1. Sylvia Walby and Jonathan Allen, Domestic Violence, Sexual Assault and Stalking: Findings from the British Crime Survey (London: Home Office, 2004).
2. Michele Burman and Oona Brooks-Hay, “Victims Are More Willing to Report Rape, So Why Are Conviction Rates Still Woeful?,” The Conversation, March 8, 2018, https://theconversation.com/victims-are-more-willing-to-report-rape-so-why-are-conviction-rates-still-woeful-92968.
3. Sameena Mulla, The Violence of Care: Rape Victims, Forensic Nurses, and Sexual Assault Intervention (New York: New York University Press, 2014).
4. Sue Lees, “Judicial Rape,” Women’s Studies International Forum 16, no. 1 (1993).
5. The feminist writer Michelle Goldberg rightly called out the parallels between Brett Kavanaugh’s confirmation and the experience of sexual violation. [Content note: the following quote discusses experiences of sexual violence.] In a New York Times opinion piece, she wrote, “In the end, it didn’t really matter how many women begged them not to do this, how many times women said slow down, stop, please, no. As of this writing, it seems inevitable that Republicans in the Senate are going to shove Brett Kavanaugh down our throats.” See Michelle Goldberg, “A Supreme Violation,” New York Times, October 4, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/04/opinion/kavanaugh-fbi-supreme-court-republicans.html.
6. See, for instance, Tamar Dina, “The Problem with Consent,” The Coast, December 14, 2017, https://www.thecoast.ca/halifax/the-problem-with-consent/Content?oid=11456174.
7. Carole Pateman, “Women and Consent,” Political Theory 8, no. 2 (1980).
1. Catharine MacKinnon, Toward a Feminist Theory of State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989), and “Reflections on Sex Equality under Law,” Yale Law Journal 100, no. 5 (1991).
2. Lois Pineau, “Date Rape: A Feminist Analysis,” Law and Philosophy 8, no. 2 (1989).
3. For an outline and partial critique of both the “no means no” and “yes means yes” models of consent, see Michelle J. Anderson, “Negotiating Sex,” Southern California Law Review 41 (2005).
4. The term “sex-critical” was coined by Lisa Downing, and has a wider scope than just consent negotiation. For an accessible introduction to it, see Lisa Downing, “What Is ‘Sex Critical’ and Why Should We Care About It?,” Sex Critical (blog), July 27, 2012, http://sexcritical.co.uk/2012/07/27/what-is-sex-critical-and-why-should-we-care-about-it/.
5. See Kimberlé Crenshaw, “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity, Politics, and Violence against Women of Color,” Stanford Law Review 43, no. 6 (1991), and Angela Y. Davis, “Rape, Racism, and the Capitalist Setting,” The Black Scholar 9, no. 7 (1978).
6. For an account of the impact of racial stereotypes and racialized rape myths on black women’s experience of sexuality, see Karnythia, “On Consent, Sex-Positivity, & Cultures of Color after Colonization,” The Angry Black Woman (blog), August 25, 2011, http://theangryblackwoman.com/2011/08/25/on-consent-sex-positivity-cultures-of-color-after-colonization/. For an in-depth critique of the US criminal justice system in relation to sexual violence against indigenous women, see Sarah Deer, “Decolonizing Rape Law: A Native Feminist Synthesis of Safety and Sovereignty,” Wíčazo Ša Review 24, no. 2 (2009). For an account of the impact of legal structures on migrant women’s experience of sexual violence, see Miriam Zoila Pérez, “When Sexual Autonomy Isn’t Enough: Sexual Violence against Immigrant Women in the United States,” in Yes Means Yes: Visions of Female Sexual Power and a World without Rape, eds. Jaclyn Friedman and Jessica Valenti (Berkeley, CA: Seal Press, 2008).
7. For an in-depth discussion about what the law does and does not value about human sexuality, as well as suggestions for reform, see Nicola Lacey, Unspeakable Subjects: Feminist Essays in Legal and Social Theory (Oxford: Hart, 1998).
8. See United States Department of Justice, “An Updated Definition of Rape,” https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/blog/updated-definition-rape (2012).
