When I first travelled in Central Asia, in 1959, the Soviet Union was a super-power, Khrushchev’s ‘Virgin Lands’ campaign was in full swing and Central Asia was a closed country. In most places my friend and I were probably the only foreigners the locals had ever seen. There was no tourism. The local Party organisation had the magic wand. It could find a room in an overcrowded hotel, get a light plane to drop us at a site in the desert, even send a parcel from the local post office. We travelled by public transport, trains and buses, and sometimes even by car, courtesy of the almighty Party. The roads were thronged with donkey carts, horse wagons, camels and lorries and an occasional bus. Cars were almost non-existent. We slept in local inns, the mehman-khanas, in ancient hotels dating from tsarist times or in various establishments destined for the apparatchiks travelling on a komandirovka (assignment). The only hotel worth its name was in Tashkent, where we started and finished our journey. We were, of course, closely surveyed. We had to argue constantly about our programme, which was repeatedly altered, scrapped, then allowed to go ahead again. We had to see things we did not want to see and were not allowed to go where we wanted to. But people, although they were sometimes reticent and cagey, were kind and helpful. In museums, we could take artefacts out into the courtyard to photograph them. On the other hand, the country police were wary of our cameras, and more than once wanted to confiscate them. There were no markets. Meat was sold in tiny scraps from fly-ridden stalls, but the plov (pilaf) and kebab sold in the streets tasted delicious.
How things change. In 1997, on my second visit, the Soviet Union was no more, Khrushchev was as good as forgotten, and the Central Asian republics, now independent, were called Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. Frunze was again Bishkek, Stalinabad had metamorphosed into Dushanbe, Leninabad into Khodzhend. Istanbul had replaced Moscow as the main port of entry. Camels had disappeared from the streets, horse wagons had been converted into cars, and mobile phones were seen more frequently than donkeys. In offices and banks, abacuses sat next to computers. Every village had a lively market, butchers’ stalls had refrigerators and meat was sold in decent-sized cuts. In the main cities, Indian companies had built luxury hotels which the local staff still had some difficulties running. Tourists were everywhere. Foreign pilgrims flocked to the holy places and prayed in local mosques. On the other hand, frontiers had sprung up where none had been before, and visas were required at every crossing. Forms, in Cyrillic only, had to be meticulously filled in and checked, only to be stacked away and never looked at again. But in the streets, Cyrillic was in retreat, making way for a Latin alphabet modelled on Turkish.
And the women – tall, leggy girls in fashionable dresses replaced the shapeless forms in their parandzhas. The progress of urbanisation was in evidence everywhere.
The famous monuments had been restored and rebuilt, some more skillfully than others. Tilla Kari had acquired a bulbous dome which it never had, the Gur Emir had got back its gleaming interior of shining gold, which, perhaps, it had when it was new. Only Khiva was a disaster. Some clever person had had the idea to make it into a museum city. So people had been resettled, rubble removed, crumbling walls restored, peeling tilework replaced. Gone were the camels loaded with brushwood, donkeys, stray cats and mangy dogs. There were workmen in overalls instead of playing children. The bearded old men in their leather boots and quilted khalats were gone.
On the Chinese side, Xinjiang is gradually opening up but still suffers much of the ‘Soviet disease’. Tourist facilities are few and inefficient, although accommodation is, by and large, acceptable. Movement is, as it was in the USSR, tightly controlled, but the bland Russian ‘nyet’ comes here as a polite Chinese promise which never materialises. The Silk Road is fast becoming a popular tourist destination, but its southern branch is still quite difficult to get to. And the crossing of the Karakoram Range into Pakistan is one of the great experiences of our time.
Afghanistan, on the other hand, is an unmitigated tragedy. Since I was there, in 1978, there have been, firstly, three bloody coups d’etat followed by the Russian invasion in 1979, and ten years of guerilla warfare of unsurpassed cruelty. The Russian retreat in 1989 opened the gates to a civil war that is still raging. Very little archaeological work could be done during that time. Nevertheless, some excavations were going on, mainly in the Kabul area, where security conditions allowed it. Tourism was, and is, of course, non-existent and the only foreigners occasionally allowed into the country were a few journalists and aid workers. So, perhaps, the pictures that I took thirty years ago may, in some cases, be the last to show what splendours the country’s cultural heritage had to offer.
This book could not have been written without the help of my wife, who was my travelling companion, record keeper, researcher and, above all, my most persistent and merciless critic.