Notes

Front Matter

1. For the most recent accounts of the Poltava story, see Mark J. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets: The Failure of Operation FRANTIC, 1944–1945 (Lawrence, KS, 1997); Lee Trimble and Jeremy Dronfield, Beyond the Call: The True Story of One World War II Pilot’s Covert Mission to Rescue POWs on the Eastern Front (New York, 2015).

Prologue

1. Lieutenant Colonel Pervushin to Lieutenant Colonel Akhov, “Svodka naruzhnogo nabliudeniia za ob’ektom “Turist,” May 18, 1958, 11:40 a.m. to 16:25 p.m., 4 pp., Archives of the Security Service of Ukraine (Arkhiv Sluzhby bezpeky Ukraïny), Kyiv (hereafter SBU Archives), fond 13, no. 1207, “Proverka voennosluzhashchikh bazy VVS SShA v Poltave, t. 18,” fols. 229–32.
2. Franklyn D. Holzman, Soviet Taxation: The Fiscal and Monetary Problems of a Planned Economy (Cambridge, MA, 1955); Colonel Akhov and Lieutenant Colonel Baruzdin to Lieutenant Colonel Zubkov, July 25, 1960, 4 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1207, fols. 327–30.
3. Captain Khramov and Major Ovchinnikov, “Spravka na amerikanskogo voennosluzhashchego aviabazy VVS SShA v Poltave Fisher Iu. A.,” May 1964, 8 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1207, fols. 83–86v; Ken Gewertz, “From Russia with Thanks: Holzman Awarded Medal for World War II Service,” Harvard Gazette, April 3, 1997; Franklyn Holzman, BBC interview on his experiences at Poltava, 1995 (courtesy of the Holzman Family and the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard University).

Chapter 1

1. John R. Deane, The Strange Alliance: The Story of Our Efforts at Wartime Cooperation with Russia (New York, 1947), pp. 3–4; Geoffrey Roberts, Molotov: Stalin’s Cold Warrior (Dulles, VA, 2012), pp. 21–90.
2. “Istoriia Khodynki,” Grand Park <http://www.grandpark.info/index.php?go=Pages&in=view&id=4>; Roger Moorhouse, The Devil’s Alliance: Hitler’s Pact with Stalin, 1939–1941 (New York, 2014), chap. 1, “The Devil’s Potion.”
3. Nikolai Gogol, “The Terrible Vengeance,” in The Collected Tales of Nikolai Gogol, trans. Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky (New York, 1999), p. 90; David M. Glantz and Jonathan M. House, When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler (Lawrence, KS, 1995), pp. 168–78.
4. “Douglas C-54 Skymaster,” Warbird Alley <http://www.warbirdalley.com/c54.htm>; Arthur Pearcy, Douglas Propliners: DC-1–DC-7 (London, 1996).
5. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York, 1975), p. 227;Frank Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances: How Personal Politics Helped Start the Cold War (Princeton and Oxford, 2012), pp. 192–93.
6. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 228–29; Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 3, 9–11.
7. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 107; [Albert Lepawsky], “History of Eastern Command, U.S. Strategic Air Forces in Europe, 1941–1944,” Headquarters USSTAF, 1944, National Archives and Records Administration (hereafter NARA), NA/RG 334, box 66, p. 7.
8. Kathleen Harriman to Mary, in Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, p. 234.
9. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 3.
10. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs, 2 vols. (New York, 1948), 2: 1277; Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 4.
11. Hamilton to Secretary of State, October 18, 1943, in Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter FRUS), Diplomatic Papers, 1943: General, pp. 567–68; Minutes of Meeting Held at the Kremlin on October 18, 1943, ibid., pp. 563–65.
12. “The Moscow Conference: October 1943,” The Avalon Project <http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/moscow.asp>.
13. Frank Costigliola, “ ‘I Had Come as a Friend’: Emotion, Culture, and Ambiguity in the Formation of the Cold War, 1943–45,” Cold War History 1, no. 1 (August 2000): 105–106.
14. Costigliola, “ ‘I Had Come as a Friend,’ ” pp. 105–6; Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, November 5, 1943, p. 2, in Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk.

Chapter 2

1. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 24; Harriman to Roosevelt, October 31, 1943, FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, 1943: General, p. 690.
2. Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, November 9, 1943, p. 3, in Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk.
3. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 24–25; Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (New York, 2003), pp. 519–22; Hull, Memoirs, 2: 1308–10.
4. Mark J. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets: The Failure of Operation Frantic, 1944–1945 (Lawrence, KS, 1997), pp. 9–12.
5. Record of the Second meeting of the Three-partite Conference, October 20, 1943, FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, 1943: General, pp. 583–88, 778–81.
6. Ibid., p. 779; Hull, Memoirs, 2: 1310; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, p. 239; Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 20.
7. Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics. Conversations with Felix Chuev, ed. Albert Resis (Chicago, 1993), p. 45.
8. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 27–28; “Most Secret Protocol, Moscow,” November 1, 1943, FRUS, Diplomatic Papers, 1943: General, p. 773.
9. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 20–21; To Milattache, Embassy Moscow, no. 75, October 26, 1943, NARA, NA/RG 334, Box 63: US Military Mission to Moscow, Operation Frantic (October 26, 1943–March 31, 1944), 3 pp.; [Albert Lepawsky], “History of Eastern Command, U.S. Strategic Air Forces in Europe, 1941–1944,” Headquarters USSTAF, 1944, NARA, NA/RG 334, box 66, p. 7.
10. To AGWAR Washington from Deane, no. 28, October 29, 1943, NARA, NA/RG 334, box 63, 2 pp.; Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 16.
11. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 29; Harriman to Washington, December 26, 1943, NARA, NA/RG 334, box 63, 3 pp.; Deane to Washington, December 27, 1943, ibid., 1 p.
12. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 31; General Arnold to Deane, January 27, 1944, NARA, NA/RG 334, Box 63, 2 pp.
13. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, p. 296; Deanne to Slavin, January 31, 1944 (English text and Russian translation), NARA, NA/RG 334, Box 63, 2 pp.; Memorandum of Conversation, The American Ambassador, Marshal Stalin, Molotov, February 2, 1944, NARA, NA/RG 334, Box 63, 4 pp.
14. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 108; Deane to Washington, February 2, 1944, NARA, N/A RG 334, Box 63, 1 p.; Arnold to Deane, February 4, 1944, 1 p., NARA, N/A RG 334, Box 63.
15. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 108; Memorandum of Conversation, The American Ambassador, Marshal Stalin, Molotov, February 2, 1944, NARA, N/A RG 334, Box 63, 4 pp.

Chapter 3

1. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 30, 108–109; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 23–25; Von Hardesty and Ilya Grinberg, Red Phoenix Rising: The Soviet Air Force in World War II (Lawrence, KS, 2012).
2. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 108–109; Deane to AGWAR, Washington, February 5, 1944, 3 pp., NARA, N/A RG 334, Box 63.
3. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 32.
4. Ibid., pp. 31–33; Deane to Slavin, February 25, 1944, NARA, N/A RG 334, Box 63, 1 p.; “Col. John S. Griffith,” obituary, New York Times, October 16, 1974; From Milattache, London to US Milmission, Moscow, February 23, 1944, NARA, N/A RG 334, Box 63, 1 p.; Deane to Slavin, February 24, 1944, ibid., 1 p.; Deane, “Procedure for First Meeting,” February 27, 1944, ibid., 1 p.; “Shuttle Bombing,” Minutes of Meeting, February 28, 1944, ibid., 5 pp.
5. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 110–11; Meeting at Air Force Headquarters Building,” March 16, 1944, NARA, N/A RG 334, Box 63, 4 pp., here 1.
6. Griffith to Milattaché Amembassy, London; AGWAR, Washington, April 2, 1944, NARA, N/A RG 334, Box 63, 3 pp.
7. Deane to Milattaché Amembassy, London; AGWAR, Washington, March 26, 1944, ibid., 2 pp.; “Meeting at Air Force Headquarters Building,” April 5, 1944, ibid, 5 pp.
8. “Meeting at Air Force Headquarters Building,” April 5, 1944, NARA, N/A RG 334, Box 63, 5 pp.; “Major General Alfred A. Kessler, Jr,” US Air Force <http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/106572/major-general-alfred-a-kessler-jr.aspx>; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 33, 40.
9. Deane to Nikitin, April 12, 1944, NARA, N/A RG 334, Box 63, 1 p.; Deane to Nikitin, April 12, 1944, ibid., 1 p.; Deane to General Evstegneeev, April 12, 1944, ibid., 1 p.; Deane to Nikitin, April 14, 1944, ibid., 1 p.; Nikitin to Deane, April 14, 1944, ibid., 1 p.; Deane to Milattaché Amembassy, London; AGWAR, Washington, April 15, 1944, ibid., 1 p.
10. Daily Diary, 4th Echelon of “Frantic” during trip from England to Russia, in James Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ American Shuttle Bombing to and from Russian Bases, 26 October 1943–15 June 1944,” Headquarters, Mediterranean Allied Air Force, 1944, in W. Averell Harriman Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, Box 188, p. 1; Franklyn Holzman, BBC interview on his experiences at Poltava, 1995; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 37–38.
11. Stuart Nicol, Macqueen’s Legacy, vol. 2, Ships of the Royal Mail Line (Brimscombe Port and Charleston, SC, 2001), pp. 130–49; Daily Diary, 4th Echelon of “Frantic” during trip from England to Russia, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” pp. 2–3; Palmer Myhra, A Frantic Saga: A Personal Account of a United States’ Secret Mission inside the Soviet Ukraine during World War II (Iola, WI, 2008), pp. 17–18.
12. Daily Diary, 4th Echelon of “Frantic” during trip from England to Russia, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” pp. 4–9; Holzman, BBC interview; Ken Gewertz, “From Russia with Thanks: Holzman Awarded Medal for World War II Service,” Harvard Gazette, April 3, 1997; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 53–54.
13. Agent Report, “Leninakanskii,” May 29, 1944, 2 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 39, 39v; Agent Report, “Shakhter,” May 30, 1944, 2 pp., ibid., fols. 40, 40v; Agent Report, “Kravkov,” June 2, 1944, 2 pp., ibid., fols. 41, 41v.
14. Daily Diary, 4th Echelon of “Frantic” during trip from England to Russia, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” pp. 8–9; Agent Report, “Pika,” May 17, 1944, 3 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 168–70.

