8.7

1. 1. Listen to Track 43.

      Now answer the questions.

   1. What is the main purpose of the lecture?

      1. To discuss trade between Europe and China on the Silk Road
      2. To describe the effects of gunpowder on European history
      3. To describe the flaws of primitive guns
      4. To explore the effects of the Mongol invasion of Europe

   2. What does the professor imply about the strength of the first gunpowder made in Europe?

      1. It was stronger in the Duchy of Burgundy than elsewhere.
      2. It was weaker than Chinese gunpowder.
      3. Its strength led to the success of the Mongol invasion of Europe.
      4. Its strength indicated that it was not invented in Europe.

   3. Why does the professor mention the nineteenth-century saying about Colonel Colt?

      1. To indicate that use of a gun offset the advantages of training with other weapons
      2. To suggest that the United States has long been a violent place
      3. To illustrate the greater level of equality found in European nations
      4. To assert that Colt’s weapons were superior to harquebuses

   4. According to the professor, what was a long-term effect of the introduction of gunpowder to Europe?

      1. It tilted the balance of world power away from China.
      2. It advantaged wealthier European states that adopted gunpowder use.
      3. It had a negative effect on international relations within Europe.
      4. It led to popular revolutions and the decline of European nobility.

   5. According to the professor, why were Taoist monks interested in gunpowder?

      1. It was a way to transform materials.
      2. It gave them defensive military benefits.
      3. They believed it warded off unhealthy spirits.
      4. It was a component of fireworks for ritual use.

2. 1. Listen to Track 44.

      Now answer the question.

   6. What can be inferred about the professor when she says this?

      1. She does not know the answer to her own question.
      2. She is criticizing the student.
      3. She is exploring the extent of the student’s knowledge.
      4. She is suggesting that the student’s first answer was incorrect.