1. “Antipoverty Expert Mitchell Sviridoff,” NYT, June 14, 1966.
2. Logue-Ylvisaker reminiscence in Logue, interview by Noel A. Cazenave, July 17, 1992, EJL, 2002, Box 21, Folder “Noel A. Cazenave, Ph.D., University of Connecticut,” 2–7.
3. Preface by Mayor Richard Lee, “Opening Opportunities: New Haven’s Comprehensive Program for Community Progress” (City of New Haven, New Haven Board of Education, and Community Progress, April 1962), in Fred Powledge, Model City: A Test of American Liberalism; One Town’s Efforts to Rebuild Itself (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1970), 55 and 45–64, passim. For more on the Gray Areas Program, CPI, Paul Ylvisaker, and Mitchell Sviridoff, see William Lee Miller, The Fifteenth Ward and the Great Society: An Encounter with a Modern City (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966), 221–43; Douglas W. Rae, City: Urbanism and Its End (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003), 348–49; Jeanne R. Lowe, Cities in a Race with Time: Progress and Poverty in America’s Renewing Cities (New York: Random House, 1967), 517–18, 522–44; Robert Halpern, Rebuilding the Inner City: A History of Neighborhood Initiatives to Address Poverty in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 89–97; Karen Ferguson, Top Down: The Ford Foundation, Black Power, and the Reinvention of Racial Liberalism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013), 49–64; Edward Zigler and Sally J. Styfo, The Hidden History of Head Start (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 9–10; “Antipoverty Expert Mitchell Sviridoff,” NYT; “Mitchell Sviridoff, 81, Dies; Renewal Chief,” NYT, October 23, 2000. A very rich source is Mitchell Sviridoff, ed., Inventing Community Renewal: The Trials and Errors That Shaped the Modern Community Development Corporation (New York: Milano Graduate School, New School University, 2004), passim but particularly 21–25, 27–35, 105–11, 121–29, 149–50, 160–96.
The title “Gray Areas Program” was intended to be racially neutral, aiming instead at the older, often deteriorating sections of cities bordering downtowns; Wendell E. Pritchett, Robert Clifton Weaver and the American City: The Life and Times of an Urban Reformer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 197–99. For an excellent history suggesting a longer incubation for Gray Areas than Logue’s version, Alice O’Connor, “Community Action, Urban Reform, and the Fight Against Poverty: The Ford Foundation’s Gray Areas Program,” JUH 22, no. 5 (July 1996): 586–625. O’Connor explains how Ford wanted to avoid an explicitly racial agenda. In addition to New Haven, the other Gray Area sites were Boston, Oakland, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and the North Carolina Fund, a statewide agency.
4. For extensive background on Sviridoff, see Inventing Community Renewal, particularly the interview with him, 160–96.
5. Logue, interview by Cazenave, 2.
6. “Interrogatory for Edward J. Logue,” eleven questions with responses by Logue, June 23, 1952, to Conrad E. Snow, Chairman, Loyalty Security Board, U.S. Department of State, 1–7, in response to a request from Mr. Snow, May 27, 1952, MDL, response to question 11.
7. Linda Corman, “Former BRA Head Takes Another Look at the City He Helped Plan,” Banker and Tradesman, October 21, 1987, 6; “I have never met a developer I trusted” was a typical Loguism; from Robert Geddes, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, May 25, 2006, Princeton, NJ.
8. William Lee Miller and L. Thomas Appleby, “‘You Shove Out the Poor to Make Houses for the Rich,’” NYT Magazine, April 11, 1965, 68.
9. Robert A. Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1961); Nelson W. Polsby, Community Power and Political Theory: A Further Look at Problems of Evidence and Inference (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1963; 2nd, enlarged ed. 1980); Raymond E. Wolfinger, The Politics of Progress (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1974).
10. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956); Floyd Hunter, Community Power Structure: A Study of Decision Makers (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1953). For a useful discussion of the elitism and democracy debate, see Phillip Allan Singerman, “Politics, Bureaucracy, and Public Policy: The Case of Urban Renewal in New Haven” (Ph.D. dissertation, Yale University, 1980), 3–36.
