants in inorganic and organic fertilizers. Fertilizer Research. 1996. 43:55–61. Springer Link. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00747683#page-1

225. Frontline. Dr. Arjun Srinivasan: we’ve reached “the end of antibiotics, period.” Public Broadcasting Station. 2013. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/health-science-technology/hunting-the-nightmare-bacteria/dr-arjun-srinivasan-weve-reached-the-end-of-antibiotics-period

226. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Center for Veterinary Medicine. 2009 summary report on antimicrobials sold or distributed for use in food-producing animals. December 9, 2010. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/ForIndustry/UserFees/AnimalDrugUserFeeActADUFA/UCM231851.pdf

227. Loglisci R. New FDA numbers reveal food animals consume lion’s share of antibiotics. 2010. Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future. http://www.livablefutureblog.com/2010/12/new-fda-numbers-reveal-food-animals-consume-lion%E2%80%99s-share-of-antibiotics

228. Sapkota AR, Curriero FC, Gibson KE, et al. Antibiotic-resistant enterococci and fecal indicators in surface water and groundwater impacted by a concentrated swine feeding operation. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2007. 115(7):1040–1045. PMCID:PMC1913567. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1913567

229. Wan Y, Bao Y, & Zhou Q. Simultaneous adsorption and desorption of cadmium and tetracycline on cinnamon soil. Chemosphere. 2010. 80(7):807–12. PMID:20510430. Science.Naturalnews. http://science.naturalnews.com/pubmed/20510430.html

230. Kitana N & Callard IP. Effect of cadmium on gonadal development in freshwater turtle (Trachemys scripta, Chrysemys picta) embryos. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. 2008. 43(3):262–71. PMID: 18205057. Science.NaturalNews. http://science.naturalnews.com/pubmed/18205057.html

231. Luca G, Lilli C, Bellucci C, et al. Toxicity of cadmium on Sertoli cell functional competence: an in vitro study. Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents. 2013. 27(3):805–816. PMID: 24152845. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24152845

232. Kazantzis G. Cadmium, osteoporosis and calcium metabolism. Biometals. 2004. 17(5):495–8. PMID:15688852. Science.NaturalNews. http://science.naturalnews.com/pubmed/15688852.html

233. Tsuchiya K. Causation of ouch-ouch disease (Itai-Itai Byõ)—an introductory review. I. Nature of the disease. The Keio Journal of Medicine. 1969. 18(4):181–94. PMID: 4915215. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4915215

234. Paniagua-Castro N, Escalona-Cardoso G, Hernández-Navarro D, et al. Spirulina (arthrospira) protects against cadmium induced teratogenic damage in mice. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2011. 14(4):398–404. PMID:21254891. Science.Naturalnews. http://science.naturalnews.com/pubmed/21254891.html

Heavy Metals: Aluminum

235. Hetherington LE. World mineral production: 2001–2005. British Geological Survey. 2007. ISBN: 978-0-85272-592-4. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.

236. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Acid rain. Updated December 4, 2012. https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects-acid-rain

237. Sayer J. Is eating and injecting aluminum safe as our regulators say? Green Med Info. May 27, 2012. http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/eating-aluminum-it-safe-our-regulators-say

238. European Food Safety Authority. Scientific opinion of the panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and food contact materials (AFC). The EFSA Journal. 2008. 754:2–34. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/754.pdf

239. Ibid.

240. Chuchu N, Patel B, Sebastian B, et al. The aluminium content of infant formulas remains too high. BMC Pediatrics. 2013. 13:162. http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2431-13-162.pdf

241. Jefferson Lab. The element aluminum. Jefferson Lab Science Education. http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele013.html

242. Helmenstine, AM. Is alum safe to eat or use? Food and Cooking Chemistry FAQs. About.com. Updated February 16, 2016. http://chemistry.about.com/od/foodchemistryfaqs/f/Is-Alum-Safe.htm

243. Wise Geek. What are the pros and cons of alum for pickling? Accessed February 23, 2016. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-alum-for-pickling.htm

244. European Food Safety Authority. Scientific opinion of the panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and food contact materials (AFC). The EFSA Journal. 2008. 754:2–34. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/754.pdf

245. Ibid.

246. Thompson J. Aluminum chelation. The Health Sciences Institute. HSI Online. June 25, 2003. http://hsionline.com/2003/06/25/aluminum-chelation

247. Schaeffer G, Fontès F, le Breton E, et al. The dangers of certain mineral baking-powders based on alum, when used for human nutrition. Journal of Hygiene. 1928. 28(1):92–99. PMCID:PMC2167687. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2167687