Chapter 4

1. Chris Hansen, Enfant Terrible: The Times and Schemes of General Elliott Roosevelt (Tucson, 2012), pp. 357–59; Harriman to Deane, December 3, 1943, NARA, NA/RG 334, box 63, 1 p.; Deane to Elliott Roosevelt, December 3, 1943, ibid., 1 p.
2. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 310–12.
3. Anderson to Spaatz, Report on Visit to Russia by Mission of USSTAF Officers, May 21, 1944, 9 pp., here 2, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” sections 42–50; To Colonel Weicker, Subject: Conference with General Grendall, May 13, 1944, 4 pp. in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” sections 66–50; Hansen, Enfant Terrible, pp. 363–65; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 67–68; Anderson to Spaatz, Report on Visit to Russia by Mission of USSTAF Officers, May 21, 1944, 9 pp., here 3, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” sections 42–50.
4. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 45–46; Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 110, 115.
5. “Perminov, Aleksandr Romanovich,” Tsentr genealogicheskikh issledovanii <http://rosgenea.ru/?a=16&r=4&s=%CF%E5%F0%EC%E8%ED%EE%E2>; Vladimir Savonchik, “14-ia smeshannia aviatsionnaia diviziia” <https://proza.ru/2014/10/01/804>; Velikaia Otechestvennaia. Komdivy, Voennyi biograficheskii slovar’, ed. V. P. Goremykin (Moscow, 2014), vol. 2, pp. 561–62.
6. Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” p. 10.
7. [Albert Lepawsky], “History of Eastern Command, U.S. Strategic Air Forces in Europe, 1941–1944,” Headquarters, USSTAF, 1944, in NARA, N/A RG 334, Box 66, chap. 3, sections 22–23; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 44–45.
8. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Commissar of State Security Viktor Abakumov, April 30, 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, “Delo po agenturno-operativnomu obsluzhivaniiu aviabazy Amerikanskikh VVS, proizvodivshikh chelnochnye operatsii i bazirovavshikhsia na aėrodromakh SSSR Poltava-Mirgorod-Piriatin,” vol. 11, begun 1944, completed 1946, 3 pp.; Lavrentii Beria to Joseph Stalin, May 18, 1944, ibid., 2 pp.
9. [Lepawsky], “History of Eastern Command, U.S. Strategic Air Force in Europe, 1941–1944” chap. 3, sections 15, 22–23, 33.
10. A. Nikitin, “Chelnochnye operatsii,” Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal, 1975, no. 11: 41–46, here 43.
11. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 115–16; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 47–49; Sgt. Joe Lockard, “Yanks in Russia,” Yank, the Army Weekly 3, no. 38 (March 9, 1945): 8–9.
12. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 116–17.
13. Elliott Roosevelt, As He Saw It (New York, 1946), pp. 217–18.
14. Viktor Revehuk, Poltavshchyna v roky Druhoï svitovoï viiny (1939–1945) (Poltava, 2004), pp. 41–62.
15. G. A. Antipovich et al., Poltava: kniga dlia turistov, 2nd ed. (Kharkiv, 1989), pp. 51, 99–100; Revehuk, Poltavshchyna v roky Druhoï svitovoï viiny, pp. 242–67; V. S. Gribov, 1944. Aviabaza osobogo naznacheniia. Soiuznicheskaia aktsiia SSSR-SShA (Moscow, 2003), p. 4.
16. Serhii Plokhy, The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine (New York, 2015), pp. 73–130; Poltava 1709: The Battle and the Myth, ed. Serhii Plokhy (Cambridge, MA, 2012).
17. “Pam’iatnyk slavy,” Poltava istorychna <http://poltavahistory.inf.ua/hisp_u_9.html>.
18. See the following articles in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, vol. 2 (Toronto, 1989): Pavlo Petrenko, “Kotliarevsky, Ivan”; Dmytro Chyzhevsky and Danylo Husar Struk, “Gogol, Nikolai”; Roman Senkus, “Korolenko, Vladimir”; Sviatoslav Hordynsky and Vadym Pavlovsky, “Krychevsky, Vasyl H.”
19. Plokhy, The Gates of Europe, pp. 245–90.
20. Daily Diary, Entry for May 14, 1944, 34 pp., here 10, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic’”; Serhii Plokhy, “Mapping the Great Famine,” in The Future of the Past: New Perspectives on Ukrainian History (Cambridge, MA, 2016), pp. 375–40; Revehuk, Poltavshchyna v roky Druhoï svitovoï viiny, pp. 41–62.
21. Lockard, “Yanks in Russia.”
22. Agent Report, “Pika,” May 17, 1944, 3 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 168–70.
23. Anderson to Spaatz, Report on Visit to Russia by Mission of USSTAF Officers, May 21, 1944, 9 pp., here 8, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” sections 42–50; Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 116–17.
24. Roosevelt, As He Saw It, pp. 217–18.

Chapter 5

1. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 118.
2. Roosevelt, As He Saw It, p. 217.
3. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 118; Donald E. Davis and Eugene P. Trani, The Reporter Who Knew Too Much: Harrison Salisbury and the New York Times (Lanham, MD, 2012), chap. 2, “Foreign Correspondent”; Anderson to Spaatz, Report on Visit to Russia by Mission of USSTAF Officers, May 21, 1944, 9 pp., here 2, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” sections 42–50.
4. Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, June 4, 1944, 3 pp., here 1, in Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk; Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, November 9, 1943, 3 pp., here 1.
5. Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, June 4, 1944, 3 pp., here 1, in Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk.
6. “US Bombers at Soviet Airfields: Operation Titanic” (Operation Frantic) 1944 USAAF <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2A8HBB0_O-8>; “Skvoznoi udar. Aviabaza osobogo naznacheniia” (2004) <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PMtItXpVglU>.
7. Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, June 4, 1944, 3 pp., here 1, in Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk; Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 116–17.
8. Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, June 4, 1944, 3 pp., here 2, in Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk.
9. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 118; Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, June 4, 1944, pp. 2–3, in Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk.
10. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 119–20.
11. William N. Hess, B-17 Flying Fortress: Combat and Development History of the Flying Fortress (St. Paul, MN, 1994).
12. Raymond Arthur Davies, Inside Russia Today (Winnipeg, 1945), p. 55; Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 120.
13. Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, June 4, 1944, pp. 2–3, in Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk.
14. V. S. Gribov, 1944. Aviabaza osobogo naznacheniia, p. 31; Petr Lidov, “Letaiushchie kreposti,” Pravda, June 4, 1944, p. 3.
15. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 61; Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” IV: Operations, Plans, sections 20, 21.
16. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 59–60.
17. Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” IV: Operations, Plans, sections, 18, 20–21; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 60; Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 117–18.
18. Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” IV: Operations, Plans, sections 19, 21; Bill Gunston, North American P-51 Mustang (New York, 1990).
19. Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” IV: Operations, First Shuttle to Russia, section 22.
20. Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” IV: Operations, First Shuttle to Russia, sections 22, 23; Conversino, Fighting with the Russians, p. 62.
21. Davies, Inside Russia Today, p. 57; Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 120; Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, June 4, 1944, 3 pp., here 3, in Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk.
22. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 120.
23. Davies, Inside Russia Today pp. 56, 58–59.
24. Davies, Inside Russia Today, p. 56; Kathleen Harriman to Mary, Moscow, June 4, 1944, p. 3, in Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk; Major Anatolii Zorin, Report on the arrival and departure of US senior officers and dignitaries, June 2, 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fol. 21.
25. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 121.

Chapter 6

1. Roosevelt, As He Saw It, p. 219.
2. Antony Beevor, D-Day: The Battle for Normandy (New York, 2009), p. 74; Graham Smith, The Mighty Eighth in the Second World War (Newbury, UK, 2001); Richard P. Hallion, “D-Day 1944: Air Power over the Normandy Beaches and Beyond,” Air Force History and Museums Program 1994 <http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAF-H-DDay/>; “D-Day: June 6th 1944 as it happened. Timeline of the D-Day landings of 6th June 1944 hour by hour as events unfolded on the day,” <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/10878674/D-Day-6th-June-1944-as-it-happened-live.html>.
3. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 150–51.
4. Winston Churchill, “The Invasion of France,” June 6, 1944, House of Commons <https://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1941-1945-war-leader/tactrade-invasion-of-france>; Davies, Inside Russia Today, p. 60.
5. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov and Major Zorin to Commissar of State Security Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska o reagirovanii amerikanskikh voennosluzhashchikh na otkrytie 2-go fronta,” June 1944, 3 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 42–44; Davies, Inside Russia Today, p. 60.
6. Myhra, Frantic Saga, p. 35; Davies, Inside Russia Today, p. 60.
7. Ibid., pp. 60–61.
8. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 66; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, p. 314.
9. Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” “Publicity,” sections 24–25; Memorandum of Conversation, Present: US Ambassador Averell Harriman, General Eaker, General Deane, Edward Page, V. M. Molotov, Mr. Berezhkov, June 5, 1944, 3 pp., here 2, ibid., sections 84–86; “Eastern Command Narrative of Operations. 2nd Operation (1st from the USSR bases—6 June 1944, 5th wing, 15th Air Force—Galatz, Rumania, Airdrome,” 2 pp., ibid., sections 192–93.
10. Message from Spaatz to Walsh for Eaker, June 7, 1944, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” “Life at the Bases,” section 168.
11. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 121.
12. Myhra, Frantic Saga, pp. 56
13. Myhra, Frantic Saga, pp. 29–31, 64–66.
14. Ibid., p. 65; Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” “Life at the Bases,” section 25; Gribov, Aviabaza osobogo naznacheniia, pp. 56–60.
15. Daniel Altman, “Franklyn D. Holzman, 83, Economist, Critical of Moscow,” New York Times, September 7, 2002; Franklyn Holzman to A. Holzman, Ukraine, June 29, 1944.
16. Gribov, Aviabaza osobogo naznacheniia, pp. 56, 59.
17. Ibid., pp. 59–60.
18. Ibid., pp. 58–59.
19. Ibid., pp. 52–53.
20. Ibid., pp. 54–55.
21. Memo from Lieutenant Colonel William M. Jackson to Colonel Kessler, Commanding Officer, Eastern Command, June 4, 1944, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” “Medical.”
22. Gribov, Aviabaza osobogo naznacheniia, pp. 46–47, 56.
23. Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” “Medical,” section 16; Captain Robert Newell, “Supplement to Original Sanitary Report,” May 18, 1944, ibid.; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 72–73.
24. Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” “Medical,” sections 16–17; Captain Robert H. Newell to Colonel Jackson, May 1, 1944, subject: Sanitary Report of temporary accommodations for some members of Detachment 5 at Poltava, May 1, 1944, ibid., Captain Robert H. Newell, “Initial Sanitary Report,” April 28, 1944, 3 pp., ibid.; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 74–76.
25. Lockard, “Yanks in Russia.”
26. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin (New York, 2010), pp. 21–58; Anne Applebaum, Red Famine: Stalin’s War on Ukraine (New York, 2017).
27. Snyder, Bloodlands, pp. 187–76; Timothy Snyder, Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning (New York, 2015).
28. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 67–68; Lieutenant Colonel Chernetskii, head of the Poltava oblast Department of the Ministry of State Security to Sergei Savchenko, People’s Commissar of State Security of the Ukrainian SSR, “Dokladnaia zapiska po anglo-amerikantsam,” June 30, 1944, 10 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1201, “K liternomu delu na Aviabazu VVS SShA s materialami po sviaziam amerikanskikh voennosluzhashchikh, nachato 25 aprelia 1944, okoncheno 30 avgusta 1952, na 293 listakh,” fols. 52–57.
29. Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” “Return to Italy,” sections 26–27; “Excerpt-MASAF Intops Summary no. 235, June 11. Focsani North Airdrome Installations—5 Wing,” 4 pp., ibid., sections 201–204.
30. Message from Arnold to Deane for Harriman, June 14, 1944, in Parton, “The History of ‘Frantic,’ ” section 220.

