| AAS | Les Annales archéologiues Arabes syriennes (Damascus, 1951ff.). |
| Abh. (Gött.) | Abhandlungen der (königlichen) Gesellschaft (Akademie) der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Philolog.-hist. Kl., N.F. (Berlin, 1897 ff.). |
| AE | L’Année épigraphique, published in Revue archéologique and separately (Paris, 1888 ff.). |
| Amm. | Ammianus Marcellinus. |
| AMS | Acta Martyrum et Sanctorum ed. P.Bedjan, 7 vols (Paris, 1890–7). |
| ANCL | Ante-Nicene Christian Library (Edinburgh, 1864 ff.). |
| ANRW | Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, eds H. Temporini et al. (Berlin, 1972 ff.). |
| BAR | British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) (S=International Series). |
| BGU | Berliner Griechische Urkunden (Berlin, 1895 ff.). |
| BMC | British Museum Catalogue of Coins of the Roman Empire (London, 1923 ff.). |
| CAH | The Cambridge Ancient History (Cambridge, 1923 ff.). |
| CHI | The Cambridge History of Iran (Cambridge, 1968 ff.). |
| CIL | Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (Berlin, 1863 ff.). |
| CISem. | Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum (Paris, 1881 ff.). |
| CJ | Codex Justinianus, ed. P.Krüger (Corpus Iuris Civilis, Berlin, 1929). |
| CMC | Codex Manichaicus Coloniensis, eds L.Koenen and C. Römer (Opladen, 1988). |
| Cooke | G.A.Cooke, A Text-Book of North Semitic Inscriptions (Oxford, 1903). |
| CRAI | Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres (Pans, 1857 ff.). |
| CSCO | Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (Paris, Louvain etc, 1903 ff.). |
| CSHB | Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, 49 vols (Bonn, 1828– 78). |
| CT | Codex Theodosianus. |
| Dessau | Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, ed. H.Dessau, 3 vols (Berlin, 1892–1916). |
| Diz. Epig. | Dizionario epigrafico di antichità romana, ed. E.de Ruggiero (Rome, 1895 ff.). |
| EE | Ephemeris Epigraphica Corporis Inscriptionum Latinarum Supplementum (Berlin, 1872–1913). |
| Ephr., HcJul. | Ephrem Syrus, Hymni contra Julianum. |
| FHG | Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, ed. C.Müller, 5 vols (Paris, 1841–70). |
| GCS | Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte (Leipzig 1897–1941; Berlin and Leipzig, 1953; Berlin 1954 ff.). |
| Gk | Greek |
| GRP | Gazeteer of Roman Palestine, ed. M.Avi-Yonah, QEDEM 5 (Jerusalem, 1976) |
| hist. eccl. or h.e. | historia ecclesiastica. |
| IGLS | Inscriptions grecques et latins de la Syrie, eds L. Jalabert et al. (Paris, 1929 ff.). |
| IGR | Inscriptions Graecae ad res Romanas pertinentes, eds R.Cagnat and G.Lafaye (Paris, 1906–27). |
| ILAl | Inscriptions latines del’Algérie, I–II, eds St. Gsell and H. G.Pflaum (Paris, 1922–57). |
| Inv. | Inventaire des inscriptions de Palmyre, eds J.Cantineau et al. fasc. 1–11 (Beirut, 1930–65). |
| IRT | The Inscriptions of Roman Tripolitania, eds J.M. Reynolds and J.B.Ward-Perkins (Rome, 1952). |
| Itin. Anton. | Itineraria Antonini Augusti ed. O.Cuntz, Itineraria Romana, I (Berlin, 1929). |
| Job. Chrys. | Ioannes Chrysostomus. |
| JRS | Journal of Roman Studies (London, 1911 ff.). |
| KKZ | (Inscription of Kirdir at the Kaaba of Zoroastre) ed. M.L.Chaumont, ‘L’inscription de Kartir à la “Ka‘bah de |
| Zoroastre” | (texte, traduction, commentaire)’, |