11. G. William Domhoff, Who Really Rules? New Haven and Community Power Reexamined (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, Rutgers University, 1978), which is dedicated to Floyd Hunter. Also see “Who Really Ruled in Dahl’s New Haven?,” originally posted September 2005 but continually updated, http://
12. Dahl looks back on Who Governs? in “A Conversation with Robert A. Dahl,” interview by Margaret Levi, Annual Review of Political Science 12 (2009): 1–9; Douglas Martin, “Robert A. Dahl Dies at 98; Yale Scholar Defined Politics and Power,” NYT, February 7, 2014.
13. Wolfinger, Politics of Progress, 228; “Mayor Appoints Action Commission Headed by C of C Past Pres. Freese,” New Haven News Letter (published by the New Haven Chamber of Commerce) 9, no. 6 (September 1954), Dahl, Box 1, Folder “Redevelopment”; “How to Get Renewal off Dead Center,” AF 105, no. 4 (October 1956): 167–69.
14. Dahl, Who Governs?, 136–37, 200–201.
15. Ralph Taylor, interview by Robert Dahl, September 4, 1957, New Haven, CT, Dahl, Box 1, Folder “Interviews S–Z,” 8; Max Livingston, interview by Robert Dahl, August 5, 1957, New Haven, CT, Dahl, Box 1, Folder “Interviews I–R,” 9.
16. New Haven Citizens Action Commission, Third Annual Report (New Haven, CT, 1957), 1, quoted in Dahl, Who Governs?, 122–23.
17. Dick Banks, interview by Robert Dahl, July 23, 1957, New Haven, CT, Dahl, Box 1, Folder “Interviews A–H,” 2.
18. Wolfinger, Politics of Progress, 305.
19. Powledge, Model City, 28, 29, 37, 38–39, 42, 44, 66–67, 112–13, on Lee’s election results.
20. Logue, interview by Robert Dahl and Nelson Polsby, September 3, 1957, New Haven, CT, Dahl, Box 1, Folder “Interviews I–R,” transcript, 16.
21. Wolfinger, Politics of Progress, 285; Louis Harris and Associates, “A Survey of the Race for Mayor of New Haven,” February 1959, EJL, Series 4, Box 26, Folder 59, 16. Also see the Harris Poll, identified as “Post Election Survey—November 1954,” in EJL, Series 4, Box 24, Folder 27. A survey of registered voters in summer 1959 on the popularity of Lee and redevelopment found varying degrees of support but almost no outright opposition; Memo to Mayor Richard Lee from William Flanigan, September 2, 1959, Dahl, Box 3.
22. Allan R. Talbot, The Mayor’s Game: Richard Lee of New Haven and the Politics of Change (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), 126.
23. In interview after interview, Logue would insist that little if any opposition was raised at public hearings, whether in the neighborhood or downtown in the alderman chambers. See, for example, Logue, interview, Steen, December 13, 1983, New York, NY, 7–8.
24. Talbot, Mayor’s Game, 161.
25. The Hartford Courant quote in Lowe, Cities in a Race with Time, 407. The Connecticut Democratic National committeeman John M. Golden told Time, “I’m for Dick Lee for anything,” in recognition of his strong voter appeal; “Cities: Forward Look in Connecticut,” Time, June 24, 1957.