Chapter 7

1. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov, “Kharakteristika voennosluzhashchikh amerikanskikh VVS v g. Poltava. Sostavlena na osnovanii agenturnykh materialov, poluchennykh s 1 maia po 10 iiunia 1944 g.” June 14, 1944, 12 pp., here 6, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168; Chernetskii to Savchenko, “Dokladnaia zapiska po anglo-amerikantsam,” June 30, 1944, 10 pp., here 1–2, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1190, “Pervichnye agenturnye materialy na sviazi amerikantsev,” vol. 7, begun January 20, 1945, completed December 30, 1951, fols. 52–53.
2. Gribov, Aviabaza osobogo naznacheniia, pp. 36, 52.
3. “Sveshnikov, Konstantin Alekseevich,” in Nikita Petrov, Kto rukovodil organami gosbezopasnosti: 1941–1954 (Moscow, 2010), p. 774.
4. Sveshnikov to Abakumov, April 30, 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 28–30; Sveshnikov to Colonel Novikov, deputy head of the First Department of the Main Counterintelligence Directorate, People’s Commissariat of Defense, SMERSH, May 8, 1944, ibid., fols. 36–37; “Zorin Anatolii Vladimirovich” <https://pamyat-naroda.ru/heroes/podvig-chelovek_nagrazhdenie46495496/>.
5. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov and Major Zorin to Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska ob agenturno-operativnom obsluzhivanii Amerikanskikh VVS v g. Poltava,” May 25, 1944, 10 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 1–10, here 7.
6. “Dokladnaia zapiska ob agenturno-operativnom obsluzhivanii Amerikanskikh VVS v g. Poltava,” May 25, 1944, fols. 1–10, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168; Major Zorin to Colonel Novikov, May 24, 1944, 1 p., ibid., fol. 19.
7. Sveshnikov and Zorin to Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska ob agenturno-operativnom obsluzhivanii Amerikanskikh VVS v g. Poltava,” May 25, 1944, fols. 1–2, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 1–10.
8. Major Derevenchuk, Agent Note, April 12, 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fol. 27; Head of the 1st department, Colonel Reshetnikov, and head of the 1st division of the 1st department of the Poltava Ministry of Internal Affairs [MVD] Directorate, Lieutenant Colonel Meshcheriakov to Lieutenant Colonel Kovalkov, head of the Ministry of State Security [OKR MGB] department of Kazan garrison, January 29, 1953, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1179, “Perepiska po aviabaze serii K i OK po VVS SShA na 1953 god,” fols. 12.
9. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Colonel Novikov, June 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, f. 70; Colonel Polkovnikov, head of the SMERSH department attached to Long-Range Aviation units, to Major General Gorgonov, Head, 1st department of the Main Directorate of SMERSH, People’s Commissariat of Defense, July 18, 1944, 2 pp., ibid., fols. 76–77.
10. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov, “Kharakteristika voennosluzhashchikh amerikanskikh VVS v g. Poltava. Sostavlena na osnovanii agenturnykh materialov, poluchennykh s 1 maia po 10 iiunia 1944 g.” June 14, 1944, 12 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 58–69.
11. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Lieutenant General Babich, Deputy Head of the Main Counterintelligence Directorate [SMERSH] of the People’s Commissariat of Defense, May 25, 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 23, 23v; Albert Lepawsky, Political Science: Berkeley, California Digital Library <http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00034&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere>.
12. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 32.
13. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Lieutenant General Babich, Deputy Head of the Main Counterintelligence Directorate [SMERSH] of the People’s Commissariat of Defense, May 25, 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fol. 23; Major Samarin, head of a special group of the 9th department, 2nd directorate of the People’s Commissariat of State Security of the USSR, “Agenturnaia zapiska po delu amerikanskogo poddannogo, Lipavskii, prozh. v tochke ‘N’ no. 114 za 14 aprelia 1944 g.,” April 19, 1944, 1 p., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fol.49; “Zvavich, Isaak Semenovich,” Sovetskaia istoricheskaia ėntsiklopediia, 16 vols. (Moscow, 1973–1985), vol. 5, s.v.
14. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Abakumov, September 25, 1944, 14 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 260–73, here 271.
15. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to General Lieutenant Babich, May 25, 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 23–23v; Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Colonel Novikov, Deputy Head of the First Department, Main Counterintelligence Directorate of the People’s Commissariat of Defense, SMERSH, June 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fol. 67.
16. Agent Report, “Maia,” March 1944, 1 p., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fol. 72; Major Samarin, head, special group of the 9th department, 2nd directorate of the People’s Commissariat of State Security of the USSR, “Agenturnaia zapiska po delu amerikanskikh poddannykh, prozhivaiushchikh v tochke “N,” Dzhekson v 335, i Sigerd v no. 302,” April 4, 1944, 1 p., ibid., fol. 73; Major Samarin, “Agenturnaia zapiska po delu amerikanskikh poddannykh, Dzhekson 335, Vagner i Tlik, no. 218, tochka “N,’ ” April 13, 1944, 1 p., ibid., fol. 71.
17. Agent Report, “Mikhailova,” August 1, 1945, 2 pp., here 1, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fols. 68–68v, here 68; Agent Report, “Soiuznik,” July 1944, 1 p., ibid., fol. 59; Agent Report, “Roza,” July 1944, 1 p., ibid., fol. 59.
18. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Colonel Novikov, June 14, 1944, pp. 10–11, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 67–68; Colonel Chernetskii, head of the Poltava Directorate, People’s Commissariat of State Security, to Sergei Savchenko, People’s Commissar of State Security of Ukraine, “Dokladnaia zapiska po anglo-amerikantsam,” June 30, 1944, 10 pp., here 6, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1190, fols. 52–57.

Chapter 8

1. Colonel Archie J. Old Jr., “Report on Shuttle Mission to Russia,” July 6, 1944, 6 pp., here 3, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell Air Force Base (AFHRA), 5201–1, vol. II, pt. I, reel B5121.
2. “Major General Robert L. Walsh,” U.S. Air Force <https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/105289/major-general-robert-l-walsh>; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 51.
3. “Archie J. Old, Jr.,” Washington Post, March 30, 1984, B–16; “Lieutenant General Archie J. Old, Jr.,” US Air Force <https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/106026/lieutenant-general-archie-j-old-jr/>.
4. Old, “Report on Shuttle Mission to Russia,” July 6, 1944, pp. 1–3; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 84–85; Marvin S. Bowman, “Stopping Over at Ivan’s Airdrome,” Air Force Magazine, April 1972, 51–55; Major Marvin S. Bowman Diary as compiled by Paul West, 100th Bomb Group Foundation, p. 6 <https://100thbg.com/index.php?option=com:content&view=article&layout=edit&id=140>; Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 151; Philip K. Scheurer, “Anatole Litvak—A Movie Career on Two Continents,” Los Angeles Times, February 19, 1967.
5. Old, “Report on Shuttle Mission to Russia,” July 6, 1944, pp. 1–3 [50–52]; Operatsiia “Frantik.” Z istoriï boiovoï spivdruzhnosti viis’kovo-povitrianykh syl SSSR i SShA, tsyvil’noho naselennia Ukraïny v roky Druhoï Svitovoï viiny. Zbirnyk dokumentiv i materialiv (Kyiv, 1998), pp. 118–20, here 119.
6. Old, “Report on Shuttle Mission to Russia,” July 6, 1944, p. 3 [52]; Interview, Brigadier General Alfred A. Kessler, July 5, 1944, 7 pp., here 3, AFHRA, 5201–1, vol. II, part I, reel B5121; Bowman, “Stopping Over at Ivan’s Airdrome”; Glenn B. Infield, The Poltava Affair: A Russian Warning: An American Tragedy: A Minute-by-Minute Account of the Secret World War II Operation That Foreshadowed the Cold War (New York, 1973), pp. 143–44.
7. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 88.
8. Infield, The Poltava Affair, pp. 113–14, 125.
9. Ibid., pp. 140–42; Vladimir Brovko, “Operatsiia ‘Frentik,’ ili amerikanskii Perl-Kharbor v Ukraine,” pt. 4, in Narodna pravda <http://narodna.pravda.com.ua/history/4f1f1cad6ddb1/view_print/>.
10. Brovko, “Operatsiia ‘Frentik,’ ” pt. 4; Infield, The Poltava Affair, pp. 142–43, 155.
11. Leonid Liubimskii, “Poltavskaia bitva protiv Gitlera,” Voenno-promyshlennyi kur’er, no 17, May 3, 2006 <http://vpk-news.ru/articles/3172>.
12. Brovko, “Operatsiia ‘Frentik,’ ” pt. 3.
13. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 86–87; General Kessler to Headquarters, Eastern Command USSTAF, June 25, 1944, 4 pp., here 1, in AFHRA, 5201–1, vol. II, pt. I, reel B5121.
14. Robert H. Hewell, “Analysis of Cases Requiring Treatment,” July 17, 1944, 3 pp., here 2, in AFHRA, 5201–1, vol. II, pt. I, reel B5121; Joseph G. Lukacek <https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Lukacek&GSiman=1&GSob=c&GRid=2519832&>; Joseph G. Lukacek (119–1944) <https://www.ancientfaces.com/person/joseph-g-lukacek/123744280>; Lieut. Raymond C. “Ray” Estle <https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=630544>.
15. Lieutenant Colonel William Jackson to The Surgeon, USSTAF, June 25, 1944, “Observation of Medical Services during Air Attack,” 4 pp., here 2, in AFHRA, 5201–1, vol. II, pt. I, reel B5121; Lieutenant Colonel William Jackson, Case History of: 1st Lt. R. C. Estle, June 23, 1944, ibid., 1 p.
16. Lieutenant Colonel William Jackson, “Report of Activity of Two Russian Soldiers during Emergency of June 22,” June 24, 1944, 1 p., in AFHRA, 5201–1, vol. II, pt. I, reel B5121.
17. P. A. Tupitsyn, Letter to the US Embassy in Ukraine [before June 1994], in Operatsiia “Frantik,” pp. 260–66, here 265.
18. Colonel Archie J. Old Jr., “Report on Shuttle Mission to Russia,” July 6, 1944, 6 pp., here 4, in AFHRA, 5201–1, vol. II, pt. I, reel B5121.
19. General Kessler to Headquarters, Eastern Command USSTAF, June 25, 1944, 4 pp., here 4, in AFHRA, 5201–1, vol. II, pt. I, reel B512; Colonel Novikov, “Spravka,” June 22, 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 104–5.
20. Petr Lidov, “Tania (pervyi ocherk o Zoe Kosmodemianskoi,” Ot Sovetskogo informbiuro, 1941–1945 <http://bibliotekar.ru/informburo/27.htm>; “Zoia Kosmodemianskaia: chto bylo na samom dele?” Russkaia semerka <http://russian7.ru/post/zoya-kosmodemyanskaya-chto-bylo-na-samom/>.
21. S. S. Shkol’nikov, V ob”ektive—voina (Moscow, 1979), pp. 100–102; cf. Operatsiia “Frantik,” pp. 244–45.
22. Captain Sherochenkov, Interrogation of Spassky Aleksei Mikhailovich, June 24, 1944, 3 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 110–12; Valentin Kotov, “Petr Lidov. Sud’ba korrespondenta,” Kommunisty stolitsy, January 27, 2012 <http://comstol.info/2012/01/obshhestvo/3085‘>; Oleksandr Dunaievs’kyi, “Vin z namy nazavzhdy: do 70-richchia dnia narodzhennia P. O. Lidova,” Prapor, 1976, no. 11: 82–85.
23. Lieutenant Colonel Baranov, “Spravka,” June 22, 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fol. 103; cf. Operatsiia “Frantik,” p. 124.
24. Colonel Novikov, “Spravka,” June 22, 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 104–5; Liubimskii, “Poltavskaia bitva protiv Gitlera”; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 85–86, 90.
25. Major Marvin S. Bowman Diary as compiled by Paul West, 100th Bomb Group Foundation, p. 6 <https://100thbg.com/index.php?option=com:content&view=article&layout=edit&id=140>.
26. Susan Heller Anderson, “Midred Gillars, 87, of Nazi Radio, Axis Sally to an Allied Audience,” New York Times, July 2, 1988.
27. Myhra, Frantic Saga, pp. 39, 42–43, 49–50.
28. Colonel Sveshnikov to Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska,” July 16, 1944, 11 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 171–82.
29. Ibid.; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 93–94.
30. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 94; Report of Proceedings of Board of Officers, August 2, 1944, 5 pp., here 5, in AFHRA, 5201–1, vol. II, pt. I, reel B5121.
31. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 121–22; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 91.