9. Amnesty International, “Sex without Consent Is Rape. So Why Do Only Nine European Countries Recognize This?,” https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2018/04/eu-sex-without-consent-is-rape/ (2018).
10. Molly Redden, “‘No Doesn’t Really Mean No’: North Carolina Law Means Women Can’t Revoke Consent for Sex,” Guardian, June 24, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/24/north-carolina-rape-legal-loophole-consent-state-v-way.
11. For a detailed analysis of the law’s special status in society and what that means for a range of feminist issues, see Carol Smart, Feminism and the Power of Law (London: Routledge, 1989).
12. Sue Lees has coined the term “judicial rape” to describe the extent to which the criminal justice system may re-traumatize a rape victim during investigation, evidence collection, and trial in “Judicial Rape,” Women’s Studies International Forum 16, no. 1 (1993). As some examples of this process, Sameena Mulla shows the invasive and traumatic nature of forensic evidence collection (or rape kits) from rape victims in The Violence of Care: Rape Victims, Forensic Nurses, and Sexual Assault Intervention (New York: New York University Press, 2014); Susan Estrich shows how rape victims are held to the standard of “utmost resistance” in rape trials in “Rape,” Yale Law Journal 95 (1986); Susan Ehrlich shows how the adversarial nature of rape trials and the language used by defense lawyers work to shift responsibility from defendants to complainants in Representing Rape: Language and Sexual Consent (New York: Routledge, 2003); and Jennifer Temkin’s research team demonstrates in detail how rape myths are leveraged by defense lawyers in courtrooms, and how they go unchallenged by either the prosecution or judges in “Different Functions of Rape Myth Use in Court: Findings from a Trial Observation Study,” Feminist Criminology 13, no. 2 (2016).
13. See Deer, “Decolonizing,” and A. Big Country, “Non-Natives Are Using This Tribal Law Loophole to Rape Indigenous People,” Wear Your Voice, October 19, 2016, https://wearyourvoicemag.com/identities/race/tribal-loophole-rapists.
14. Smart, “Feminism.”
1. Rockstar Dinosaur Pirate Princess, “Consent: Not Actually That Complicated,” http://rockstardinosaurpirateprincess.com/2015/03/02/consent-not-actually-that-complicated/.
2. Meg-John Barker, Rosalind Gill, and Laura Harvey, Mediated Intimacy: Sex Advice in Media Culture (Cambridge: Polity, 2018).
3. See for instance Kristen Jozkowski and Zoe D. Peterson, “College Students and Sexual Consent: Unique Insights,” Journal of Sex Research 50, no. 6 (2013).
4. For an in-depth discussion of the need to normalize asking for consent to touch, both in and outside sexual situations, see Hazel/Cedar Troost, “Reclaiming Touch: Rape Culture, Explicit Verbal Consent, and Body Sovereignty” in Yes Means Yes: Visions of Female Sexual Power and a World Without Rape, eds. Jaclyn Friedman and Jessica Valenti (Berkeley, CA: Seal Press, 2008).
5. This is not primarily a self-help or sex advice book, though it seeks to answer some basic questions. For further resources, see, for instance: chapters 14 and 15 in Friedman and Valenti, eds., Yes Means Yes; Philly’s Pissed, Learning Good Consent, https://www.phillyspissed.net/sites/default/files/learning%20good%20consent2.pdf; Meg-John Barker, Rewriting the Rules: An Integrative Guide to Love, Sex and Relationships (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2012); Justin Hancock and Meg-John Barker, Enjoy Sex (How, When and If You Want To): A Practical and Inclusive Guide (London: Icon Books, 2017); and the Meg-John and Justin podcast, https://megjohnandjustin.com/.
6. Jozkowski and Peterson, “College Students.”
7. Lois Pineau, “Date Rape: A Feminist Analysis,” Law and Philosophy 8, no. 2 (1989).
8. Celia Kitzinger and Hannah Frith, “Just Say No? The Use of Conversation Analysis in Developing a Feminist Perspective on Sexual Refusal,” Discourse & Society 10 (1999).
9. See Regina Respondent and R. Appellant, the 1991 case used as precedent to establish marital rape as an offense in England and Wales, http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKHL/1991/12.html.