248. Herzog P. Effect of antacids on mineral metabolism. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie. 1983. Suppl:117–26. PMID: 6858403. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6858403

249. Tomljenovic L. Aluminum and Alzheimer’s disease: after a century of controversy, is there a plausible link? Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2011. 23(4):567–98. PMID:21157018. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21157018

250. Hawkes N. Alzheimer’s linked to aluminium pollution in tap water. The Times. April 20, 2006. http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/health/article1884130.ece

251. Sappino AP, Buser R, Lesne L, et al. Aluminium chloride promotes anchorage-independent growth in human mammary epithelial cells. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2012. 32(3):233–43. PMID: 22223356. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22223356

252. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Study reports aluminum in vaccines poses extremely low risk to infants. Vaccines, Blood & Biologics. Updated January 2012. http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/ScienceResearch/ucm284520.htm

253. Mitkus RJ, King DB, Hess MA, et al. Updated aluminum pharmacokinetics following infant exposures through diet and vaccination. Vaccine. 2011. 29(51):9538–43. PMID:22001122. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22001122

254. Vaccine. Elsevier. Accessed February 23, 2016. http://www.journals.elsevier.com/vaccine

255. Mayo Clinic. A physician’s guide for anti-vaccine parents. 2012. http://newsnetwork.mayoclinic.org/discussion/a-physicians-guide-for-anti-vaccine-parents/

256. Tomljenovic L & Shaw CA. Aluminum vaccine adjuvants: are they safe? Current Medicinal Chemistry. 2011. 18(17):2630–7. PMID:21568886. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21568886

257. Tomljenovic L & Shaw CA. Do aluminum vaccine adjuvants contribute to the rising prevalence of autism? Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 2011. 105(11):1489–99. PMID:22099159. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22099159

258. Concerns About the Human Papillomavirus Vacine. American College of Pediatricians. January 2016. http://www.acpeds.org/the-college-speaks/position-statements/health-issues/new-concerns-about-the-human-papillomavirus-vaccine

259. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Public health statement for aluminum. CAS#: 7429-90-5. 2008. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=1076&tid=34

260. Spencer H & Lender M. Adverse effects of aluminum-containing antacids on mineral metabolism. Gastroenterology. 1979. 76(3):603–6. PMID:428714. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/428714

261. Herzog P & Holtermüller KH. Antacid therapy—changes in mineral metabolism. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 1982. 75:56–62. PMID:6293043. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6293043

262. Thompson J. Aluminum chelation. The Health Sciences Institute. HSI Online. June 25, 2013. http://hsionline.com/2003/06/25/aluminum-chelation

263. Wang L, Min M, Li Y, et al. Cultivation of green algae Chlorella sp. in different wastewaters from municipal wastewater treatment plant. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2010. 162(4):1174–86. PMID:19937154. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19937154

Heavy Metals: Copper

264. Purest Colloids. A brief history of the health support uses of copper. Accessed February 23, 2016. http://www.purestcolloids.com/history-copper.php

265. Wilson L. Copper toxicity syndrome. The Center for Development. Revised 2015. Drwilson.com. http://www.drlwilson.com/articles/copper_toxicity_syndrome.htm

266. Singha I, Sagarea AP, Comaa M, et al. Low levels of copper disrupt brain amyloid-β homeostasis by altering its production and clearance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2013. 110(36):14505–14506. doi:10.1073/iti3613110. http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/08/14/1302212110

267. Lovella MA, Robertson JD, Teesdale WJ, et al. Copper, iron and zinc in Alzheimer’s disease senile plaques. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 1998. 158(1):47–52. PMID:9667777. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9667777

268. Russo AJ. Decreased zinc and increased copper in individuals with anxiety. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights. 2011. 4:1–5. PMCID: PMC3738454. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3738454

269. Russo AJ. Analysis of plasma zinc and copper concentration, and perceived symptoms, in individuals with depression, post zinc and anti-oxidant therapy. Nutrition and Metabolic Insights. 2011. 4:19–27. doi:10.4137/NMI.S6760. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23946658

270. Russo AJ, Bazin AP, Bigega R, et al. Plasma copper and zinc concentration in individuals with autism correlate with selected symptom severity. Nutrition and metabolic insights. 2012. 5:41–7. PMID:23882147. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23882147

271. Kovrižnych JA, Sotníková R, Zeljenková D, et al. Acute toxicity of 31 different nanoparticles to zebrafish (Danio rerio) tested in adulthood and in early life stages—comparative study. Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 2013. 6(2):67–73. PMID: 24179431. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24179431