Chapter 9

1. Howard Whitman, “Nude Welcome to Russia Shocks U.S. Bomber Pilots,” The Daily News, July 19, 1944; “Howard Whitman of NBC-TV Series,” New York Times, January 31, 1975.
2. Howard Whitman, “See Russia and Blush, Verdict of U.S. Flyers,” Chicago Daily Tribune, July 19, 1944, p. 1.
3. Myhra, Frantic Saga, pp. 62–63; Franklyn Holzman to A. Holzman, June 29 and June 30, 1944; Igor’ Kon, “Byl li seks na Sviatoi Rusi,” Russkii Globus, no. 2 (February 2005) <https://www.russian-globe.com/N36/Kon.BulLiSexNaSvyatoyRusi.htm>.
4. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 101.
5. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Abakumov, September 25, 1944, 14 pp., here 12, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 260–73, here 271.
6. Albert Lepawsky to Commanding General, Eastern Command USSTAF (Through Deputy Commander for Administration), July 10, 1944, 3 pp., in AFHRA, 5201–1, vol. II, pt. I, reel B5121; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 96–97.
7. Colonel Chernetskii to Sergei Savchenko, “Dokladnaia zapiska po anglo-amerikantsam,” June 30, 1944, 10 pp., here 6 [1187], SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1190, fols. 52–57.
8. Albert Lepawsky to Commanding General, Eastern Command USSTAF (Through Deputy Commander for Administration), July 10, 1944, 3 pp., in AFHRA, 5201–1, vol. II, pt. I, reel B5121; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 97.
9. [Albert Lepawsky], “History of Eastern Command, U.S. Strategic Airforce in Europe, 1941–1944,” Headquarters USSTAF, 1944, chap. V, “Recreation and Conflict,” subsection “Dates and Fights,” pp. 132–34, in AFHRA, 5201–1, vol. II, pt. I, reel B5121.
10. Ibid., chap. V, p. 147.
11. Myhra, Frantic Saga, p. 47; [Albert Lepawsky], “History of Eastern Command, U.S. Strategic Airforce in Europe, 1941–1944,” chap. V, pp. 132–33.
12. [Lepawsky], “History of Eastern Command, U.S. Strategic Airforce in Europe, 1941–1944,” chap. V, p. 137.
13. Ibid., chap. V, p. 138.
14. Oleg Budnitskii, “Muzhchiny i zhenshchiny v Krasnoi Armii (1941–1945),” Cahiers du monde russe 52, nos. 2–3 (2011): 405–22; Anna Krylova, Soviet Women in Combat: A History of Violence on the Eastern Front (New York, 2011).
15. [Lepawsky], “History of Eastern Command, U.S. Strategic Airforce in Europe, 1941–1944,” chap. V, p. 144; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 98.
16. Niall Barr, Yanks and Limeys: Alliance Warfare in the Second World War (London, 2016), pp. 336–37.
17. Barr, Yanks and Limeys, pp. 337–38; Lynne Olson, Citizens of London: The Americans Who Stood with Britain in Its Darkest, Finest Hour (New York, 2010), pp. 239–47.
18. Mary Louise Roberts, What Soldiers Do: Sex and the American GI in World War II France (Chicago and London, 2013), p. 70; Duncan Barrett and Nuala Calvi, GI Brides: The Wartime Girls Who Crossed the Atlantic for Love (New York, 2014).
19. Roberts, What Soldiers Do, pp. 113–21, 131–32.
20. [Lepawsky], “History of Eastern Command, U.S. Strategic Airforce in Europe, 1941–1944,” chap. V, p. 132.
21. Raymond Arthur Davies, Inside Russia Today (Winnipeg, 1945), p. 56.
22. Agent Report, “Iava,” June 5, 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, “Materialy byvshikh voennosluzhashchikh amerikanskoi aviabazy v g. Poltave, vol. 4. Nachato 6 iiunia 1944, zakoncheno 10 ianvaria 1952 g.,” fols. 128–29, here 128; “Spravka na ofitsial’nogo sotrudnika amerikanskoi razvedki Zharova Al’berta M.,” 2 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169; “Kontrol’no-nabliudatelnoe delo po Aviabaze Amerikanskikh VVS, proizvodivshikh chelnochnye operatsii i bazirovavshikhsia na aėrodromakh SSSR Poltava-Mirgorod-Piriatin,” vol. 2, “Nachato: aprel’ 1944, Okoncheno: sentiabr’ 1950, v 3-kh tomakh,” fols. 654–55, here 654.
23. “Spravka na ofitsial’nogo sotrudnika amerikanskoi razvedki Zharova Al’berta M.,” SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 654–55; Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov and Major Zorin to Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska ob agenturno-operativnom obsluzhivanii Amerikanskikh VVS v g. Poltava,” May 25, 1944, 10 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 1–10, here 2–3.
24. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 124; Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Abakumov, September 1944, 14 pp., here 4–6, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 263–65.
25. Colonel Gorbachev, Memo on Yekaterina Stankevich, August 8, 1949, 2 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 693–693v.
26. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov, Memorandum, 4 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 202–5.
27. General Perminov to General Shibanov, July 26, 1944, copy, 3 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 200–201.
28. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov, Memorandum, 4 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 202–5; Colonel Chernetskii to the head of the 2nd directorate, People’s Commissariat of State Security of the USSR Fedotov, February 7, 1945, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1201, fol. 145.

Chapter 10

1. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 113–16, 221–22.
2. Gerd Niepold, Battle for White Russia: The Destruction of Army Group Centre June 1944 (London, 1987); Steven J. Zaloga, Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Center (Westport, CT, 2004).
3. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 117–19.
4. Ibid., pp. 111–12.
5. Ibid., pp. 121–23; [Lepawsky], “History of Eastern Command, U.S. Strategic Airforce in Europe, 1941–1944,” Headquarters USSTAF, 1944, chap. V, section: “Recreation and Conflict,” subsection: “Restaurants and Vodka,” p. 125.
6. Agent Report, “Iava,” June 5, 1944, 3 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fols. 128–29, here 128v; [Lepawsky], “History of Eastern Command,” chap. V, p. 124.
7. [Lepawsky], “History of Eastern Command,” chap. V, p. 124.
8. Colonel Novikov, “Spravka,” August 5, 1944, 2 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 208–9.
9. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 106–8.
10. Franklyn Holzman BBC interview, 1995; Franklyn Holzman to A. Holzman, October 4, 1944.
11. Sveshnikov to Abakumov, “Otchet,” July 31, 1944, 1 p., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fol. 206; General Perminov, Order no. 45, July 26, 1944, 5 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 233–35.
12. Captain Komkov, Captain Shirochenkov, Senior Lieutenant Abramov, Lieutenant Kuchinskii, “Akt,” September 13, 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, f. 274 [1103]; Kuchinskii, “Ob’iasnenie,” September 14, 1944, ibid., fols. 275–76; Captain Shirochenkov, Interrogation of Lieutenant Kuchinskii, September 14, 1944, 4 pp., ibid., fols. 277–78v; “Vypiska is protokola zasedaniia partiinogo biuro 42 BAO,” September 14, 1944, 1 p., ibid., fol. 279; [Lepawsky], “History of Eastern Command,” chap. V, p. 126.
13. Franklyn Holzman BBC interview, 1995; “Agenturnoe donesenie, Istochnik ‘Mikhailova,’ Prinial Markelov,” August 1, 1945, 2 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fols. 68–68v, here 68; Captain Kheisin to Colonel Tsurin, “Politdonesenie,” September 5, 1944, 1 p., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1200, “K liternomu delu na aviabazu VVS SShA, chast’ 2,” f. 280.
14. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 112.
15. Sveshnikov to Abakumov, September 18, 1944, 6 pp., here 2, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 302–3.
16. Ibid., fol. 302.
17. Sveshnikov, “Spravka,” 1 p., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fol. 126; Agent Report, “Konstantinov,” 2 pp. ibid., fol. 133; Agent Report, “Avtomat,” ibid., fol. 135; Lieutenant Kal’nitskii, “Spravka o byvshei aviabaze VVS SShA,” January 23, 1954, 8 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fol. 702; Captain Ivanov, “Spravka,” 2 pp., June 25, 1944, 2 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1172, “Delo s materialalmi b[yvshikh] voennosluzhashchikh amerikanskoi aviabazy v g. Piriatin i Mirgorod. Nachato: 10 iiulia 1944, Zakoncheno: 30 ianvaria 1952, na 447 listakh,” f. 349 G. S. Kurganov and P. M. Kurennov, Tainy russkoi revoliutsii i budushchee Rossii (Ingelwood, CA, 1950), chapter 22: “Vtoraia kniga posle Biblii.”; L. A. Kutilova, I. V. Naum, M. I. Naumova, and V. A. Safonov, Natsional’mye menshinstva Tomskoi gubernii. Khronika obshchestvennoi i kul’turnoi zhizni, 1885–1919 (Tomsk, 1999), p. 144.
18. Agent Report, “Avtomat,” SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fol. 135; Agent Report, “Liliia,” August 3, 1944, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fols. 139–40; Agent Report, “Markov,” ibid., fol. 143; Tony Reverditto’s eulogy of Igor Reverditto, posted March 13, 2015, on the “Memory of Igor Reverditto” Facebook page, February 27, 2015, <https://www.facebook.com/groups/647340528728078/permalink/647348445393953/>.
19. Sveshnikov to Abakumov, September 18, 1944, 6 pp., here 2, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 301–302.
20. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 140–41.
21. Ibid., p. 141; [Lepawsky], “History of Eastern Command,” chap. V, p. 125 [789]; Brigadier General Alfred Kessler, Letter of Recommendation for Igor Reverditto, September 15, 1944, posted by Trevor Reverditto on “Memory of Igor Reverditto” Facebook page, February 27, 2015, https://www.facebook.com/groups/647340528728078/permalink/647348445393953/.
22. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 139–40.

