1. “Testimony of Mr. Edward J. Logue, Administrator, Boston Redevelopment Authority, Boston, Massachusetts,” Hearing Before the United States Commission on Civil Rights: Hearing Held in Boston, Massachusetts, October 4–5, 1966, 243–46. Even Michael Appleby, who investigated Logue’s Boston record to undermine Mayor Lindsay’s effort to hire him in New York, reported that Logue’s goal was to achieve more socioeconomic mixing in cities and suburbs; Michael D. Appleby, “Logue’s Record in Boston: An Analysis of His Renewal and Planning Activities, with a Foreword and Summary by Herbert J. Gans for the Steering Committee, Council for New York Housing and Planning Policy, Funded by the Normal Foundation, May 1966,” EJL, 2002 Accession, Box 22, Folder “Logue’s Record in Boston by Michael Appleby,” 19.
2. Logue, “Power of Negative Thinking,” BM, February 1969, 60.
3. Logue, “The Boston Story—Getting Started,” draft chapter for memoir, “Tales of a City Builder, Compared to What,” January 2000, MDL, 17–19v7; Logue, interview, Schussheim, 13; Logue, interview, Steen, July 11, 1991, Boston, MA, 12.
4. “Statement by Edward J. Logue,” Boston, Massachusetts, May 26, 1967, Hearings Before the National Commission on Urban Problems, vol. 1, May–June 1967 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1968), 193. On the three options for clearance, Appleby, “Logue’s Record in Boston,” 37; Logue, interview, Steen, August 3, 1989, Boston, MA, 291.
5. Walter McQuade, “Boston: What Can a Sick City Do?,” Fortune, June 1964, 164; Evarts Erickson, “Boston Rehabilitation Gets Summer ‘Work Camp’ Assistance,” JH 21, no. 9 (October 15, 1964): 468–70; “Once Neglected House Becomes Show Place,” BH, September 17, 1965.
6. Nancy Rita Arnone, “Redevelopment in Boston: A Study of the Politics and Administration of Social Change” (Ph.D. dissertation, MIT, 1965), 193.
7. Logue, interview, Schussheim, 28.
8. Arnone, “Redevelopment in Boston,” 125–26, 131–32; McQuade, “Boston: What Can a Sick City Do?,” 168 on incentives to commercial developers to build 221(d)(3) projects.
9. “Can Urban Renewal Make Everybody Happy?,” AF 120 (June 1964): 104.
10. John Collins quoted in McQuade, “Boston: What Can a Sick City Do?,” 168.
11. Logue, “A Look Back at Neighborhood Renewal in Boston,” Policy Studies Journal 16, no. 2 (Winter 1987): 343; Logue testimony, National Commission Hearings, 199; Timothy Francis Rose, “Civic War: People, Politics, and the Battle of New Boston, 1945–1967” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 2006), 223, including n366, on the limited supply of public housing.
12. Logue, “Power of Negative Thinking,” 61; “Can Urban Renewal Make Everybody Happy?,” 104; McQuade, “Boston: What Can a Sick City Do?,” 168; Logue, “The Boston Story,” 34.
13. John Stainton, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, May 30, 2007, Jamaica Plain, MA.
14. Chester W. Hartman, “The Housing of Relocated Families,” JAIP 30, no. 4 (November 1964): 266–86; and in JAIP 31, no. 4 (November 1965): Logue, “Comment on ‘The Housing of Relocated Families,’” 338–40; and Hartman, “Rejoinder by the Author,” 340–44.
15. Anthony Yudis, “B.R.A. Reports ‘Seven-Year Progress,’” BG, August 1, 1967.
16. Alan Lupo, “Boston: 10 Years Have Changed It,” BG, February 19, 1967.
17. Quoted in Daniel Golden and David Mehegan, “Changing the Heart of the City,” BG, September 18, 1983.
18. Logue testimony, National Commission Hearings, 193–95.
19. Arthur Reilly, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 25, 2009, Brookline, MA.
20. McQuade, “Boston: What Can a Sick City Do?,” 168.
21. Joseph W. Lund to Logue, May 25, 1967; Logue to Joseph Lund, June 1, 1967; EJL, Series 6, Box 150, Folder 416.
22. Logue, “A Look Back at Neighborhood Renewal in Boston,” 340–41; McQuade claimed that Boston banks pledged some $20 million toward new mortgages to finance rehabilitation in “Boston: What Can a Sick City Do?,” 164; Logue testimony, National Commission Hearings, 213–15, 255–57, 263–65.
23. “Can Urban Renewal Make Everybody Happy?,” 104; McQuade, “Boston: What Can a Sick City Do?,” 164.
24. For the full history of B-BURG and its impact, see Hillel Levine and Lawrence Harmon, The Death of an American Jewish Community: A Tragedy of Good Intentions (New York: Free Press, 1992); and Golden and Mehegan, “Changing the Heart of the City.”