26. Hugo Lindgren, “New Haven,” Metropolis 13 (January–February 1994): 29.
27. Talbot, Mayor’s Game, 89, 157; Joe Alex Morris, “He Is Saving a ‘Dead’ City,” SEP, April 19, 1958, 118.
28. Quoted in Powledge, Model City, 90.
29. Logue referred to trying to “keep my dearly beloved wife sullen rather than mutinous” from “all the overtime that I have been putting in and expect to put in between now and election,” in requesting four days off to sail back from Maine with the Bowleses; Logue to Richard Lee, August 23, 1955, EJL, Series 4, Box 27, Folder 70. Ralph Taylor’s wife, Henny, had vowed never to marry a doctor like her father, because of the demanding hours away from home; she had not expected that urban redevelopment work would prove much the same; H. Ralph Taylor, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, April 21, 2006, Chevy Chase, MD. Dick Banks, who worked closely with the mayor on public relations, told Dahl that Logue was “probably the hardest working guy in the city administration”; Banks, interview, 10. Frank O’Brion, the Tradesmen’s Bank president who chaired the New Haven Redevelopment Agency Board, observed to Dahl about Logue, Taylor, Grabino, and Appleby: “It’s amazing. These fellows work ten and twelve hours a day and Saturdays and Sundays”; Frank O’Brion, interview by Robert Dahl and Nelson Polsby, September 23, 1957, New Haven, CT, Dahl, Box 1, Folder “Interviews I–R,” transcript, 1.
30. Harold Grabino, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, November 23, 2007, New York, NY.
31. Allan Talbot, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 13, 2007, New York, NY. Talbot also recounted how one staff member got such a dressing-down at a weekend staff meeting held at Logue’s modern house that he “literally walked into the [glass] door, trying to get out of there.”
32. Grabino, interview.
33. Quoted in Margaret Logue, email message to author, April 25, 2011.
34. Taylor, interview.
35. Talbot, Mayor’s Game, 21. Staff member Harry Wexler made his own list of Logue’s contradictory personality traits: “brilliant, visionary, felt deeply about issues” as well as “arrogant, unforgiving, confrontational”; Harry Wexler, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, October 24, 2005, New Haven, CT; Harry Wexler, email message to author, September 12, 2005. Ed Logue’s brother-in-law, Milton DeVane, made similar observations: “He made up his mind fast,” “he was busy bringing all kinds of knowledge to bear on the questions that he had before him on a daily basis,” “he was absolutely an open person about … equality and not judging anyone on ethnic grounds,” and “he didn’t suffer fools gladly”; Milton DeVane, interview, April 13, 2006, New Haven, CT, Ruben, transcript, 15, 24, 25.
36. Grabino, interview.
37. Wolfinger, Politics of Progress, 198–99; Singerman, “Politics, Bureaucracy, and Public Policy,” 117–23; “Slum-Fighting Funds Requested by Cities,” NYT, October 2, 1958; Logue résumé, May 29, 1958, EJL, Series 4, Box 27, Folder 72; Logue quote from Logue, interview by Jean Joyce, October 22, 1976, Bowles, Part 9, Series 3, Subseries 3, Box 398, Folder 199b, transcript, 81. On JFK’s urban platform, see Roger Biles, The Fate of the Cities: Urban America and the Federal Government, 1945–2000 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011), 87.
38. Mitchell Sviridoff, interview by Robert Dahl, September 18, 1957, New Haven, CT, Dahl, Box 1, Folder “Interviews S–Z,” transcript, 5–6.
39. Taylor, interview by Dahl, 6, 24.
40. Talbot, Mayor’s Game, 23.
41. “‘Dying City’ Label Stirs New Haven,” NYT, May 22, 1955; Robert J. Leeney, Elms, Arms, and Ivy: New Haven in the Twentieth Century (Montgomery, AL: Community Communications, in cooperation with the New Haven Colony Historical Society, 2000), 60; Talbot, Mayor’s Game, 122–23, 247.
42. Richard Lee, interview by Ray Wolfinger, February 12, 1958, New Haven, CT, Dahl, Box 1, Folder “Special Interviews and Reports by Ray Wolfinger,” transcript, 3.
43. Memorandum from Richard C. Lee to Logue, January 30, 1956; Memorandum from Logue to Richard C. Lee, February 6, 1956; EJL, Series 5, Box 51, Folder 309.
44. New professional expectations had also arisen in the foreign service after the war; on the Foreign Service Act of 1946, see https://
45. Ambassador Chester Bowles, “Efficiency Report for Edward Joseph Logue for Period 1/28/1952 to 3/15/1953,” EJL, Series 3, Box 15, Folder 63, “Summary Comments,” 1.