Chapter 11

1. Lockard, “Yanks in Russia,” pp. 8–9.
2. Kathy Harriman to Mary, August 30, 1944, Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk.
3. Norman Davies, Rising ’44: The Battle for Warsaw (London, 2008).
4. Ibid., pp. 151–53; Plokhy, Yalta: The Price of Peace (New York, 2010), pp. 158–61, 172–73.
5. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 333–34; Stalin to Roosevelt, August 9, 1944, in Correspondence between the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidents of the USA and the Prime Ministers of Great Britain during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. Correspondence with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (August 1941–December 1945) (Moscow, 1957), pp. 151–55, nos. 214, 217–19.
6. Correspondence between the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidents of the USA and the Prime Ministers of Great Britain during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. Correspondence with Winston S. Churchill and Clement R. Attlee, 1944 (Moscow, 1957), nos. 312, 313, 317.
7. Harriman to Molotov, August 14, 1944, Records of the U.S. Military Mission to Moscow 1943–45, NARA, RG 334, Subject Files, October 1943-October 1945, Box 22, file “Poland,” 2 pp.; Harriman, Conversation, Subject: Dropping of Military Supplies on Warsaw, Moscow, August 15, 1944, Records of the U.S. Military Mission to Moscow 1943–45, NARA, RG 334, Subject Files, October 1943–October 1945, Box 22, file “Poland,” 5 pp.
8. Harriman, Conversation, Subject: Dropping of Military Supplies on Warsaw, Moscow, August 15, 1944, Records of the U.S. Military Mission to Moscow 1943–45, NARA, RG 334, Subject Files, October 1943-October 1945, Box 22, file “Poland,” 5 pp.
9. Deane to Walsh and Spaatz, August 15, 1944, Records of the U.S. Military Mission to Moscow 1943–45, NARA, RG 334, Subject Files, October 1943–October 1945, Box 22, file “Poland,” 1 p.; Harriman to Vyshinsky, August 16, 1944, ibid., 1 p.; Harriman, Conversation. Subject: Dropping of Military Supplies on Warsaw, August 16, 1944, ibid., 2 pp.; Vyshinsky to Harriman, August 17, 1944, ibid., 1 p.
10. Correspondence between the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidents of the USA and the Prime Ministers of Great Britain during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. Correspondence with Winston S. Churchill and Clement R. Attlee, 1944, no. 321; Harriman, Conversation. Subject: “Frantic” bases and “Exploration,” August 17, 1944, Records of the U.S. Military Mission to Moscow 1943–45, NARA, RG 334, Subject Files, October 1943–October 1945, Box 22, file “Poland,” 2 pp.
11. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 119–20; Davies, Rising’44, pp. 301, 719; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, p. 342; Roosevelt and Churchill to Stalin, August 20, 1944, in Correspondence between the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Presidents of the USA and the Prime Ministers of Great Britain during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. Correspondence with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman (August 1941–December 1945), p. 156, no. 220; Stalin to Roosevelt and Churchill, ibid., p. 157, no. 223; Allied Support for Warsaw: Roosevelt-Churchill-Stalin Communications. Selected Documents <http://www.warsawuprising.com/doc/Roosevelt_Churchill_Stalin.htm>; Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 6, Triumph and Tragedy (Boston, 1953), pp. 1233–34.
12. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 119–20; Davies, Rising’44, pp. 301, 719; Harriman to Hull, August 22, 1944, FRUS, Diplomatic Papers: Europe, vol. 4, pp. 901–902; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, p. 344.
13. Davies, Rising’44, pp. 350–58; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 146–47.
14. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 144.
15. Ibid., pp. 143–45.
16. Ibid., pp. 137, 247.
17. “Message of the Soviet Government in Reply to the Message of the British Government of 5th September 1944,” Moscow, September 9, 1944, 2 pp., in Records of the U.S. Military Mission to Moscow 1943–45, NARA, RG 334, Subject Files, October 1943–October 1945, Box 22, file “Poland,” p. 1; General Marshall to Deane, Subject: Polish patriots in Warsaw, September 12, 1944, ibid., p. 1; Deane and Lieutenant General Montague Brocas Burrows, Head of the British Military Mission, to Army General Antonov, September 14, 1944, 1 p., ibid., p. 1.
18. General Eisenhower to Chiefs of Staff, September 12, 1944, 1 p., in Records of the U.S. Military Mission to Moscow 1943–45, NARA, RG 334, Subject Files, October 1943–October 1945, Box 22, file “Poland” ; General Walsh to General Deane, September 13, 1944, ibid., p.1; Memorandum of Conversation, Present: Harriman, Deane, Archibald Clark-Kerr, Molotov, Pavlov, evening of September 12–13, 1944, ibid., p. 1; General Deane to Rear Admiral Archer, Acting Head, British Military Mission, September 13, 1944, ibid., 2 pp.
19. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 146.
20. Ibid., pp. 148–51, 156; General Spaatz to General Arnold, info for Deane, Subject: Supplies to Insurgents, September 22, 1944, p. 1, in Records of the U.S. Military Mission to Moscow 1943–45, NARA, RG 334, Subject Files, October 1943–October 1945, Box 22, file “Poland”; Deane to Colonel Makarov, Red Army General Staff, September 21, 1944, ibid., p. 1.
21. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 157; General Spaatz for General Doolittle, Subject: Partisan Situation in Warsaw, September 30, 1944, Records of the U.S. Military Mission to Moscow 1943–45, p. 1, NARA, RG 334, Subject Files, October 1943–October 1945, Box 22, file “Poland” ; Deane to Colonel Makarov, October 2, 1944, ibid., p. 1.
22. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 348–49; Warsaw Uprising 1944, Project inPosterum <http://www.warsawuprising.com/faq.htm>.

Chapter 12

1. Myhra, Frantic Saga, pp. 82–85.
2. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov and Captain Belykh to Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska o vyezde voennosluzhashchikh amerikanskikh VVS iz SSSR,” October 28, 1944, 4 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 319–22; William Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. 1: Background, p. 4, in NARA, RG 334; United States Military Mission to Moscow, Operation “Frantic,” October 1943–October 1945, Box 66: Engineer to Intelligence.
3. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, p. 3.
4. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 120.
5. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, p. 4; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 161.
6. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska o sokrashchenii amerikanskikh voenno-vozdushnykh baz na territorii SSSR,” December 2, 1944, 11 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 328–38; Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. IV: Personnel Administration and Organization, p. 2.
7. General Major Novikov, Deputy head, 1st department, SMERSH main directorate, “Spravka po 169-i aviatsionnoi baze osobogo naznacheniia voenno-vozdushnykh sil Krasnoi Armii,” 2 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 310–11; Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska o sokrashchenii amerikanskikh voenno-vozdushnykh baz na territorii SSSR,” December 2, 1944, 11 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 328–38, here 329–30.
8. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, p. 5; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 162.
9. “Colonel Thomas Hampton,” Wings of War Webseum <https://militariawingswwii.wordpress.com/2012/03/29/new-lot-just-in-1930s-through-wwii-beyond-col-thomas-k-hampton/>; Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska o sokrashchenii amerikanskikh voenno-vozdushnykh baz na territorii SSSR,” December 2, 1944, 11 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 328–38; Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. V: Personnel Relations, p. 1; chap. IV, p. 1.
10. George Uri Fischer, Insatiable: A Story of My Nine Lives (Philadelphia, 2000), p. 104.
11. Ibid., p. 106.
12. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 126; Fischer, Insatiable, p. 109; Major Zorin to Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska ob operativno-agenturnom obsluzhivanii amerikanskoi aviabazy ‘chelnochnykh pereletov,’ ” June 23, 1945, 30 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 559–88.
13. “Michael Kowal,” in American Air Museum in Britain <http://www.americanairmuseum.com/person/240532>; Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska o sokrashchenii amerikanskikh voenno-vozdushnykh baz na territorii SSSR,” September, 1944, 11 pp., here 3, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 301–6.
14. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 127.
15. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. V, Personnel Relations, p. 33.
16. Ibid., chap. V, pp. 18, 35.
17. Ibid., chap. V, p. 17.
18. Ibid., chap. V, p. 33.
19. Ibid., chap. II, pt. I, Operations, p. 15.
20. Ibid., chap. V, Personnel Relations, pp. 11, 35.
21. Ibid., chap. IV, Personnel Administration and Organization, pp. 4–5; Ibid., chap. V, Personnel Relations, pp. 3–4; Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska o sokrashchenii amerikanskikh voenno-vozdushnykh baz na territorii SSSR,” December 2, 1944, 11 pp., here 11, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 328–38.
22. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, p. 5.

Chapter 13

1. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 246
2. Ibid., p. 247; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 363–64.
3. Ibid., p. 363.
4. Ibid., pp. 355–56, 358–61; Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 158–61.
5. “William A. Fitchen,” The Orange County Register, October 17, 2007, <https://obits.ocregister.com/obituaries/orangecounty/obituary.aspx?n=william-a-fitchen&pid=96327178>.
6. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, Background, p. 41.
7. Brigadier General Edmund W. Hill, Chief USA Air Force Division, United States Military Mission, Moscow, to Ambassador Harriman, December 28, 1944, in NARA, RG 334, United States Military Mission to Moscow, Operation “Frantic,” October 1943–October 1945, Box 67: Interrogation Reports to Photo Reconnaissance.
8. Reports of Observations in Poland: Report by Lt. Col. Thomas K. Hampton, NARA, RG 334, box 67, p. 1.
9. Ibid.
10. W. H. Lawrence, “Nazi Mass Killing Laid Bare in Camp; Victims Put at 1,500,000 in Huge Death Factory of Gas Chambers and Crematories,” New York Times, August 30, 1944.
11. Kathy Harriman to Mary, August 30, 1944, Library of Congress, Harriman Papers, box 6, folder 9, Correspondence between Kathleen Mortimer and Mary Fisk; Barbie Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memories through the Camera’s Eye (Chicago, 2000), pp. 51–52.
12. Reports of Observations in Poland: Report by Sgt. Samuel Chavkin, NARA, RG 334, box 67, p. 10; Report by Capt. Joe R. Johnson, ibid., p. 3.
13. “Lvov,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, <https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/lvov>.
14. Reports of Observations in Poland: Report by Lt. Col. Thomas K. Hampton, NARA, RG 334, box 67, p. 1; Report by Capt. Joe R. Johnson, ibid., p. 2; Report by Capt. Michael H. Kowal, ibid., p. 5; Report by Sgt. Samuel Chavkin, ibid., p. 8.
15. Letter to British Ambassador in Moscow, September 16, 1944, in Reports of Observations in Poland, NARA, RG 334, box 67, p. 6; Mieczysław Karol Borodej, Niebieska Eskadra <http://niebieskaeskadra.pl/?control=8&id=2540>.
16. Reports of Observations in Poland: Report of Major Robert H. Wiseheart, NARA, RG 334, box 67, pp. 1–2.
17. Captain William Fitchen, Interrogation Form: [First] Pilot Lt. R. E. Beam, December 10, 1944; Sgt. John R. Dmytryshyn, Frantic: Interrogation Reports. Eastern Command, NARA, RG 334, box 67, pp. 7–8.
18. Captain William Fitchen, Interrogation of T/Sgt E. G. Kelly and S/Sgt A. G. Stubaus, December 18, 1944, 6 pp., here 3–6, Frantic: Interrogation Reports. Eastern Command, NARA, RG 334, box 67.
19. Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 166–75.
20. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska o sokrashchenii amerikanskikh voenno-vozdushnykh baz na territorii SSSR,” December 2, 1944, 11 pp., here 7–8, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 328–38.
21. Ibid., fol. 8; Major Zorin to Major General Novikov, “Dokladnaia zapiska o povedenii amerikanskikh voennosluzhashchikh pri vylete na vynuzhdennye posadki samoletov,” December 1944, 5 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171.
22. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. IV, Personnel Administration and Organization, p. 16; Agent Report, “Markov,” SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1172; no. 1168, fol. 125.