272. Shahabadi N, Khodaei MM, Kashanian S, et al. Interaction of a copper(II) complex containing an artificial sweetener (aspartame) with calf thymus DNA. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2013. 120C:1–6. PMID:24177861. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24177861

273. Schilsky ML. Wilson disease: genetic basis of copper toxicity and natural history. Seminars in Liver Disease. 1996. 16(1):83–95. PMID:8723326. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8723326

274. Gupte A & Mumper RJ. Copper chelation by D-penicillamine generates reactive oxygen species that are cytotoxic to human leukemia and breast cancer cells. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2007. 43(9):1271–8. PMID:17893040. Science.NaturalNews. http://science.naturalnews.com/pubmed/17893040.html

275. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Elements. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies. http://iom.nationalacademies.org/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/New%20Material/6_%20Elements%20Summary.pdf

Heavy Metals: Tin

276. Eisler R. Tin hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review. Biological report. U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. 1989. 8(1.15). DTIC Online. http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA322822

277. Krigman MR & Silverman AP. General toxicology of tin and its organic compounds. Neurotoxicology. 1984. 5(2):129–39. PMID:6390260. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6390260

278. Eisler R. Tin hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review. Biological report. U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. 1989. 8(1.15). DTIC Online. http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA322822

279. Reicks M & Rader JI. Effects of dietary tin and copper on rat hepatocellular antioxidant protection. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1990. 195(1):123–8. PMID:2399253. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2399253

280. Shargel L & Masnyj J. Effect of stannous fluoride and sodium fluoride on hepatic mixed-function oxidase activities in the rat. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 1981. 59:452–456. PMID:7268769. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7268769

281. Burba JV. Inhibition of hepatic azo-reductase and aromatic hydroxylase by radiopharmaceuticals containing tin. Toxicology Letters. 1983. 18(3):269–72. PMID:6665800. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6665800

282. Dwivedi RS, Kaur G, Srivastava RC, et al. Lipid peroxidation in tin intoxicated partially hepatectomized rats. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 1984. 33(1):200–209. Springer Link. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01625531

283. Food Safety Authority of Ireland. Mercury, lead, cadmium, tin and arsenic in food. Toxicology factsheet series. 2009. 1:1–13. www.fsai.ie/workarea/downloadasset.aspx?id=8412

284. Wong PTS, Chau YK, Kramar O, et al. Structure–toxicity relationship of tin compounds on algae. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 1982. 39(3):483–488. doi:10.1139/f82-066. NRC Research Press. http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/citedby/10.1139/f82-066#.Und0YySLrk0

285. Dehghan G. & Khoshkam Z. Chelation of toxic tin(II) by quercetin: a spectroscopic study. 2011 International Conference on Life Science and Technology. IPCBEE vol.3. 2011. IACSIT Press, Singapore. http://www.ipcbee.com/vol3/1-B050.pdf

286. Howe PD. Concise international chemical assessment document 65: tin and inorganic tin compounds. World Health Organization. 2005. ISBN: 9-24153-065-0. www.who.int/ipcs/publications/cicad/cicad_65_web_version.pdf

287. Nufarm agricultural products. Agri Tin®, EPA Reg No. 55146-72 specimen label, (RV092711). Nufarm Agricultural Products. Crop Data Management Systems, Inc. Accessed February 23, 2016. http://www.cdms.net/ldat/ld3MS005.pdf

288. Eisler R. Tin hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review. Biological report. U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service. 1989. 8(1.15). DTIC Online. http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA322822

289. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Tin and tin compounds. Division of toxicology ToxFAQs™. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2005. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tfacts55.pdf

290. Morry DW, Steinmaus C, et al. Evidence on the carcinogenicity of fluoride and its salts. California Environmental Protection Agency. 2011. http://www.fluoridealert.org/wp-content/uploads/ca-oehha.2011.pdf

291. McFadden RD. $750,000 given in child’s death in fluoride case. The New York Times. January 20, 1979. Fluoride Alert. http://fluoridealert.org/articles/kennerly

292. Dehghan G & Khoshkam Z. Chelation of toxic tin(II) by quercetin: a spectroscopic study. 2011 International Conference on Life Science and Technology. IPCBEE vol.3. 2011. IACSIT Press, Singapore. http://www.ipcbee.com/vol3/1-B050.pdf

Chemical Contaminants: Bisphenol A

293. Bisphenol A Global Industry Group. Bisphenol A: information sheet. Discovery and use. October 2002. http://www.bisphenol-A.org/pdf/DiscoveryandUseOctober2002.pdf