10. See Meg-John Barker and Justin Hancock, “7 Tips for a Consensual Hook-up,” https://megjohnandjustin.com/sex/7-tips-consensual-hook-up/.
11. For an investigation of the social and material conditions that have led to the rise of chemsex, see Jamie Hakim, “The Rise of Chemsex: Queering Collective Intimacy in Neoliberal London,” Cultural Studies (2018). For a historical overview of the emergence of chemsex and its public health implications see Kane Race, “‘Party and Play’: Online Hook-Up Devices and the Emergence of PNP Practices among Gay Men,” Sexualities 18, no. 3 (2015). For an example of a public health–centric call to action on chemsex, see Hannah McCall, Naomi Adams, and Jamie Willis, “What Is Chemsex and Why Does It Matter?” British Medical Journal (2015). For an example of the emerging approach to issues of consent in chemsex, see Consent and Chemsex: Information for Gay and Bi Men in London, https://www.survivorsuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Consent-and-Chemsex-Advice.pdf.
1. For a study of unwanted sex in casual situations, see Laina Y. Bay-Cheng and Rebecca K. Eliseo-Arras, “The Making of Unwanted Sex: Gendered and Neoliberal Norms in College Women’s Unwanted Sexual Experiences,” Journal of Sex Research 45, no. 4 (2008). For a discussion of unwanted sex in long-term relationships see Debra Umberson, Mieke Beth Thomeer, and Amy C. Lodge, “Intimacy and Emotion Work in Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Relationships,” Journal of Marriage and Family 77, no. 2 (2015).
2. For an accessible introduction to Foucault’s ideas, see Lisa Downing, The Cambridge Introduction to Michel Foucault (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
3. For a feminist critique and expansion of Foucault’s ideas, see Lois McNay, Foucault and Feminism: Power, Gender and the Self (Cambridge: Polity, 1992).
4. Susan Bordo, Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
5. Nicola Gavey, Just Sex?: The Cultural Scaffolding of Rape (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2013).
6. Wendy Hollway, Subjectivity and Method in Psychology (London: Sage, 1989).
7. For accounts of abuse within evangelical churches, see Becca Andrews, “Evangelical Purity Culture Taught Me to Rationalize My Sexual Assault,” Mother Jones, September/October 2018, https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2018/08/evangelical-purity-culture-taught-me-to-rationalize-my-sexual-assault/; Becca Andrews, “As a Teen, Emily Joy Was Abused by a Church Youth Leader. Now She’s Leading a Movement to Change Evangelical America,” Mother Jones, May 25, 2018, https://www.motherjones.com/crime-justice/2018/05/evangelical-church-metoo-movement-abuse/; and Morgan Lee, “My Larry Nassar Testimony Went Viral. But There’s More to the Gospel Than Forgiveness,” Christianity Today, January 31, 2018, https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2018/january-web-only/rachael-denhollander-larry-nassar-forgiveness-gospel.html.
8. Bay-Cheng and Eliseo-Arras, “The Making of Unwanted Sex.”
9. John H. Gagnon and William Simon, Sexual Conduct: The Social Sources of Human Sexuality (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1973).
10. Nicola Gavey and Kathryn McPhillips, “Subject to Romance: Heterosexual Passivity as an Obstacle to Women Initiating Condom Use,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 23, no. 2 (1999).
11. For a discussion of the challenges disabled people face in being recognized as sexual beings and in finding sexual practices outside the dominant script, see Mika Murstein, I’m a Queerfeminist Cyborg, That’s Okay (Münster, Germany: Edition Assemblage, 2018); Stephanie Tellier, “Advancing the Discourse: Disability and BDSM,” Sexuality and Disability 35 (2017); and Narelle Warren, Cameron Redpath, and Peter New, “New Sexual Repertoires: Enhancing Sexual Satisfaction for Men Following Non-Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury,” Sexuality and Disability 36 (2018).
12. See Tatiana Masters et al., “Sexual Scripts among Young Heterosexually Active Men and Women: Continuity and Change,” Journal of Sex Research 50, no. 5 (2013).
13. The effects of multiple marginalizations (for instance race and gender, in the case of women of color) are known as intersectional effects. For an introduction to intersectionality theory and its application to sexual violence against women of color, see Kimberlé Crenshaw, “Mapping the Margins: Identity Politics, Intersectionality, and Violence against Women of Color,” Stanford Law Review 43, no. 6 (1991).