25. “Meet Boston’s Mr. Urban Renewal,” CSM, December 18, 1965.
26. Langley Carleton Keyes, Jr., The Rehabilitation Planning Game: A Study in the Diversity of Neighborhood (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1969). For another helpful treatment of these three major neighborhood renewal projects, see Jim Vrabel, A People’s History of the New Boston (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2014).
27. Nicholas von Hoffman, “Ed Logue—the Master Rebuilder,” WP, April 15, 1967; also see Appleby, “Logue’s Record in Boston,” 30–31.
28. James Q. Wilson, “Planning and Politics: Citizen Participation in Urban Renewal,” in Urban Renewal: The Record and the Controversy, ed. Wilson (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1966), 418.
29. Armone, “Redevelopment in Boston,” 20–21, 44–45; Nicholas von Hoffman, “Boston Is an Ingrate,” WP, April 9, 1967.
30. Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 13. Keyes specifically targeted James Q. Wilson, Staughton Lynd, and Herbert Gans, who assumed that lower-income people were always excluded from urban renewal; Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 8–12.
31. Logue, “The Boston Story,” 28v7.
32. Heath, Act of Faith, part 1, 8. The Snowdens joined with the NAACP in endorsing Logue’s appointment; Melnea A. Cass, President, NAACP, to Joseph Lund, Chairman of BRA, January 24, 1961; Melnea A. Cass to Logue, January 27, 1961; Logue to Melnea A. Cass, EJL, Series 6, Box 150, Folder 420.
33. On Washington Park urban renewal, see Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 143–90; Heath, Act of Faith; John H. Spiers, “‘Planning with People’: Urban Renewal in Boston’s Washington Park, 1950–1970,” JPH 8, no. 1 (August 2009): 221–47; Jennifer Hock, “Bulldozers, Busing, and Boycotts: Urban Renewal and the Integrationist Project,” JUH 39, no. 3 (May 2013): 433–53; David R. Gergen, “Renewal in the Ghetto: A Study of Residential Rehabilitation in Boston’s Washington Park,” Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review 3 (1967–68): 243–310; Report to the Community: Urban Renewal Reaches Midway Point in Washington Park, BRA, 1965; Walter L. Smart, The Washington Park Relocation Story, 1962/1966, BRA, April 1966; Benjamin Feit, “Freedom House and Boston’s Urban Renewal: The Determining Role of a Civic Organizing Institution in the Reshaping of Washington Park” (senior thesis, Yale University, April 2006).
34. On the Snowdens and Freedom House, see “Interview with Muriel S. Snowden,” January 21, October 30, November 20, 1977, in Black Women Oral History Project, ed. Ruth Edmunds Hill, vol. 9, Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America (Westport, CT: Meckler, 1991), 1–120; Bradford Paul Meacham, “Black Power Before ‘Black Power’: Muriel Snowden and Boston’s Freedom House, 1949–1966” (senior thesis, Harvard University, March 2005).
35. Thomas O’Connor, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 16, 2009, Boston, MA.
36. Heath, Act of Faith, part 1, 13.
37. BG, February 6, 1962, quoted in Rose, “Civic War,” 241.
38. Wolf Von Eckardt, “Bulldozers and Bureaucrats: Renewal and the City,” New Republic, September 14, 1963, 17. For more evidence of community residents’ optimism about urban renewal, see Lewis Watts et al., The Middle-Income Negro Family Faces Urban Renewal (Waltham, MA: Research Center of Heller School, Brandeis University, for the Department of Commerce and Development, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1964).
39. Logue, interview, Steen, August 3, 1989, Boston, MA, 288–89; Logue, interview by Heath, December 7, 1990, Boston, MA, in Heath, Act of Faith, 3; Otto Snowden and Muriel Snowden, “Citizen Participation,” JH 20, no. 8 (September 30, 1963): 435–39; Anthony J. Yudis, “Renewal Project Goes Over Big with Roxbury; Logue Cheered,” BG, January 15, 1963, which said that only three voted against the plan. For more on CURAC, see CURAC Files, FH, Box 30.
40. “Statement of Edward J. Logue, Public Hearing of the BRA Concerning the Washington Park Urban Renewal Area,” January 14, 1963, 7:30 p.m., Boston Technical High School, 1, MDL. Community outreach by phone, mail, and personal conversations by Freedom House and CURAC was extensive; see “Freedom House and Urban Renewal—the Task Accomplished and the Task Ahead,” February 25, 1963, FH, Box 28, Folder 945 (Freedom House and Urban Renewal—Pinterhughes) for documentation.
41. Heath, Act of Faith, part 1, 17.
42. Julius Bernstein and Chester Hartman, letter to the editor, BG, June 1, 1966. For more discussion of the difficulties of low-income residents, see Irene Saint, “Washington Park Plan’s 4-Year Life Half Over, Problem of Low-Income People Remains,” BH, December 1, 1965.