Chapter 14

1. “V novyi 1945 god sovetskie liudi zhelali drug drugu skoroi pobedy nad fashistskoi Germaniei,” TASS, January 1, 2015 <http://tass.ru/70-letie-pobedy/1682585>.
2. My Dear Mr. Stalin: The Complete Correspondence of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph V. Stalin, ed. Susan Butler (New Haven and London, 2005), p. 184; Plokhy, Yalta, p. 28; Martin Gilbert, Churchill and America (New York, 2005), p. 325.
3. Franklyn Holzman to A. Holzman, January 1, 1945; Franklyn Holzman, BBC interview, 1995.
4. Colonel Akhov and Lietenant Colonel Baruzdin to Lieutenant Colonel Zubkov, July 25, 1960, 4 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1207, fols. 327–30.
5. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. V, Personnel Relations, p. 34.
6. Ibid.
7. “LTC William Roman Kaluta,” Find a Grave <https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=48767213>; Roman M. Kaluta, US 1940 Census <http://www.archives.com/1940-census/roman-kaluta-ny-55936655>; Tatiana Shugailo, “Istoriia gazety ‘Russkii golos’ i ee obshchestvenno-politicheskie pozitsii,” Katalog pressy russkogo zarubezh’ia (Vladivostok, 2017). Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska o sokrashchenii amerikanskikh voenno-vozdushnykh baz na territorii SSSR,” December 2, 1944, 11 pp., here 4, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fols. 328–38.
8. Major Zorin to Major General Gorgonov, “Dokladnaia zapiska ob izuchenii razvedyvatel’noi deiatel’nosti amerikanskikh voennosluzhashchikh Poltavskoi aviabazy,” February 12, 1945, 11 pp., here 5–7, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 415–25; Captain Zakharov, “Vypiska iz dokladnoi zapiski gvardii kapitana Zakharova,” July 10, 1944, 1 p., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1172, fol. 106.
9. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. V, Personnel Relations, pp. 30–31.
10. Colonel Chernetsky, Captain Mikhaliuk, Senior Lieutenant Nevedov to the head of the 2d directorate, People’s Commissariat of State Security of the USSR, Commissar of State Security Third Class Fedotov, “Dokladnaia zapiska o rezul’tatakh operativno-agenturnogo obsluzhivaniia amerikanskoi aviabazy v Poltave za period: dekabr’ 1944–ianvar’ 1945,” February 7, 1945, 18 pp., here 16–18, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1201, fols. 146–63.
11. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. V, Personnel Relations, pp. 28–29.
12. Ibid., p. 29; Major Zorin to Lieutenant Colonel Guliaev, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fol. 93; Major Zorin to Major General Gorgonov, “Dokladnaia zapiska ob izuchenii razvedyvatel’noi deiatel’nosti amerikanskikh voennosluzhashchikh Poltavskoi aviabazy,” February 12, 1945, 11 pp., here 5, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fol. 417; Colonel Reshetnikov and Lieutenant Colonel Meshcheriakov to Lieutenant Colonel Kovalkov, January 29, 1953, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1179, fol. 12; Captain Mikhaliuk and Senior Lieutenant Nefedov to Colonel Sliuger, “Dokladnaia zapiska o razrabotke sviazei amerikantsev v UNKGB po Poltavskoi oblasti za fevral’ mesiats 1945 goda,” March 7, 1945, 8 pp., here 6, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1201, fols. 181–88.
13. Captain Shpagin, “Spravka,” March 27, 1945, 5 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 466–70.
14. Major Zorin to Major General Novikov, “Dokladnaia zapiska ob izmenenii otnoshenii mezhdu lichnym sostavom amerikanskoi bazy i voennosluzhashchimi 169 ABON,” February 7, 1945, 5 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 410–14.

Chapter 15

1. Harriman to Roosevelt, December 6, 1944, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Map Room, Presidential Trips, Crimean Conference, box 21, Argonaut 1, section 1; Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 27–28.
2. “The President’s Special Assistant (Hopkins) to the President,” FRUS, Diplomatic Papers: Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945, p. 39; Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 37–38.
3. Harriman to Roosevelt, December 6, 1944, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Map Room, Presidential Trips, Crimean Conference, box 21, Argonaut 1, section 1.
4. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, p. 392.
5. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, Background, p. 21, NARA, RG 334 (Underservice Agencies), United States Military Mission to Moscow, Operation “Frantic,” October 1943–October 1945, Box 66: Engineer to Intelligence.
6. Major Zorin, “Spravka,” January 1945, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fol. 119; Major Zorin to Major General Novikov, “Dokladnaia zapiska o sluchae s portfelem gl. Marshala angliiskoi aviatsii Teder A. V.,” January 26, 1945, 3 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 390–93; Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, Background, pp. 22–23; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 173–74.
7. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, Background, pp. 21–22.
8. Ibid., p. 23.
9. Major General Slavin to Admiral Alafuzov and Komissar gosbezopasnosti Abakumov, February 8, 1945, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fol. 457.
10. Meeting of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, February 5, 1945, in FRUS: Conferences at Malta and Yalta, p. 594; Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 216–22.
11. “Roosevelt-Stalin Meeting, February 8, 1945,” in FRUS: Conferences at Malta and Yalta, pp. 766–71; My Dear Mr. Stalin, pp. 292–93.
12. Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 166–70.
13. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 406–14; Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 241–51; “Third Plenary meeting, February 6, ‘The Polish Question,’ ” FRUS: Conferences at Malta and Yalta, pp. 667–71.
14. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 182–90; “Bilateral Document, Agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union Concerning the Liberated Prisoners of War and Civilians,” FRUS: Conferences at Malta and Yalta, pp. 985–87.
15. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 186–90; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, p. 416; Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 298–305.
16. Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 184.
17. Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, pp. 362–63.
18. Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History (New York, 1948), p. 879; Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 328–29.
19. Fischer, Insatiable, pp. 116–17.
20. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 177.

Chapter 16

1. My Dear Mr. Stalin, pp. 297–99.
2. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 190–96; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 419–20.
3. My Dear Mr. Stalin, pp. 298–99.
4. Lt. Col. James D. Wilmeth et al., “Report on a Visit to Lublin, Poland, February 27–March 28, 1945,” section “Russian Reactions,” p. 13, NARA, RG 334, Box 22, Prisoners of War; Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, p. 70; Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 191; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 188–90.
5. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, p. 71; Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 195–96; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 193.
6. Wilmeth et al., “Report on a Visit to Lublin, Poland, February 27–March 28, 1945,” p. 12.
7. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 191–94; Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, p. 73; Wilmeth et al., “Report on a Visit to Lublin, Poland, February 27–March 28, 1945,” p. 15.
8. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, pp. 73–74.
9. Wilmeth et al., “Report on a Visit to Lublin, Poland, February 27–March 28, 1945,” pp. 1–3; Communiqué of the Polish-Soviet Extraordinary Commission for Investigating the Crimes Committed by the Germans in the Majdanek Extermination Camp in Lublin, ed. A. Witos et al. (Moscow, 1944); Tomasz Kranz, “Ewidencja zgonów i śmiertelność więźniów KL Lublin,” Zeszyty Majdanka 23 ([Lublin], 2005): 7–53.
10. Wilmeth et al., “Report on a Visit to Lublin, Poland, February 27–March 28, 1945,” pp. 4–5; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 196.
11. My Dear Mr. Stalin, pp. 299–300.
12. Captain William Fitchen, Interrogation Form: [First] Pilot Lt. Peede, March 17, 1945, Frantic: Interrogation Reports. Eastern Command, “Report on Former Prisoners of War,” 4 pp., here 3, NARA, RG 334, box 67; Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, pp. 50, 73; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 190.
13. Captain William Fitchen, “Report of an interview with three former prisoners of war, First Lieutenant Cory, Second Lieutenant Murphy, and Second Lieutenant Gaich,” February 21, 1945, 4 pp., Frantic: Interrogation Reports. Eastern Command, NARA, RG 334, box 67; “Beliaev, Vladimir Pavlovich,” Bol’shaia Sovetskaia Ėntsiklopediia (Moscow, 1969), s.v.; Iurii Nagibin, Dnevnik (Moscow, 2009), pp. 124–28.
14. Captain William Fitchen, “Report of an interview with three former prisoners of war, Capt. Slanina, Second Lieutenant Young, and First Lieutenant Englander,” February 22, 1945, p. 1, Frantic: Interrogation Reports. Eastern Command, NARA, RG 334, box 67; Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, pp. 73–77.
15. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, p. 78; Captain Robert M. Trimble et al., “Report on Flight to Rzeszow, Staszow, Lwow, Poland, March 17, 1945,” 5 pp., here 1–3, Frantic: Interrogation Reports. Eastern Command, NARA, RG 334, box 67; Trimble and Dronfield, Beyond the Call, pp. 117–42.
16. Trimble et al., “Report on Flight to Rzeszow, Staszow, Lwow, Poland, March 17, 1945,” 5 pp., here 3–4.
17. Ibid., p. 4; “Report by Sgt. Richard J. Beadle,” 2 pp., Frantic: Interrogation Reports. Eastern Command, NARA, RG 334, box 67.
18. Trimble et al., “Report on Flight to Rzeszow, Staszow, Lwow, Poland, March 17, 1945,” 5 pp., here 4; Trimble and Dronfield, Beyond the Call, pp. 168–74, 180–82.
19. My Dear Mr. Stalin, p. 300.
20. Harriman to Roosevelt, March 12, 1945, in FRUS: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, Europe, vol. 5; Deane, The Strange Alliance, p. 198; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 420–21.
21. My Dear Mr. Stalin, p. 300.
22. Ibid., pp. 301–302.
23. Harriman and Abel. Special Envoy, pp. 421–22.
24. Lt. Col. James D. Wilmeth, Memorandum to General Deane, Reference: Lublin Trip, Poltava, USSR, April 13, 1945, 9 pp. in NARA, RG 334, Box 22; Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, p. 78.
25. Kaluta, “History of Eastern Command, US Strategic Air Forces in Europe, October 1, 1944–March 31, 1945,” chap. I, pp. 78–79; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 196.

Chapter 17

1. Major Zorin to Abakumov, April 2, 1945, pp. 1–2, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 471–72.
2. William Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 1, Operations, p. 7, in NARA, RG 334; United States Military Mission to Moscow, Operation “Frantic,” October 1943–October 1945, Box 66: Engineer to Intelligence.
3. Major Zorin to Major General Novikov, April 10, 1945, “Informatsionnaia dokladnaia zapiska,” 4 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fol. 499.
4. Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 358–64.
5. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 432–39.
6. My Dear Mr. Stalin, pp. 303–17.
7. Fred L. Borch, “Two Americans and the Angry Russian Bear: Army Air Force Pilots Court-Martialed for Offending the Soviet Union during World War II,” Prologue Magazine 43, no. 1 (Spring 2011) <https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2011/spring/court-martials.html>.
8. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 201–202.
9. Borch, “Two Americans and the Angry Russian Bear.”
10. Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov, “Spravka,” April 30, 1944, 2 pp., here 2, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fol. 32; Trimble and Dronfield, Beyond the Call, pp. 230–31.
11. Borch, “Two Americans and the Angry Russian Bear”; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 203–204.
12. Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 1, Operations, pp. 1–2; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 203.
13. Major Zorin to Major General Novikov, April 10, 1945, “Informatsionnaia dokladnaia zapiska,” 4 pp., here 3, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fol. 499.
14. Ibid.; Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 1, Operations, pp. 1–2.
15. Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 1, Operations, p. 1.
16. Agent Report, “Kozlov,” April 1, 1945, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, f. 491; Agent Report, “Moskvichka,” April 2, 1945, ibid., fol. 490.
17. Fischer, Insatiable, p. 122.
18. Ibid.; “Soviet Denunciation of the Pact with Japan, April 5, 1945,” The Department of State Bulletin 12, no. 305 (April 29, 1945) <http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/s3.asp>.
19. Dmitrii Volkogonov, Triumf i tragediia: Politicheskii portret I. V. Stalina (Moscow, 1989), bk. 2, pt. 1, p. 373; Zorin to Abakumov, April 2, 1945, p. 2, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fol. 471; Major Zorin, “Spravka,” April 3, 1945, 2 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 485–86; Arkhiv rozstrilianoho vidrodzhennia: materialy arkhivno-slidchykh sprav ukraïns’kykh pys’mennykiv 1920–1930-kh rokiv, comp. Oleksandr and Leonid Ushkalov (Kyiv, 2010), p. 376.
20. Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 1, Operations, p. 6; Major Zorin to Major General Novikov, April 10, 1945, “Informatsionnaia dokladnaia zapiska,” 4 pp., here 3, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fol. 499.
21. Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 1, Operations, p. 6.
22. Ibid., chap. 1, Operations, pp. 3–4, 8; Trimble and Dronfield, Beyond the Call, pp. 233–40, 243.
23. My Dear Mr. Stalin, p. 322.