14. See for instance AVEN, the Asexuality Visibility and Education Network, https://asexuality.org/.
15. Alex Gabriel, “If Your Sex Ed Doesn’t Include Asexuality, You’re Going to Have Kids Growing Up Doing Things They Don’t Realise They Don’t Want to Do” (@AlexGabriel, 2017), https://twitter.com/AlexGabriel/status/883369396399419392.
16. The idea of compulsory sexuality builds on the earlier concept of compulsory heterosexuality coined by Adrienne Rich. In her groundbreaking essay, Rich outlines how the existence of women who love women is erased, invalidated, or regarded as deviant by society, forcing women into unwanted relationships with men. See Adrienne Rich, “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 5, no. 4 (1980). Disability studies scholar Robert McRuer has also built on this idea to coin the idea of compulsory able-bodiedness, articulating how disabled and queer identities intersect in areas such as sexuality. See Robert McRuer, “Compulsory Able-Bodiedness and Queer/Disabled Existence,” The Disability Studies Reader (2nd ed.), ed. Lennard J. Davis, 301–308 (Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis, 2006).
17. For an overview and evaluation of the concept of compulsory sexuality, see Kristina Gupta, “Compulsory Sexuality: Evaluating an Emerging Concept,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 41, no. 1 (2015). For activist discussions and approaches to the concept, see AVEN https://www.asexuality.org/en/topic/141305-compulsory-sexuality/, and Jo, “Sex Positivity, Compulsory Sexuality, and Intersecting Identities,” A Life Unexamined (blog), June 27, 2012, https://alifeunexamined.wordpress.com/2012/06/27/sex-positivity-compulsory-sexuality-and-intersecting-identities/.
18. For a case study of the impact of the desexualization discourse on fat people see Cat Pausé, “Human Nature: On Fat Sexual Identity and Agency,” in Fat Sex: New Directions in Theory and Activism, eds. Helen Hester and Caroline Walters (Farnham: Ashgate, 2015).
19. Umberson, Thomeer, and Lodge, “Intimacy and Emotion Work.”
20. For an account of the effects of hypersexualization on black women, see Samhita Mukhopadhyay, “Trial by Media: Black Female Lasciviousness and the Question of Consent,” in Yes Means Yes: Visions of Female Sexual Power and a World without Rape, eds. Jaclyn Friedman and Jessica Valenti (Berkeley, CA: Seal Press, 2008). For explorations of the impact of hypersexualization on bisexual people see Surya Monro, Bisexuality: Identities, Politics, and Theories (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), and Kate Harrad, ed., Purple Prose: Bisexuality in Britain (Portland, OR: Thorntree Press, 2016). For a discussion of the history and effects of the hypersexualization of black men, see Akala, Natives: Race and Class in the Ruins of Empire (London: Two Roads, 2018).
21. See for instance Catharine MacKinnon, “Reflections on Sex Equality under Law,” Yale Law Journal 100, no. 5 (1991).
22. See for instance Jennifer Nedelsky, “Reconceiving Autonomy: Sources, Thoughts and Possibilities,” Yale Journal of Law & Feminism 1 (1989).
1. See “Heads or Tails?—What Young People Are Telling Us about SRE,” Sex Education Forum, http://www.sexeducationforum.org.uk/resources/evidence/heads-or-tails-what-young-people-are-telling-us-about-sre.
2. See “SRE—The Evidence,” Sex Education Forum, http://www.sexeducationforum.org.uk/sites/default/files/field/attachment/SRE%20-%20the%20evidence%20-%20March%202015.pdf.
3. See “Parents and SRE—A Sex Education Forum Evidence Briefing,” Sex Education Forum, http://www.sexeducationforum.org.uk/sites/default/files/field/attachment/SRE%20and%20parents%20-%20evidence%20-%202011.pdf.
4. See Marla E. Eisenberg et al., “Parents’ Beliefs about Condoms and Oral Contraceptives: Are They Medically Accurate?” Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 36, no. 16 (2004).