294. Environment and Human Health, Inc. Bisphenol A introduction: plastics that may be harmful to children and reproductive health. 2008. http://www.ehhi.org/reports/plastics/bpa_intro.shtml

295. Grignard E, Lapenna S, & Bremer S. Weak estrogenic transcriptional activities of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S. Toxicology in Vitro. 2012. 26(5):727–31. PMID:22507746. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22507746

296. Zsarnovszky A, Le HH, Wang H, et al. Ontogeny of rapid estrogen-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in the rat cerebellar cortex: potent nongenomic agonist and Endocrine disrupting activity of the xenoestrogen Bisphenol A. Neuroendocrinology. 2005. 146(12):5388. http://endo.endojournals.org/content/146/12/5388.short

297. Breast Cancer Fund. Disrupted development: the dangers of prenatal BPA exposure. 2013. http://www.breastcancerfund.org/assets/pdfs/publications/disrupted-development-the-dangers-of-prenatal-bpa-exposure.pdf

298. Stahlhut RW, Welshons WV, & Swan SH. Bisphenol A data in NHANES suggest longer than expected half-life, substantial nonfood exposure, or both. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2009. 117(5):784– 789. PMCID:2685842. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2685842

299. Breast Cancer Fund. Disrupted development: the dangers of prenatal BPA exposure. 2013. http://www.breastcancerfund.org/assets/pdfs/publications/disrupted-development-the-dangers-of-prenatal-bpa-exposure.pdf

300. Josephson J. Chemical exposures: Prostate cancer and early BPA exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2006. 114(9):A520. PMCID: PMC1570083. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1570083

301. Konkel L. BPA as a mammary carcinogen: early findings reported in rats. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2013. 121:A284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.121-A284

302. Lathi RB, Liebert CA, Brookfeild K, et al. Maternal serum biphenol-A (BPA) level is positively associated with miscarriage risk. Fertility and Sterility. 2013. 100(3):S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.07.183

303. Associated Press. Study ties chemical BPA to possible miscarriage risk. October 14, 2013. Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/health/2013/10/14/study-ties-chemical-bpa-to-possible-miscarriage-risk/

304. Liao C & Kannan K. High levels of bisphenol A in paper currencies from several countries, and implications for dermal exposure. Environmental science & technology. 2011. 45(16):6761–8. PMID:21744851. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21744851

305. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bisphenol A (BPA): use in food contact application. Updated March 2013. http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/publichealthfocus/ucm064437.htm

306. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of bisphenol A. National Toxicology Program. Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction. September 2008. NIH publication no. 08-5994. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/ohat/bisphenol/bisphenol.pdf

307. Kumanyika SK & Grier S. Targeting interventions for ethnic minority and low-income populations. The future of children. 2006. 16(1):187–207. doi:10.1353/foc.2006.0005. Project MUSE. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/foc/summary/v016/16.1kumanyika.html

308. Treviño RP, Marshall RM, Hale DE, et al. Diabetes risk factors in low-income Mexican-American children. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 1999. 22(2):202–207. doi:10.2337/diacare.22.2.202. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/22/2/202.short

309. Kirk JK, D’Agostino RBD, Bell RA, et al. Disparities in HbA1c levels between African-American and non-Hispanic white adults with diabetes. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2006. 29(9):2130–2136. doi:10.2337/dc05-1973.

310. Flegal KM, Ezzati TM, Harris M, et al. Prevalence of diabetes in Mexican Americans, Cubans, and Puerto Ricans from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1982–1984. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 1991. 14(7):628–638. doi:10.2337/diacare.14.7.628. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/14/7/628.short

311. Robbins JM, Vaccarino V, Zhang H, et al. Socioeconomic status and type 2 diabetes in African American and non-Hispanic white women and men: evidence from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. American Journal of Public Health. 2001. 91(1):76–83. PMCID:1146485. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1446485

312. Kington RS & Smith JP. Socioeconomic status and racial and ethnic differences in functional status associated with chronic diseases. American journal of Public Health. 1997. 87(5):805–810. PMCID:1381054. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1381054

313. Karter AJ, Mayer-Davis EJ, Selby JV, et al. Insulin sensitivity and abdominal obesity in African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white men and women: the insulin resistance and atherosclerosis study. American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 1996. 45(11):1547–1555. doi:10.2337/diab.45.11.1547. http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/45/11/1547.short

314. Drewnowski A & Darmon N. Food choices and diet costs: an economic analysis. The Journal of Nutrition. 2005. 135(4):900–904. http://jn.nutrition.org/content/135/4/900.short