46. Logue to Douglas Ensminger, August 21, 1956, EJL, Series 4, Box 25, Folder 43.
47. Two interrelated historical dynamics were under way here: a growing embrace of rational state planning as the American welfare and warfare state developed from the New Deal on, and the rise of broadly trained administrative experts to implement these new state functions.
On the expansion of state planning, see Rexford G. Tugwell and Edward C. Banfield, “Governmental Planning at Mid-Century,” Journal of Politics 13, no. 2 (May 1951): 133–63 for emerging consensus by 1950 that “the kind of government which had now arrived necessitated planning. For the role of government was no longer merely rule-making,” 135. Otis L. Graham, Jr., traces the vicissitudes of a commitment to planning by the federal government from the 1930s to the 1970s in Toward a Planned Society: From Roosevelt to Nixon (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), but even when he argues that it slowed under Eisenhower, he singles out the Housing Acts of 1949 and 1954 as exceptions: 124, 162.
There is a substantial literature on experts in twentieth-century America, but much less on the post–World War II era than on the first half of the century, particularly on the generalist administrator. What exists tends to focus on more specialized experts, such as scientists and social scientists who brought their technical knowledge to solving the nation’s problems within narrowly defined areas. Christopher Klemek includes many of these same people in his notion of the “urbanist establishment”; his protagonists are mostly connected to academia. See his Transatlantic Collapse of Urban Renewal: Postwar Urbanism from New York to Berlin (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011). Also useful is Brian Balogh’s Chain Reaction: Expert Debate and Public Participation in American Commercial Nuclear Power, 1945–1975 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 1–20; Balogh argues that scientists shifted from a wariness toward the state to greater embrace of its funding and patronage, only to see their authority undermined by the 1970s.
On social scientists becoming policy experts in the postwar era, see Nicole Sackley, “Passage to Modernity: American Social Scientists, India, and the Pursuit of Development, 1945–1961” (Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 2004); Ian Hart, “The Quest to Institutionalize a Social Report in American Government” (D.Phil. dissertation, University of Oxford, 2009); Alice O’Connor, Poverty Knowledge: Social Science, Social Policy, and the Poor in Twentieth-Century U.S. History (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001); and James Allen Smith, The Idea Brokers: Think Tanks and the Rise of the New Policy Elite (New York: Free Press, 1991).
48. David Ekbladh, “‘Mr. TVA’: Grass-Roots Development, David Lilienthal, and the Rise and Fall of the Tennessee Valley Authority as a Symbol for U.S. Overseas Development, 1933–1973,” Diplomatic History 26, no. 3 (Summer 2002): 335–74; Balogh, Chain Reaction.
49. Senator Hubert H. Humphrey, War on Poverty (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), 14.
50. Logue, notes for speech to AVC, 1948, EJL, Box 1, Folder 7.
51. Powledge, Model City, 22. Logue used the term himself as late as 1998; Logue, “Mike Sviridoff Tribute, March 26, 1998,” EJL, 2002 Accession, Box 23, Folder “March 1998 Mike Sviridoff,” 3.
52. Wolfinger, Politics of Progress, 402, 406.
53. Talbot, Mayor’s Game, 217.
54. Logue quoted in the Ford Foundation, Metropolis (booklet, 1959), EJL, Series 4, Box 25, Folder 47, 13.
55. See, for example, New Haven Redevelopment Agency, Redevelopment Plan for the Oak Street Redevelopment Area (New Haven, CT: 1955; revised 1966), 20; criteria for blight in New Haven Redevelopment Authority, “Application for a Preliminary Advance of Planning Funds, submitted by NHRA, New Haven, Connecticut,” December 28, 1950, 20, Rotival, Box 37, in Francesca Ammon, “‘Town Living in the Modern Manner’: A History of the Postwar Redevelopment of Downtown High-Rises in New Haven, CT” (seminar paper, Yale University, 2006), 5–6, in possession of the author.
56. Talbot, Mayor’s Game, 51.
57. On the deterioration of the meritocratic intentions of civil service, see Nicholas Thompson, “Finding the Civil Service’s Hidden Sex Appeal,” WM, November 2000.