5. See, for instance, “Why ‘Baby It’s Cold Outside’ Should Be Retired,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vOwH8gZ3lTE, for an example of critical engagement with a song, and Amanda Chatel, “11 Movie Scenes That Taught Us Stalking Is Romantic,” Bustle, February 5, 2016, https://www.bustle.com/articles/138402-11-movie-scenes-that-taught-us-stalking-is-romantic, for feminist critiques of stalking behavior in films.
6. For a collection of arguments in this tradition see Catherine Itzin, ed., Pornography: Women, Violence and Civil Liberties (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).
7. For a critique of early radical feminist arguments on pornography and an overview of empirical evidence see Lynne Segal, “Does Pornography Cause Violence? A Search for Evidence,” in Dirty Looks: Women, Pornography, Power, eds. Pamela Church Gibson and Roma Gibson (London: BFI, 1993).
8. For an example of a campaign centered on the alleged effects of online pornography on young people, see Culture Reframed: https://www.culturereframed.org/.
9. See Feona Attwood, “Reading Porn: The Paradigm Shift in Pornography Research,” Sexualities 5, no. 1 (2002).
10. See for instance Ethical Porn, a website and community dedicated to discussing and developing the idea of ethics in pornography production and representation, with an explicit focus on consent: http://ethical.porn/.
11. Ingrid Ryberg, “Carnal Fantasizing: Embodied Spectatorship of Queer, Feminist and Lesbian Pornography,” Porn Studies 2, no. 2–3 (2015).
12. Rachael Liberman, “‘It’s a Really Great Tool’: Feminist Pornography and the Promotion of Sexual Subjectivity,” Porn Studies 2, no. 2–3 (2015).
13. Cat Pausé, “Human Nature: On Fat Sexual Identity and Agency,” in Fat Sex: New Directions in Theory and Activism, eds. Helen Hester and Caroline Walters (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2015).
14. For an account of the impact of extreme pornography legislation on independent queer and feminist producers, see Pandora/Blake, “Video Blog about UK Porn Censorship,” http://pandorablake.com/blog/2015/1/video-blog-uk-porn-censorship.
15. See Gigi Engle, “A Guide to Anal Sex,” Teen Vogue, May 16, 2018, https://www.teenvogue.com/story/anal-sex-what-you-need-to-know.
16. See Tania Modleski, Loving with a Vengeance: Mass Produced Fantasies for Women (London: Routledge, 2008) and Janice A. Radway, Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984).
17. For reinterpretations of the romance novel genre see Pamela Regis, A Natural History of the Romance Novel (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013) and Catherine M. Roach, Happily Ever After. The Romance Story in Popular Culture (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2016).
18. Romance reading as a social and communal activity is in fact a major focus of Radway’s pioneering study. See Radway, “Reading the Romance.”
19. For romance authors’ perspectives, see Kelly Faircloth, “The Romance Novelist’s Guide to Hot Consent,” Jezebel, February 14, 2018, https://jezebel.com/the-romance-novelists-guide-to-hot-consent-1822991922.
20. Meg-John Barker, Rosalind Gill, and Laura Harvey. Mediated Intimacy: Sex Advice in Media Culture (Cambridge: Polity, 2018).
21. See Markham Heid, “Is Blue Balls Real—How to Cure Blue Balls,” in Men’s Health, May 7, 2018, https://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/a19534594/science-blue-balls/.
22. For an example of a review by a white critic, see Casey Cipriani, “‘Moana’s’ Lack of a Love Interest Is Both Revolutionary & Totally No Big Deal,” Bustle, November 23, 2016, https://www.bustle.com/articles/196517-moanas-lack-of-a-love-interest-is-both-revolutionary-totally-no-big-deal. For reviews by critics of color, see Celeste Noelani and Jeanne, “Moana,” Strange Horizons, January 30, 2017, http://strangehorizons.com/non-fiction/reviews/moana/, and Jeanne, “Can we stop this bullshit where we assume, without nuanced analysis, that a story with no romance is more feminist than Romance? It’s not.” (@fangirlJeanne, 2016), https://twitter.com/fangirlJeanne/status/807625593344770052.
23. Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (London: Routledge, 1990).