315. Horowitz CR, Colson KA, Hebert PL, et al. Barriers to buying healthy foods for people with diabetes: Evidence of environmental disparities. American Journal of Public Health. 2004. 94(9):1549–1554. doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.9.1549. http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.94.9.1549

316. Drewnowski A & Specter SE. Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2004. 79(1):6–16. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/79/1/6.short

317. Morland K, Diez Roux AV, & Wing S. Supermarkets, other food stores, and obesity: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2006. 30(4):333– 339. Science Direct. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379705004836

318. Candib LM. Obesity and diabetes in vulnerable populations: reflection on proximal and distal Causes. Annals of family medicine. 2007. 5(6):547–556. doi:10.1370/afm.754. http://www.annfammed.org/content/5/6/547.full

319. Drewnowski A & Darmon N. The economics of obesity: dietary energy density and energy cost. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2005. 82(1):265S–273S. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/82/1/265S.short

320. European Food Safety Authority. Bisphenol A. EFSA. Accessed February 23, 2016. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/bisphenol.htm

321. AFP RelaxNews. France bans contested chemical BPA in food packaging. December 13, 2012. NY Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/france-bans-contested-chemical-bpa-food-packaging-article-1.1219611

322. International Chemical Secretariat. Sweden to initiate a total phase out of bisphenol A. February 1, 2013. http://hkmb.hktdc.com/en/1X09SEGE/hktdc-research/Swedish-environment-minister-calls-for-a-total-phase-out-of-BPA-while-a-damning-report-is-published-on-this-chemical

323. Austen I. Canada declares BPA, a chemical in plastics, to be toxic. The New York Times. October 13, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/14/world/americas/14bpa.html

324. Liao C, Liu F, & Kannan K. Bisphenol S, a new bisphenol analogue, in paper products and currency bills and its association with bisphenol A residues. Environmental Science & Technology. 2012. 46(12):6515–6522. PMID:22591511. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591511

325. Cooper JE, Kendig EL, & Belcher SM. Assessment of bisphenol A released from reusable plastic, aluminium and stainless steel water bottles. Chemosphere. 2011. 85(6):943–947. Science Direct. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351100717X

326. Yang CZ, Yaniger SI, Jordan VC, et al. Most plastic products release estrogenic chemicals: a potential health problem that can be solved. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2011. 119(7):989–996. PMID:21367689. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21367689

327. Bittner, GD. Materials and food additives free of endocrine disruptive chemicals. Application number: 10/852,026. Publication number: US2004/0214926 A1. 2004. http://www.google.com/patents/US20040214926

328. Fassa P. Eliminate and reverse BPA toxicity. NaturalNews. October 27, 2011. http://www.naturalnews.com/033993_BPA_protection.html

329. Ibid.

Chemical Contaminants: Hexane

330. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Jet fuel. Haz-Map® occupational health database. Updated November 2013. U.S. National Institutes of Health. http://hazmap.nlm.nih.gov/category-details?id=698&table=copytblagents

331. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Hexane. Revised January 2000. Technology Transfer Network—Air Toxics. http://www.epa.gov/ttnatw01/hlthef/hexane.html

332. The National Safety Council. N-hexane chemical backgrounder. 2002. Wayback Machine. http://web.archive.org/web/20070519002303/http://www.nsc.org/ehc/chemical/N-Hexane.htm

333. Dunnick JK, Graham D, Yang RS, et al. Thirteen-week toxicity study of n-hexane in B6C3F1 mice after inhalation exposure. Toxicology. 1989. 57(2):163–72. PMID:2749745. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2749745

334. Howd RA, Rebert CS, Dickinson J, et al. A comparison of the rates of development of functional hexane neuropathy in weanling and young adult rats. Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology. 1983. 5(1):63–8. PMID:6304548. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6304548

335. Cavender FL, Casey HW, Salem H, et al. A 13-week vapor inhalation study of n-hexane in rats with emphasis on neurotoxic effects. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology. 1984. 4(2 Pt 1):191– 201. PMID:6724193. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6724193

336. Li H, Liu J, Sun Y, et al. N-hexane inhalation during pregnancy alters DNA promoter methylation in the ovarian granulosa cells of rat offspring. Journal of Applied Toxicology. 2013. 34(8):841–56. PMID:23740543. PubMed. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23740543

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509. Sansom W. Related studies point to the illusion of the artificial. UT Health Science Center San Antonio. June 27, 2011. http://uthscsa.edu/hscnews/singleformat2.asp?newID=3861

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