Chapter 18

1. On Melby, see Robert P. Newman, The Cold War Romance of Lillian Hellman and John Melby (Chapel Hill, NC, 1989).
2. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 440–41.
3. Ibid., pp. 441–43; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, pp. 883–84.
4. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 445–46; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 205; Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, pp. 319–20.
5. Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 2, Activities, p. 1.
6. Ibid., chap. 2, Activities, pp. 1–2.
7. Franklyn Holzman to A. Holzman, April 14, 1945; Franklyn Holzman, BBC interview, 1995.
8. Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 1, Operations, pp. 6–7; chap. 2, Activities, p. 1.
9. Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, pp. 206–207.
10. Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 382–83.
11. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, pp. 447–53; Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, pp. 320–27.
12. Samuel Chavkin, “Russia-based Yanks parade with Red Army,” Franklyn Holzman collection; Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 1, Operations, pp. 6–7; chap. 2, Activities, p. 2.
13. Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 April 1945 to 23 June 1945,” chap. 2, Activities, p. 3; Conversino, Fighting with the Soviets, p. 208.
14. Fischer, Insatiable, p. 120; Bertha Markoosha Fischer, My Lives in Russia (New York, 1944).
15. Fischer, Insatiable, pp. 121–22.
16. Major Zorin to General Major Gorgonov, “Dokladnaia zapiska ob izuchenii razvedyvatel’noi deiatel’nosti amerikanskikh voennosluzhashchikh Poltavskoi bazy,” February 12, 1945, 11 pp., here 6, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 415–25; Major Zorin to Major General Novikov, “Dokladnaia zapiska ob izmenenii otnoshenii mezhdu lichnym sostavom amerikanskoi bazy i voennosluzhashchimi 169 ABON,” February 7, 1945, 5 pp., here 5, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 410–14; Agent Report, “Kozlov,” June 1945, 1 p, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1172, fol. 98; Captain Zakharov, “Vypiska iz dokladnoi zapiski gvardii kapitana Zakharova,” July 10, 1944, 1 p., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1172, fol. 106.
17. Major Zorin to Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska ob operativno-agenturnom obsluzhivanii amerikanskoi aviabazy ‘chelnochnykh pereletov,’ ” June 23, 1945, 30 pp., here 10, 17, 24, 25, 28, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 559–88; Colonel Chernetskii, Captain Mikhaliuk and Senior Lieutenant Nefedov to Fedotov (Moscow), “Dokladnaia zapiska o rezul’tatakh agenturno-operativnogo obsluzhivaniia amerikanskoi aviabazy v Poltave za period dekabr’ 1944—ianvar’ 1945,” February 7, 1945, 18 pp., here 1, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1201, fols. 146–48.
18. Colonel Reshetnikov and Lieutenant Colonel Meshcheriakov, “Spravka na voennosluzhashchego byvshei Poltavskoi bazy VVS SShA—Chavkina Samuila,” January 1952, 3 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fols. 60–62; Major Zorin and Captain Mikhaliuk, “Spravka: Chavkin, Samuil,” 3 pp., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fols. 157–58; Agent Report, “Valik,” November 15, 1944, 1 p., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fol. 65; Agent Report, “Markov,” January 1945, 1 p., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fol. 90; Lieutenant Colonel Sveshnikov to Abakumov, “O sokrashchenii amerikanskikh voenno-vozdushnykh baz na territorii SSSR,” December 2, 1944, 11 pp., here 6, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1168, fol. 333.
19. Franklyn Holzman to A. Holzman, February 21, May 1, and May 10, 1945.
20. For SMERSH reports on Philip Mishchenko and Yelena Semizhenova, see SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fols. 3–36.
21. Kaluta, “Eascom History, 1 October 1944 to 1 April 1945,” chap. 5, Personnel Relations, pp. 31–32.
22. Ibid.
23. Agent Report, “Markov.” May 1945, 1 p., SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1172, fol. 125.
24. Trimble and Dronfield, Beyond the Call, pp. 256–58.

Chapter 19

1. “Spravka na byvshego komandira 169 aviabazy osobogo naznacheniia VVS VS SSSR general-maiora aviatsii Kovaleva Stepana Korneevicha,” SBU Archives, fol. 13, no. 1169, fols. 673–76.
2. Plokhy, Yalta, pp. 102–16; Norman M. Naimark, The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949 (Cambridge, 1997).
3. “Perminov, Aleksandr Romanovich,” The Generals of World War II

<http://www.generals.dk/general/Perminov/Aleksandr_Romanovich/Soviet_Union.html>.

4. “Minutes of the Eighteenth Meeting of the Air Directorate, Held at Berlin, December 18, 1945, 10:30 a.m.,” FRUS: Diplomatic Papers, 1945: European Advisory Commission, Austria, Germany, vol. 3; “U.S. Note Documents Western Position on Unrestricted Air Access to Berlin,” Department of State Bulletin, vol. 45 (July–September, 1961) <http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/united-states-dept-of-state-office-of-public-co/department-of-state-bulletin-volume-v-45-jul--sep-1961-tin/page-99-department-of-state-bulletin-volume-v-45-jul--sep-1961-tin.shtml>.
5. Sovetskaia administratsiia v Germanii, 1945–1949. Deiatel’nost’ upravleniia SVAG po izucheniiu dostizhenii nemetskoi nauki i tekhniki v Sovetskoi zone okkupatsii, ed. V. V. Zakharov (Moscow, 2007), pp. 398–40; Georgii Litvin, Na razvalinakh tret’ego Reikha, ili maiatnik voiny (Moscow, 1998), chap. 1; Sovetskaia voennaia administratsiia v Germanii, 1945–1949: Spravochnik (Moscow, 2009), p. 840.
6. John Gaddis, George F. Kennan: An American Life (New York, 2012), pp. 215–22; Joseph Stalin, “Rech’ na predvybornom sobranii izbiratelei Stalinskogo izbiratel’nogo okruga g. Moskvy, February 9, 1946,” Propagandist, nos. 1–4 (February 1946): 11.
7. Montefiore, Stalin, pp. 532–37.
8. Marshal of Aviation Aleksandr Golovanov in Feliks Chuev, Soldaty imperii: besedy, vospominaniia, dokumenty (Moscow, 1998), p. 267; A. M. Khorobrykh, Glavnyi marshal aviatsii A. A. Novikov (Moscow, 1989), p. 268.
9. Vladimir Zhukhrai, Stalin: pravda i lozh’ (Moscow, 1996), p. 235.
10. Aleksandr Melenberg, “Trofei marshala Zhukova,” Novaia gazeta, June 9, 2003.
11. “Postanovlenie Politbiuro TsK KPSS ‘O t. Zhukove G. K., Marshale Sovetskogo Soiuza,’ ” January 20, 1948, Fond Aleksandra Iakovleva, Arkhiv <http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/fond/issues-doc/1002762>.
12. “Kutsevalov, Timofei Fedorovich,” Generals of World War II <http://www.generals.dk/general/Kutsevalov/Timofei_Fedorovich/Soviet_Union.html>.
13. “Kriukov, Grigorii Viktorovich,” Geroi strany <http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1841>; “Doch’ Lidii Ruslanovoi i generala Kriukova rasskazala o frontovykh budniakh,” Moskovskii komsomolets, May 7, 2015.
14. “Spravka na byvshego komandira 169 aviabazy osobogo naznacheniia VVS VS SSSR general-maiora aviatsii Kovaleva Stepana Korneevicha,” SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 673–76.
15. See the list of awards and Shchepankov’s report at Pamiat’ naroda <https://pamyat-naroda.ru/heroes/podvig-chelovek_nagrazhdenie43320375/>.
16. “Spravka na byvshego komandira 169 aviabazy osobogo naznacheniia VVS VS SSSR general-maiora aviatsii Kovaleva Stepana Korneevicha.”
17. Major Zorin, “Spravka,” January 9, 1945, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fols. 116–18; “Ivan Ivanovich Moskalenko,” in Kto rukovodil organami Gosbezopasnosti, 1941–1954: Spravochnik, ed. N. V. Petrov (Moscow, 2010); “Kovalev, Stepan Korneevich,” Bessmertnyi polk, Moskva <http://www.polkmoskva.ru/people/1061143/>.

Chapter 20

2. Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947–1952 (Cambridge, 1987); John Lewis Gaddis, “Reconsiderations: Was the Truman Doctrine a Real Turning Point?” Foreign Affairs 52, no. 2 (1974): 386–402; Dennis Merrill, “The Truman Doctrine: Containing Communism and Modernity,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 36, no. 1 (2006): 27–37; Michael Holm, The Marshall Plan: A New Deal for Europe (Abingdon, UK, 2016).
3. Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, MA, 1996), pp. 50–51.
4. William R. Harris, “The March Crisis of 1948, Act I,” Studies in Intelligence 10, no. 4 (1966): 3–5.
5. Ibid., pp. 5–8.
6. Jean Edward Smith, Lucius D. Clay: An American Life (New York, 1990), p. 488.
7. Roger Gene Miller, To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949 (College Station, TX, 2000); “Major General Robert L. Walsh,” U.S. Air Force <http://www.af.mil/AboutUs/Biographies/Display/tabid/225/Article/105289/major-general-robert-l-walsh.aspx>.
8. Jean Edward Smith, Lucius D. Clay: An American Life, 2nd ed. (New York, 2014), pp. 335–38; “William Whipple Jr, 36,” Princeton Alumni Weekly, April 2, 2008; Fischer, Insatiable, p. 125.
9. Fischer, Insatiable, pp. 126–28; Markus Wolf, Die Troika: Geschichte eines Nichtgedrehten Films (Berlin, 1989), Russian translation: Troe iz tridtsatykh (Moscow, 1990), p. 109.
10. Fischer, Insatiable, pp. 129–32; Wolf, Troe iz tridtsatykh, pp. 306–11; George Fischer, Letters to family dated March 9 and 11, 1946, Berlin; Victor Fischer with Charles Wohlforth, To Russia with Love: An Alaskan Journey (Fairbanks, 2012), pp. 81–84; Vladimir Gall, “Instruktor-literator, perevodchik, parlamenter …,” in Vladislava Zhdanova, Nashim oruzhiem bylo slovo: Perevodchiki na voine (Frankfurt am Main, 2009), pp. 122–59.
11. “Spravka na amerikanskogo voennosluzhashchego byv. bazy VVS SSha—Fisher, Georg,” SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1172, fols. 143–44; Fischer, Insatiable, pp. 132–33; Markus Wolf and Anne McElvoy, Man without a Face: The Autobiography of Communism’s Greatest Spymaster (New York, 1997), pp. 27–29, 287, 316–17.
12. “Spravka na amerikanskogo voennosluzhashchego byv. bazy VVS SSha—Fisher, Georg,” SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1172, fols. 143–44; Fischer, Insatiable, pp. 132–33; Wolf and McElvoy, Man without a Face, pp. 27–29, 287, 316–17.
13. Lieutenant Colonel Solopov to head of MGB in Poltava region, May 13, 1953, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1179, fols. 20–21; Major General Budarev and Major General Novikov to Lieutenant General Raikhman, February 15, 1947, p. 1, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 656–60.
14. Lieutenant Colonel Solopov to head of MGB in Poltava region, May 13, 1953, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1179, fols. 20–21; Vladimir Talmi, “Polnyi krug: N’iu-Iork–Moskva i obratno. Istoriia moei zhizni,” Zametki po evreiskoi istorii, no. 184 <http://berkovich-zametki.com/2015/Zametki/Nomer10/Talmi1.php>.
15. Major General Budarev and Major General Novikov to Lieutenant General Raikhman, February 15, 1947, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fols. 656–60.
16. Major Zorin, head of counterintelligence division SMERSH, 68th region of aviation bases, to Abakumov, “Dokladnaia zapiska ob agenturno-operativnom obsluzhivanii amerikanskoi aviabazy ‘chelnochnykh’ pereletov,” June 23, 1945, 30 pp., here 17, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fol. 575.
17. Deputy commander, counterintelligence department, 4th Air Force Army Lieutenant Colonel Sagalov and head of 1st division of the same department, Major Panov, to head, counterintelligence directorate, Kyiv military district, June 12, 1947, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1184, “Raznaia perepiska po delu ‘Soiuzniki,’ ” f. 9.
18. Head, first counterintelligence directorate, Kyiv military district, Lieutenant General Osetrov and head, first department of the same directorate, Lieutenant Colonel Bulantsev to deputy head, MGB department, 4th Air Force Army Sagalov, June 26, 1947, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1184, “Raznaia perepiska po delu ‘Soiuzniki,’ ” f. 10.
19. Colonel Shabalin, head, 4th department, counterintelligence directorate, Kyiv military district, “Spravka na lits, prokhodiashchikh po materialam dannogo memoranduma,” p. 4, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1185, “Raznaia perepiska po delu ‘Soiuzniki,’ ” fols. 323–27; Lieutenant Colonel Kovalkov to head of MGB, Poltava region, January 13, 1953, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1179, fol. 12.
20. Georgii Litvin, Na razvalinakh tret’ego Reikha, ili maiatnik voiny (Moscow, 1998), chap. 1.
21. Lieutenant Colonel Kovalkov to head of MGB, Poltava region, January 13, 1953, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1179, fol. 12; Colonel Reshetnikov and Lieutenant Colonel Meshcheriakov to Lieutenant Colonel Kovalkov, January 29, 1953, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1179, fol. 12; “Maksimov, Viktor Ivanovich,” biography and photo on website of Kazan Institute of Architecture and Construction <http://old.kgasu.ru/sved/vov/maksimov_viktor_ivanovich/>.
22. Colonel Surkov, head of MGB counterintelligence department, 12th Air Force Army, to head, counterintelligence department, MGB, Kyiv military district, October 1948, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1185, fol. 137.
23. Colonel Shabalin, head, 4th department, MGB counterintelligence directorate, Kyiv military district, “Spravka na lits, prokhodiashchikh po materialam dannogo memoranduma,” November 1950, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1185, fols. 323–27; Lieutenant Colonel Prikazchikov to head, MGB counterintelligence directorate, Kyiv military district, November 22, 1950, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1186, fols. 36–36v; “Prakhin, Efim Danilovich,” Geroi strany <http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=6652>.