1. Wendy Hollway, Subjectivity and Method in Psychology (London: Sage, 1989).
2. See, for instance, some of the accounts in Philly’s Pissed, Learning Good Consent, https://www.phillyspissed.net/sites/default/files/learning%20good%20consent2.pdf.
3. Michele Burman and Oona Brooks-Hay, “Victims Are More Willing to Report Rape, So Why Are Conviction Rates Still Woeful?,” The Conversation, March 8, 2018, https://theconversation.com/victims-are-more-willing-to-report-rape-so-why-are-conviction-rates-still-woeful-92968.
4. Carol Smart, Feminism and the Power of Law (London: Routledge, 1989).
5. Angela Y. Davis, “Rape, Racism and the Capitalist Setting,” The Black Scholar 9, no. 7 (1978).
6. See What about the Rapists? Anarchist Approaches to Crime and Justice, http://dysophia.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Dys5-WhatAboutTheRapistsWeb2.pdf.
7. See Philly’s Pissed, Learning Good Consent, https://www.phillyspissed.net/sites/default/files/learning%20good%20consent2.pdf.
8. Meg-John Barker, Rosalind Gill, and Laura Harvey, Mediated Intimacy: Sex Advice in Media Culture (Cambridge: Polity, 2018).
9. See Meg-John Barker, “Consent Is a Grey Area? A Comparison of Understandings of Consent in 50 Shades of Grey and on the BDSM Blogosphere,” Sexualities 16, no. 8 (2013).
10. [Content note: descriptions of abuse and victim blaming in both pieces.] See for instance Cliff Pervocracy, “The Scene Is Not Safe,” https://pervocracy.blogspot.com/2012/04/scene-is-not-safe.html; Thomas, “There’s a War On Part 3: A Fungus Among Us,” Yes Means Yes, https://yesmeansyesblog.wordpress.com/2012/04/20/theres-a-war-on-part-3-a-fungus-among-us/.
11. Pervocracy, “The Scene.”
12. See for instance Cliff Pervocracy’s series of commentary posts, https://pervocracy.blogspot.com/p/fifty-shades-of-grey-index.html.
13. For demographic data on the fanfiction community generated by the community itself see centrumlumina, The AO3 Census, http://centrumlumina.tumblr.com/post/63208278796/ao3-census-masterpost.
14. About a third of fanfiction stories posted on the Archive of Our Own (a fan-owned, fan-run website that hosts over four million works of fanfiction) is rated Mature or Explicit. About half of the works on the Archive of Our Own focus on same-gender relationships, with the vast majority of those (45 percent of total works) focusing on relationships between men. See destinationtoast, “Popularity, Word Count and Ratings on AO3,” http://destinationtoast.tumblr.com/post/65586599242/popularity-word-count-and-ratings-on-ao3-faq, and destinationtoast, “Because I was curious about the breakdown of fic on AO3,” http://destinationtoast.tumblr.com/post/50201718171/because-i-was-curious-about-the-breakdown-of.
15. See Rebecca Tushnet, “Copyright Law, Fan Practices, and the Rights of the Author” in Fandom: Identities and Communities in a Mediated World, eds. Jonathan Gray, C. Lee Harrington, and Cornel Sandvoss (New York: New York University Press, 2007), 60–71.
16. For detailed explorations of fanfiction tropes about power differentials, see Milena Popova, “‘Dogfuck Rapeworld’: Omegaverse Fanfiction as a Critical Tool in Analyzing the Impact of Social Power Structures on Intimate Relationships and Sexual Consent,” Porn Studies (2018), and Milena Popova, “Rewriting the Romance: Emotion Work and Consent in Arranged Marriage Fanfiction,” Journal of Popular Romance Studies (2018).
1. For Burke’s own words, see https://youtu.be/ZF55ItXWjck and https://metoomvmt.org/.
2. See Elizabeth Wagmeister, “How Me Too Founder Tarana Burke Wants to Shift the Movement’s Narrative,” Variety, April 10, 2018, https://variety.com/2018/biz/news/tarana-burke-me-too-founder-sexual-violence-1202748012/, and Tarana Burke, “I’ve said repeatedly that the #metooMVMT is for all of us, including these brave young men who are now coming forward.” (@TaranaBurke, 2018), https://twitter.com/TaranaBurke/status/1031498206260150272.