58. Wolfinger, Politics of Progress, 274–75, 362.
59. Similar arguments continue to be made that the city is the most promising level for progressive policy and the revival of liberalism; see Harold Meyerson, “The Revolt of the Cities,” American Prospect, May–June 2014, 30–39; and Meyerson, “Why Democrats Need to Take Sides,” American Prospect, July–August 2014, 22–24.
60. “What Is Urban Renewal” and “Planners, Politicians and People: New Haven, Connecticut, ‘Bulldozed’ by Urban Renewal,” in “Special Supplement: The Case Against Urban Renewal,” Human Events, April 1963, 1, 12–13.
61. Laura Kalman, Legal Realism at Yale, 1927–1960 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986), 158–64.
62. Harold Grabino, interview, March 22, 2006, by telephone, Ruben, transcript, 12.
63. Wexler, interview.
64. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Vintage, 1961), 410–13.
65. Logue, interview, Steen, December 13, 1983, New York, NY, 6.
66. Talbot, Mayor’s Game, 161; Singerman, “Politics, Bureaucracy, and Public Policy,” 138–39. New Haven alderman William Lee Miller put it this way: “The great trick in urban renewal appears to be to have people working for the city who know how to forage in its behalf out in the nation’s bureaucratic jungles. It is not enough that the federal government pass city-helping laws; there must also then be hunters for the city who can make their way through all the Titles I and Titles II to find the meat”; Miller, Fifteenth Ward and the Great Society, 154.
67. Robert Hazen, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 14, 2007, New York, NY; Taylor, interview by Dahl, 7, 18.
68. Taylor, interview by Dahl, 7, 18.
69. Dahl, Who Governs?, 130.
70. Singerman, “Politics, Bureaucracy, and Public Policy,” 154–59, on what he calls “the Redevelopment Bureaucrats”; Grabino, interview.
71. Logue to Richard Lee, September 6, 1957, EJL, Series 4, Box 27, Folder 70, 2.
72. Logue, Memo to Richard C. Lee, September 6, 1957, “RE: 1958 Executive Salary Scale,” EJL, Series 5, Box 64, Folder 503.
73. Logue, interview, Steen, December 13, 1983, New York, NY, 6.
74. Quoted in Powledge, Model City, 90.
75. Ensminger to Logue, May 13, 1957, EJL, Series 4, Box 25, Folder 43; Ensminger to Logue, December 28, 1957, EJL, Series 4, Box 25, Folder 46.
76. “The Ford Foundation Program Letter, India: A Master Plan for India’s Capital,” Report No. 95, February 12, 1958, EJL, Series 4, Box 26, Folder 53; “The Ford Foundation Program Letter, India: Report of a Pilot Project in Urban Community Development,” Report No. 112, May 23, 1960, EJL, Series 4, Box 26, Folder 54, with memo attached from Logue, dated September 1960.
77. Paul N. Ylvisaker, interview by Charles T. Morrissey, September 27 and October 27, 1973, Folder 15, Box 5, Ylvisaker Papers, Harvard University, in Daniel Immerwahr, Thinking Small: The United States and the Lure of Community Development (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015), 145–46.
78. Mary Hommann to Margaret Logue, February 2, 2000, MDL.
79. Grabino, interview.
80. Ellen Logue, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, April 13, 2008, Berkeley, CA. A young Larry Goldman marked his acceptance in the inner circle at the UDC when he “began to be included in the 6:00 or 6:30 ‘Come into my office and have a drink’”; Lawrence Goldman, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, May 3, 2010, Newark, NJ.
81. Joseph Slavet, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, May 31, 2007, Boston, MA; Herbert Gleason, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, May 31, 2007, Cambridge, MA; Martin Nolan, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, May 24, 2007, Cambridge, MA.
82. Richard Kahan, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 15, 2007, New York, NY.
83. Richard Bell, interview, February 24, 2006, Ruben, transcript, 23, 25.
84. Talbot, Mayor’s Game, 42–43.
85. Logue, interview by Dahl and Polsby, Dahl, 29. Logue continued to boast throughout his career, as, for example, when he claimed that the UDC “had half the state allocation [of 236 money] for the whole country; Logue, interview, Jones, Tape 3:39.