| Journal | Asiatique, 248 (1960) pp. 339–80. |
| LCL | Loeb Classical Library (London and Camb., Mass., 1911 ff.) |
| Lib. | Libanius Sophista. |
| MGH | Monumentae Germaniae Historica (Berlin, 1877– 1919) (Auct. Ant=Auctores Antiquissimi). |
| mp. | Middle Persian. |
| MUSJ | Mélanges de l’Université Saint-Joseph (Beirut, 1906 ff.). |
| Nöldeke | Th. Nöldeke, Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden. Aus der arabischen Chronik des Tabari übersetzt und mit ausfürlichen. Erlaüterungen und Ergänzungen versehn (Leiden, 1879). |
| Not. Dig. | Notitia Dignitatum (Or.=in partibus…orientis) |
| PAES | E.Littmann, D.Magie, and D.R.Stuart, Syria, Publications of the Princeton University Archaeological Expeditions to Syria in 1904–5 and 1909, Div. III, Greek and Latin Inscriptions: (A) S.Syria; (B) N.Syria (Leiden, 1921–2). |
| PECS | Princeton Encyclopaedia of Classical Sites, eds R. Stillwell et al. (New Jersey, 1976). |
| PG | Patrologiae cursus completus, series Graceco-Latina, eds J.P.Migne et al. 162 vols (Paris, 1857–66). |
| PIR2 | Prosopographia Imperil Romani Saeculi I, II, III, 2nd edn by E.Groag and A.Stein (Berlin, 1933 ff.). |
| PL | Patrologiae cursus completus, series Latina, eds J.P. Migne et al., 221 vols (Paris, 1844–64) and 5 Suppl. (1958–74). |
| PLRE, I | The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, I, eds A.H.M.Jones, J.Morris and J.R.Martindale, I (Cambridge, 1971). |
| PO | Patrologia Orientalis, eds R.Graffin and F.Nau (Paris, 1907 ff.). |
| PS | Patrologia Syriaca, 3 vols (Paris, 1893–1926). |
| PDura | The Excavations at Dura-Europos, Final Report V, Pt. I, The Parchments and Papyri, eds C.B.Welles, R.O. Fink and J.F.Gilliam (New Haven, 1959). |
| POxy. | Oxyrynchus Papyri, eds B.P.Grenfell, A.S.Hunt et al. (London, 1898 ff.). |
| PThead. | Papyrus de Théadelphie, ed. P.Jouguet (Paris, 1911). |
| pth. | Parthian. |
| RAC | Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, ed. T. Klauser (Stuttgart, 1950 ff.). |
| RE | Real-Encyclopäedie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, eds A.Pauly, G.Wissowa et al. (Stuttgart, 1893 ff.) |
| RÉA | Revue des études arméniennes (Paris). |
| RGDS | Res Gestae Divi Saporis. See SKZ. |
| RIC | Roman Imperial Coinage, eds H.Mattingly, E.A. Sydenham et al. (London, 1923 ff.). |
| Sb. (Bayr.) | Sitzungsberichte der (königlich) bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (zu München) (Munich, 1860– 1871, philosoph.-philolog. und hist. Kl., 1871–1930; Philosoph.-hist. Abt., 1930 ff.). |
| Sb. (Wien) | Situzungsberichte der (kaiserlichen) Akademie der Wissenschaften (in Wien), Philosoph.-hist. Kl. (Vienna, 1848 ff.). |
| SEG | Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum (Berlin, 1923 ff.). |
| SHA | Scriptores Historiae Augustae. |
| SKZ | (Inscription of Shapur at the Kaaba of Zoroastre), ‘Res Gestae Divi Saporis’, ed. and trans. A.Maricq, Syria 35 (1958) 245– 60. |
| Soc. | Socrates (Scholasticus). |
| Soz. | Sozomenus. |
| TAPA | Transactions of the American Philological Association (Philadelphia, 1870 ff.). |
| TAVO | Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (Wiesbaden) |
| Tab. Peut. | Tabula Peutingeriana, ed. K.Miller, Itineraria Romana (Stuttgart, 1916). |
| Thdt. | Theodoretus Cyrrhensis. |
| Zos. | Zosimus Historicus. |