10.4

1. 1. Listen to Track 73.

      Now answer the questions.

   1. What is the main purpose of the lecture?

      1. To discuss how a sense of self develops in humans
      2. To describe methods of testing whether a child has a sense of self
      3. To argue that the notion of a sense of self is only fully developed in humans
      4. To explain why animals other than humans do not have a sense of self

   2. Why does the professor predict that she knows how students will respond if she asks whether they have a “self”?

      1. To point out that she has gotten to know her students well
      2. To illustrate that a sense of self is universal among humans
      3. To point out that she expects some students to respond incorrectly
      4. To establish that a sense of self does not develop until adulthood

   3. What does the professor say about the reasons why humans have a sense of self and other animals appear not to?

      1. These reasons are unlikely to ever be discovered.
      2. Researchers have yet to begin trying to discover these reasons.
      3. Studies into this issue that have been completed show contradictory findings.
      4. The reasons are not yet understood.

   4. What does the experiment using a pencil in a box reveal about children?

      1. Whether they are able to imitate the actions of another person
      2. Whether they can comprehend how objects interact with one another in space
      3. Whether they can reason from the perspective of another person
      4. Whether they understand that they are children

   5. The professor mentions a child who is only several months old and whose mother leaves the room. What is true about this child’s perception of the world?

      1. The child does not understand that her mother still exists somewhere outside of the room.
      2. The child understands that her mother is somewhere else, but does not yet understand that her mother has her own perspective.
      3. The child is certain that her mother will return, although the child cannot express this certainty.
      4. The child believes and hopes that her mother might return, but is not certain.

   6. The professor mentions several abilities that typically appear at specific stages of cognitive development. Classify each of the following abilities as typically occurring either 1. Under the Age of Three or 2. Around Age Four or Older.

      1. Awareness that its mother is elsewhere if not in the room ____
      2. Ability to view the world from its mother’s perspective ____
      3. Ability to understand object relations ____
      4. Ability to pass the “false belief” test ____