9.3

1. 1. Listen to Track 53.

      Now answer the questions.

   1. What is the main purpose of the talk?

      1. To discuss possible ways infants learn
      2. To describe key considerations of learning language
      3. To explain processes used to test learning in infants
      4. To discuss why it is so difficult to learn a language after infancy

   2. Why does the professor ask students about the first thing they learned?

      1. To engage students in the topic she is about to discuss
      2. To establish that everyone learns similar things in infancy
      3. To introduce the difficulty of learning a language
      4. To illustrate that learning stages can occur at different times for different people

   3. What does the professor imply about some of the theories for how infants begin learning?

      1. They cannot be scientifically proven or disproven.
      2. They do not have scientific evidence to support them.
      3. They explain only how a child learns language.
      4. They have been disproven by her research.

   4. The professor mentions a number of theories for early learning methods. Select each of the following that is one of the theories she mentions.

      1. When children are born, they are inherently good.
      2. Learning occurs at a constant rate over a lifetime.
      3. Children are born with some innate knowledge.
      4. Learning occurs in progressive stages.
      5. All children master stages of learning at essentially the same time.

   5. How was advanced reasoning studied in infants?

      1. By recording how often infants made reasonable decisions
      2. By observing how children interacted with one another
      3. By having children repeat the actions of the researchers who conducted the experiments
      4. By monitoring the attention levels of infants to possible and seemingly impossible events

   6. The professor mentioned a study that tested the ability of children to understand a seemingly dangerous fall. What did the researchers conclude from this study?

      1. Infants learn by progressing through different stages of understanding.
      2. Infants sometimes show more advanced reasoning than is suggested by Piaget’s theories.
      3. Infants typically demonstrate reasoning starting at about nine months.
      4. Advanced reasoning skill development is dependent upon rational thought.