Chapter 21

1. Introduction, Osobyi arkhiv Litvy, Fond K-1: Komitet gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti Litovskoi SSR (KGB), Opis’ no. 2 (former fond no. 2: Kontrarazvedovatel’nyi otdel NKVD-MGB-MVD-KGB SSSR), <http://media.hoover.org/sites/default/files/documents/lithuanian_kgb_opis02_register.pdf>.
2. “Belukha, Andrei Iakovlevich,” Kadrovyi sostav organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti SSSR <http://nkvd.memo.ru>; Agent Report “Avtomat,” in SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fol.135.
3. Agent Report, “Liliia,” August 3, 1944, in SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1171, fols. 139–40; Agent Report, “Markov,” ibid., fol. 143.
4. Spravka po arkhivnym delam no. 15078 i 216 na Belukhu Z. A.,” December 9, 1968, in SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1207, fols. 99–100.
5. Agent Report, “Tishchenko,” December 28, 1950, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1192, fols. 310–310v.
6. Ivan Nalyvaiko, Hirkyi spomyn zhakhlyvoho teroru: istoryko-publitsystychni narysy (Poltava, 2004). “Agent Report, “Dmitrieva,” April 28, 1949, in SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1192, f. 304; Agent Report, “Tishchenko,” December 28, 1950, ibid., fol. 310.
7. Agent Report, “Dmitrieva,” April 28, 1949; Agent Report, “Kuznetsova,” January 9, 1951, in SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1192, fol. 311; Agent Report, “Bocharova,” January 12, 1951, in SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1192, fol. 312.
8. Agent Report, “Tishchenko,” December 28, 1950, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1192, fols. 310–310v.
9. Agent Report, “Kuznetsova,” January 23, 1951, in SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1192, f. 313; Agent Report, “Bocharova,” March 20, 1951, ibid., fol. 318–318v.
10. Major Rogovtsev and Lieutenant Colonel Meshcheriakov to Colonel Reshetnikov, September 6, 1951, in SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1192, fols. 301–2.
11. “Kudy podivsia unikal’nyi arkhiv z mini-muzeiu na chest’ Klary Luchko?” Ltava, July 1, 2015.
12. Spravka po arkhivnym delam no. 15078 i 216 na Belukhu Z. A.,” December 9, 1968, in SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1207, fols. 99–100.
13. Colonel Khoroshun and Colonel Akhov (Poltava) to Colonel Perfiliev (Moscow), November 11, 1958, in SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1207, ff. 45–47; Colonel Dubas to Colonel Akhov, November 25, 1958, ibid., fol. 48.
14. “Spravka po materialam perepiski Chuchko E. V.” May 30, 1964, in SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1207, fols. 80–80v.
15. “Spravka,” May 29, 196, in SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1207, fols. 75–77v; “Spravka,” June 11, 1964, ibid., fols. 78–79; Colonel Brazhko (Kyiv) to Lieutenant Colonel Mishchenko (Poltava), June 4, 1964, ibid., fol. 82.
16. “Igor Constantine Reverditto,” <https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/name/by/reverditto/igor>; Jan Herman, Stage Review: ‘Psycho Beach Party’ Has a Screw Loose: The show has energy and brass, but it lacks the one subversive ingredient that might have justified all the silliness,” Los Angeles Times, August 24, 1990 <http://articles.latimes.com/1990-08-24/entertainment/ca-1360_1_psycho-beach-party>; Tony Reverditto’s eulogy of Igor Reverditto, posted March 13, 2015, on the “Memory of Igor Reverditto” Facebook page, February 27, 2015, <https://www.facebook.com/groups/647340528728078/permalink/647348445393953/>.
17. “Nachalniku KGB Poltavskoi oblasti. Zaiavlenie,” December 10, 1968, in SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1207, fols. 96–96v.

Chapter 22

1. Office memorandum to: Director, FBI, from: SAC, Boston, subject: George Fischer, George Yuri Fischer, March 10, 1955, 2 pp., George Fischer FBI File.
2. Major Zorin, head of SMERSH counterintelligenece division, 68th region of aviation bases, to Abakumov, head of SMERSH, “Dokladnaia zapiska ob agenturno-operativnom obsluzhivanii amerikanskoi avizbazy ‘chelnochnykh’ pereletov,” June 23, 1945, 30 pp., here 8, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1169, fol. 566.
3. Office Memorandum from SAC, Denver to Director, FBI, Subject: George Yuri Fischer, March 14, 1955; To: SAC, Boston from Director, FBI, April 18, 1951, Subject: George (NMI) Fischer, Security matter–c, April 18, 1951; Memorandum to: Mr. A. H. Belmont, Purpose: To advise you on results of name checks, April 18, 1951, 7 pp., here 6, in George Fischer FBI File.
4. Thomas F. Sullivan, Boston FBI, Report on George (NMI) Fischer, aka Yuri Fischer, Character of case: Security matter–C, February 12–August 21, 1951, 8 pp., here 4–6, in George Fischer FBI File; Milwaukee, Wisconsin FBI, Report on George Fischer, Security Matter–C, November 6–December 13, 1951, 4 pp., here 2–3, ibid.; George Kennan to J. Edgar Hoover, March 29, 1951, 2 pp., ibid.
5. Report, New York FBI, Subject: George (NMI) Fischer, aka Yuri Fischer, February 1–March 7, 1952, 3 pp., in George Fischer FBI File; Report, Philadelphia FBI, Subject: George (NMI) Fischer, aka Yuri Fischer, December 7–14, 1951, 3pp., ibid.; Memorandum from: SAC, Boston to Director, FBI, April 12, 1952, ibid.; Fischer, Insatiable, p. 134ff.; George Fischer, Soviet Opposition to Stalin: A Case Study in World War II (Cambridge, MA, 1952); David Engerman, Know Your Enemy: The Rise and Fall of America’s Soviet Experts (New York, 2009), pp. 52–53, 61.
6. Memorandum to: Director, FBI, From SAC WFO, January 17, 1955, Subject: Anatoli V. Zorin, George Yuri Fischer, in George Fischer FBI File.
7. AirTel, FBI Washington Field to Director, FBI and SAC, Boston, March 22, 1955, in George Fischer FBI File.
8. A. H. Belmont to L. V. Boardman, April 5, 1955, in George Fischer FBI File.
9. AirTel, FBI Washington Field to Director, FBI and SAC, Boston, March 22, 1955, in George Fischer FBI File.
10. SAC, WPO to Director, FBI, March 29, 1955, in George Fischer FBI File.
11. SAC, Boston to Director, FBI, April 16, 1955, 2 pp., in George Fischer FBI File.
12. Fischer, Insatiable, p. 134ff.; A. H. Belmont to L. V. Boardman, April 5, 1955; Boston FBI to Director, FBI, September 5, 1955, in George Fischer FBI File.
13. Boston FBI report, May 31, 1955, 6 pp., in George Fischer FBI File; Fischer, Insatiable, p. 193.
14. “Polkovniku Shabalinu,” October 20, 1950, marginalia from October 30, 1950, SBU Archives, fond 13, no. 1186, “Raznaia perepiska po delu ‘Soiuzniki,’ ” f. 11; Department of State, Diplomatic List, December 1952 (Washington, DC, 1952), p. 169; Department of State, Diplomatic List, February 1956 (Washington, DC, 1956), p. 43.
15. Fischer, Insatiable, p. 193.
16. Boston FBI report, May 31, 1955, 6 pp., in George Fischer FBI File.
17. SAC, Boston to Director, FBI, July 13, 1955; Boston FBI Report, September 16, 1955, 4 pp., in George Fischer FBI File; Fischer, Insatiable, p. 193.
18. Office memorandum, From SAC, WFO to Director, FBI, December 6, 1955, in George Fischer FBI File.
19. SAC Boston to Director, FBI, November 9, 1955; John Edgar Hoover, Director, FBI to Dennis A. Flinn, Director, Office of Security, Department of State, November 10, 1955; SAC Boston to Director, FBI, December 14, 1955, “George Fischer, WA. IS-R,” in George Fischer FBI File.
20. FBI Teletype, Boston to Director, November 21, 1955; “Letter to the Director, FBI Boston Office,” November 8, 1955; “Interview of Subject December 13, 1955,” in Boston FBI Office Report on George Fischer, WA. Character of Case: Internal Security–R, February 28, 1956, in George Fischer FBI File.

Epilogue

1. Franklyn Holzman, BBC interview on his experiences at Poltava, 1995; Fischer, Soviet Opposition to Stalin; Myhra, A Frantic Saga, p. 80.
2. Deane, The Strange Alliance, pp. 123–24.
3. George Fischer, review of John Deane, The Strange Alliance, in Far Eastern Survey 16, no. 11 (June 4, 1947): 131–32.
4. Costigliola, Roosevelt’s Lost Alliances, pp. 291–311.
5. Myhra, Frantic Saga, p. 80; Sarah Bredesen, “Iola Man Writes about Rural ‘Characters,’ ” The Country Today, September 26, 2007, p. 6.
6. Thomas Holzman’s e-mail to the author, January 5, 2019; Ken Gewertz, “From Russia with Thanks: Holzman awarded Medal for World War II Service,” Harvard Gazette, April 3, 1997.
7. Engerman, Know Your Enemy, pp. 199–200; Fischer, Insatiable, pp. 122, 196.
8. Myhra, Frantic Saga, pp. 6, 107–108.
9. Bill Clinton, “Greeting on the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of Operation ‘Frantic,’ ” in Operatsiia “Frentik,” p. 7, cf. pp. 267–73.
10. Charlie Beecham, “To the Editor: Operation Frantic,” The Daily Oklahoman, January 15, 1997.
11. “Charles N. Beecham,” Mail Tribune, March 13, 2012.