86. Wexler, interview, and Wexler, email message to author.
87. “Bold Boston Gladiator—Ed Logue: Planner Stirs Up a Ruckus and Battles Opposition to Build the Place of His Dreams,” Life, December 24, 1965, 126–34; “What’s Happening in Proper Old Boston?,” Newsweek, April 26, 1965, 78.
88. Talbot, Mayor’s Game, 22–24, 43.
89. Maurice Rotival to Steve Carroll, Confidential Memo, February 21, 1955, Rotival, Box 37, no folder number; Talbot, Mayor’s Game, 37–38.
90. “Report by Dahl and Wolfinger, Mayor Richard C. Lee,” May 2, 1958, Dahl, Box 1, Folder “Special Interviews,” 1.
91. MLogue, interview.
92. Ray Wolfinger, April 14, 1959, Dahl, Box 1, Folder “Special Interviews and Reports by Ray Wolfinger,” 2; Wolfinger, Politics of Progress, 274.
93. Talbot, Mayor’s Game, 42.
94. Talbot, Mayor’s Game, 41.
95. MLogue, interview.
96. Logue, interview, Steen, March 3, 1986, Lincoln, MA, 29.
97. Theodore “Ted” Liebman, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, October 15, 2006, New York, NY.
98. Taylor, interview by Dahl, 6. Larry Goldman, a young staff assistant to Logue later at the UDC in New York, still remembers with pride when Logue openly expressed his affection toward him: “He once told me how precious I was to him, and that was great. I remember he met my mother, my father, and said something like,… ‘We like having Larry here’ … There [was] a lot of tough love, but there was more tough than love a lot of the time … I think we all wanted his approval. He was a very strong father figure … There were certain circumstances under which he could tell you that he cared”; Goldman, interview by Cohen.
99. Taylor, interview by Cohen; Howard R. Moskof, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, April 21, 2006, Chevy Chase, MD.
100. On the common use of “urban housekeeping,” see, for example, Rebecca Sherrick, “Their Fathers’ Daughters: The Autobiographies of Jane Addams and Florence Kelley,” American Studies 27 (Spring 1986): 50.
101. Michael H. Carriere, “Between Being and Becoming: On Architecture, Student Protest, and the Aesthetics of Liberalism in Postwar America” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 2009); Vincent Scully, “Modern Architecture at Yale: A Memoir,” in Vincent Scully, Catherine Lynn, Erik Vogt, and Paul Goldberger, Yale in New Haven: Architecture and Urbanism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004), 315–16.
102. Dahl, Who Governs?, 130.
103. Taylor, interview by Dahl, 5.
104. Maurice E. H. Rotival to Logue, February 4, 1959, and Rotival to Logue, October 26, 1959, Rotival, Box 35, Folder “N.H. City 1956–57.” Correspondence between Logue and Rotival in New Haven conveys constant tension, particularly Logue’s frustration that Rotival’s office was not completing assignments adequately and on time and Rotival’s complaint that Logue was not giving his firm work worthy of their full capacities as planners; see correspondence between the two in Rotival, Boxes 35 and 37, and EJL, Series 5, Box 100, Folder 991.
105. Logue to Maurice Rotival, Memorandum, December 8, 1954, Rotival, Box 36, Folder “N.H. City, 1954–55.” Also see Carl Feiss to Maurice Rotival, May 9, 1955, Rotival, Box 37, no folder title or number; “Carl Feiss, a Pioneer of Urban Preservation, Dies at 90,” NYT, October 27, 1997.
106. “How to Get Renewal off Dead Center,” 169.