3. Amnesty International, “Sex Without Consent Is Rape. So Why Do Only Nine European Countries Recognize This?” https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2018/04/eu-sex-without-consent-is-rape/ (2018).
4. Ed O’Loughlin, “Acquittal in Irish Rugby Case Deepens Debate on Sexual Consent,” New York Times, April 15, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/15/world/europe/ireland-rugby-paddy-jackson-stuart-olding.html.
5. Jennifer Temkin, Jacqueline M. Gray, and Jastine Barrett, “Different Functions of Rape Myth Use in Court: Findings from a Trial Observation Study,” Feminist Criminology 13, no. 2 (2016).
6. “What Is the Rape Kit Backlog?,” End the Backlog, http://www.endthebacklog.org/backlog/what-rape-kit-backlog.
7. Sameena Mulla, The Violence of Care: Rape Victims, Forensic Nurses, and Sexual Assault Intervention (New York: New York University Press, 2014).
8. Galop, “Barriers Faced by LGBT People in Accessing Non-LGBT Domestic Violence Support Services,” http://www.galop.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/For-Service-Providers-Barriers.pdf, and Galop, “Myths and Stereotypes about Violence and Abuse in Same-Sex Relationships,” http://www.galop.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/For-Service-Providers-Myths.pdf.
9. Elizabeth Kennedy, “Victim Race and Rape,” Feminist Sexual Ethics Project, https://www.brandeis.edu/projects/fse/slavery/united-states/slav-us-articles/art-kennedy.pdf.
10. Survivor of Color Prevalence Rates, http://endrapeoncampus.org/new-page-3/.
11. “What Do We Know about the Ethnicity of People Involved in Sexual Offences Against Children?” Full Fact, https://fullfact.org/crime/what-do-we-know-about-ethnicity-people-involved-sexual-offences-against-children/.
12. For resources on teaching children bodily autonomy, see “Body Autonomy, Boundaries and Consent,” Peaceful Parent, https://www.peacefulparent.com/my-body-belongs-to-me/; “Five Ways to Honour Your Child’s Body Autonomy,” Lulastic and the Hippyshake, http://lulastic.co.uk/parenting/five-ways-honour-childs-body-autonomy/; Akilah S. Richards, “3 Mistakes Parents Make When Teaching Consent and Bodily Autonomy—And How to Fix Them,” Everyday Feminism, April 7, 2016, https://everydayfeminism.com/2016/04/parents-kids-bodily-autonomy/; “Respecting a Child’s Right to Say No & Make Choices About Their Own Body,” The Pragmatic Parent, https://www.thepragmaticparent.com/body-autonomy-and-right-to-say-no/.
13. Nicolaus Mills, “How Antioch College Got Rape Right 20 Years Ago,” The Daily Beast, December 10, 2014, https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-antioch-college-got-rape-right-20-years-ago.
14. For a full transcript of the sketch, see http://snltranscripts.jt.org/93/93bdaterape.phtml.
15. See The Young Turks, “Rush Limbaugh: Sexual Consent Is Overrated,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QGsAXF3uwr8.
16. See for instance Geraldo Rivera, “Sad about @MLauer great guy, highly skilled & empathetic w guests & a real gentleman to my family & me.” (@GeraldoRivera, 2017), https://twitter.com/GeraldoRivera/status/935976749766205448.
17. Claire Cain Miller, “Unintended Consequences of Sexual Harassment Scandals,” New York Times, October 9, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/09/upshot/as-sexual-harassment-scandals-spook-men-it-can-backfire-for-women.html. Of course the framing here of this phenomenon as an “unintended consequence” rather than part of the backlash against feminist activism in itself helps obscure the issues and reproduce rape culture.
18. For a discussion of the co-optation of LGBT rights campaigns and the development of the concept of homonationalism, see Jasbir Puar, Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017).
19. Masha Gessen has been particularly outspoken on this issue. See Masha Gessen, “When Does a Watershed Become a Sex Panic?” New Yorker, November 14, 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/when-does-a-watershed-become-a-sex-panic; and Masha Gessen, “Sex, Consent, and the Dangers of ‘Misplaced Scale’,” New Yorker, November 27, 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/sex-consent-dangers-of-misplaced-scale.