107. Robert Fishman, ed., The American Planning Tradition: Culture and Policy (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2000); Mary Corbin Sies and Christopher Silver, Planning the Twentieth-Century American City (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), particularly Thomas W. Hanchett, “Roots of the ‘Renaissance’: Federal Incentives to Urban Planning, 1941 to 1948,” 283–304; Mel Scott, American City Planning Since 1890 (Chicago: American Planning Association, 1995); Louise Nelson Dyble, “The Continuing Saga of Zoning in America,” JPH 9, no. 2 (May 2010): 140–46. Andrew M. Shanken makes a convincing case for the war’s impetus toward more planning, though he argues for a precipitous collapse of its most utopian aspects once the war ended; 194X: Architecture, Planning, and Consumer Culture on the American Home Front (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009).
108. Dahl, Who Governs?, 116–18; Talbot, Mayor’s Game, 18, 34–35, 38, 241.
109. Wolfinger, Politics of Progress, 276. It is quite clear that Rotival’s firm, not the New Haven Planning Department, was doing the technical planning work for New Haven redevelopment, much of it out of an office adjacent to the New Haven Redevelopment Agency. Even with all Logue’s frustrations with Rotival’s firm, he never discussed giving the work instead to the city’s staff planners; see EJL, Series 5, Box 100, Folder 991 for correspondence between Logue and Rotival’s office.
110. Paul Davidoff, “Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning,” JAIP 31, no. 4 (1965): 331–38; Tom Angotti, “Advocacy and Community Planning: Past, Present and Future,” Planners Network, April 2007, http://
111. In a provocative essay, Thomas Campanella contends that planners today continue to see their profession as low status and of trivial significance. He holds Jane Jacobs responsible, arguing that her critique of planners “diminished the disciplinary identity of the planning profession” and “privilege[d] the grassroots over plannerly authority and expertise.” He laments “the seeming paucity among American planners today of the speculative courage and vision that once distinguished this profession.” While Campanella shares my view of planners’ professional decline, his blaming of Jacobs suggests that he misses how planners also lost out to development administrators; Thomas J. Campanella, “Jane Jacobs and the Death and Life of American Planning,” in Reconsidering Jane Jacobs, ed. Max Page and Timothy Mennel (Chicago: Planners Press of the American Planning Association, 2011), 141–60.
112. Logue, “View from the Village,” on Jane Jacobs’s Death and Life of Great American Cities, “American Cities: Dead or Alive?—Two Views,” AF 116, no. 3 (March 1962): 90.
113. Ieoh Ming Pei, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 11, 2007, New York, NY.
114. John M. Johansen, John M. Johansen: A Life in the Continuum of Modern Architecture (Milan: L’Arca Edizioni, 1995), 37.
115. Quote from I. M. Pei in the exhibition “Beyond the Harvard Box: The Early Works of Edward L. Barnes, Ulrich Franzen, John Johansen, Victor Lundy, I. M. Pei, and Paul Rudolph,” curated by Michael Meredith, October 5–November 15, 2006, HGSD.
116. See the graph in Lizabeth Cohen and Brian D. Goldstein, “Paul Rudolph and the Rise and Fall of Urban Renewal,” in Reassessing Rudolph, ed. Timothy M. Rohan (New Haven, CT: Yale School of Architecture, 2017), 16, based on data from Tony Monk, The Art and Architecture of Paul Rudolph (West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons, 1999), 122–24.
117. Ray Wolfinger, “This is Ray on November 2 dictating a number of items dating from my stay in the Mayor’s Office,” November 2, 1958, Dahl, Box 1, Folder “Special Interviews,” 8–9. After this conflict, Logue watched University Towers closely. In December 1958 he wrote in a memo to staff members, “I heard a rumor that changes had been made in the plans which down-graded them. Is this rumor true? Please let me know immediately”; Logue to Norris Andrews, John Maniatty, and Tom Appleby, December 10, 1958, Rotival, Box 38, Folder “#2.”
118. Natalie de Blois, interview by Betty J. Blum, March 12–15, 2002, West Hartford, Connecticut, Chicago Architects Oral History Project, Art Institute of Chicago, transcript, 47–48, http://
119. Liebman, interview. Larry Goldman concurred: “He loved to hang out with architects”; Goldman, interview.
120. Logue, “Work of the Boston Renewal Administration in the Urban Core,” address to the Harvard Graduate School of Design eighth annual Urban Design Conference, “The Role of Government in the Form and Animation of the Urban Core,” May 1, 1964, 5, 8; proceedings in Papers of Josep Lluís Sert, Special Collections, HGSD.
121. Charles Abrams, “Some Blessings of Urban Renewal,” in Urban Renewal: The Record and the Controversy, ed. James Q. Wilson (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1966), 561–62, originally published in Abrams, The City Is the Frontier (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), chapter 9.
122. Robert A. M. Stern, New Directions in American Architecture (New York: George Braziller, 1969), 8, 10, 80–108; for “piazza compulsion,” 91–94; for towers, 94–98; on technologically inspired mega-structures, 105–8.
123. Stern, New Directions in American Architecture, 15, 17; also see discussion of Rudolph, 12.
124. Logue to Eugene Rostow, December 5, 1961, EJL, Series 6, Box 150, Folder 445.
125. Quotes from Logue, interview, Schussheim, 20; Talbot, Mayor’s Game, 127, 131, also see 117–18, 126–34. In addition, see Grabino, interview, on Stevens’s experience as a real estate investor and inexperience as a real estate developer. For more on Stevens’s eclectic career, see E. J. Kahn, Jr., “Profiles: Closings and Openings—I,” New Yorker, February 13, 1954, 37–56; E. J. Kahn, Jr., “Profiles: Closings and Openings—II,” New Yorker, February 20, 1954, 41–59; Duncan Norton-Taylor, “Roger Stevens, a Performing Art,” Fortune, March 1966, 152–204 (with page breaks). On Stevens’s unsuccessful Boston effort, see Elihu Rubin, Insuring the City: The Prudential Center and the Postwar Urban Landscape (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012), 167–72.
126. Norton-Taylor, “Roger Stevens, a Performing Art,” 202.
127. Jerome Rappaport, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, September 17, 2007, Boston, MA. For more on the auction, see Taylor, interview by Dahl, 5; “New Haven: Test for Downtown Renewal,” AF 109, no. 1 (July 1958): 81. The city had agreed without protest to the auction to avoid politically damaging charges of a land “giveaway” to Yale, which would have been deeply resented by locals. But Lee and Logue expected that Yale would prevail, which would assist with its current faculty housing crunch while also helping to hook Yale and Stevens for the big job of Church Street.
128. Logue, interview by Dahl and Polsby, Dahl, Box 1, Folder “Interviews I–R,” 29. That purchase price was then converted to an annual rental, per University Towers Inc.’s agreement; “Construction Expected to Start Next Week on 16-Story University Towers Structure,” NHR, July 22, 1958.
129. Bernard J. Frieden and Lynn B. Sagalyn, Downtown, Inc.: How America Rebuilds Cities (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989), 44. Martin Anderson, a conservative critic of urban renewal based on the government’s violation of private property rights, also objected to it for the difficulty that private developers had turning a profit in their renewal activities; The Federal Bulldozer: A Critical Analysis of Urban Renewal, 1949–1962 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1964), 107–23.
130. H. Ralph Taylor, interview by David G. McComb, March 25, 1969, Washington, D.C., General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Service, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, transcript, 6–8; “13-Term N.Y. Congressman James H. Scheuer Dies at 85,” WP, September 1, 2005; “Capitol Park,” The Cultural Landscape Foundation, https://
131. Pei, interview. For more on Zeckendorf’s involvement with Southwest Washington, see Lowe, Cities in a Race with Time, 174–200.
132. Pei, interview.
133. Quote from Ed Zelinsky in Rob Gurwitt, “Death of a Neighborhood,” Mother Jones, September–October 2000, http://
134. Quoted in Talbot, Mayor’s Game, 137. New Haven was the first city to make use of the new provision in the Housing Act of 1954 for rehabilitation of existing structures; Powledge, Model City, 39.
135. Logue to Chester Bowles, letter draft, May 15, 1957, EJL, Series 4, Box 23, Folder 13, 1.