43. Arnone, “Redevelopment in Boston,” 102; “tea-drinking Negroes” in Logue, interview, Steen, February 4, 1985, Lincoln, MA, 38; Chuck Turner quoted in Rose, “Civic War,” 247; “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” in “Otto Snowden Obituary,” BG, September 30, 1995.
44. Washington Park Steering Committee, Minutes, November 13, 1961, in Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 175; Heath, Act of Faith, part 1, 9–10.
45. “Statement of Edward J. Logue, Administrator, Boston Redevelopment Authority,” “Federal Role in Urban Affairs” (Senator Abraham Ribicoff’s Subcommittee on Executive Reorganization of Senate Committee on Government Operations, November–December 1966), Logue testimony, December 12, 1966, 2824; Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 226–27; anger at this decision was recorded in “Low Income Housing Badly Needed,” BSB, June 4, 1966; the vote was 45 to 29.
46. Appleby, “Logue’s Record in Boston,” 32; also Arnone, “Redevelopment in Boston,” 193.
47. Frederick Salvucci, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 16, 2009, Cambridge, MA.
48. Muriel Snowden, “Planning with People: Finding the Formula,” Boston College Seminar, April 23, 1963, FH, Box 28, in Rose, “Civic War,” 247–48.
49. “Statement by Mrs. Muriel Snowden,” National Commission Hearings, 232. For details on these civic projects, see Heath, Act of Faith, part 3, 1–8. For growth of organized opposition to Freedom House and the Washington Park renewal plan, see Spiers, “‘Planning with People,’” 237–41; Mel King, Chain of Change: Struggles for Black Community Development (Boston: South End Press, 1981), 73–78; Meacham, “Black Power Before ‘Black Power,’” 75–77.
50. “Police Riot in Grove Hall, Scores Injured,” “Roxbury Fights Police Attack,” “Roxbury Residents Brutalized,” all in BSB, June 10, 1967; many other articles in BG, June 3–8, 1967. Also, Akilah Johnson, “The Forgotten Riot That Sparked Boston’s Racial Unrest,” BG, June 2, 2017.
51. “Mayor Declines 3rd Term; Reviews Stewardship; Urges Continued Progress,” CR, June 10, 1967, 457, on the Grove Hall Welfare Office incident and ensuing protests.
52. King, Chain of Change, 82–84.
53. BG, December 11, 1976, quoted in Heath, Act of Faith, part 4, 2; Logue, interview by Heath, part 5, 7.
54. Stainton, interview; Martin Nolan, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, May 24, 2007, Cambridge, MA.
55. “Can Urban Renewal Make Everybody Happy?,” 103; discussion of the state’s position on Boston’s schools in Logue testimony, Hearing Before the United States Commission on Civil Rights in Boston, 246.
56. “Filth Litters Roxbury Streets,” BSB, July 23, 1966; Ronald Bailey with Diane Turner and Robert Hayden, preface by Danette Jones, Lower Roxbury: A Community of Treasures in the City of Boston (Boston: Lower Roxbury Community Corporation by the Department of African-American Studies, Northeastern University, 1993), 24–25, 33; after the bonfire and the anger it stirred, the city did clean up the garbage and put up barriers to prevent further dumping.
57. On the LRCC, see Lower Roxbury Community Corporation Records, 1968–1978, Northeastern University Archives and Special Collections (hereafter LRCC), particularly the history in “Urban Renewal in Madison Park,” c. 1970, Washington Park Urban Renewal Area Bulletin, Box 1, Folder 8; LRCC, The Future of Lower Roxbury Depends on You, printed pamphlet, n.d. but c. 1968; Bailey, Lower Roxbury, 19–26, 29, 32–47, 57–63; Gordon Fellman, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, December 18, 2010, Cambridge, MA.
58. On Urban Planning Aid and its involvement in Madison Park, see UPA Records, 1966–82, particularly its mission statement in “Attachments to Form 1023,” n.d. but c. 1966, Box 1, Folder 7; Gordon Brumm, “Urban Renewal in Washington Park and Madison Park,” Dialogues Boston 1, no. 2 (March 1968), Box 12, Folder 1. Also, “Roxbury Leaders Blast Renewal Plan,” BSB, May 28, 1966, for how Goodman presented UPA; Robert Goodman, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, April 24, 2010, Amherst, MA; Fellman, interview.
59. “Contract Between Urban Planning Aid and the Lower Roxbury Community Committee on Urban Renewal,” July 25, 1966; and Dr. Forrest L. Knapp, Massachusetts Council of Churches, to Professor Robert Goodman, November 30, 1966, UPA, Box 1, Folder 7.
60. “Contract Between UPA and the LRCC,” July 25, 1966.
61. “10/18/66, Tuesday meeting with Edward J. Logue,” UPA, Box 12, Folder 3.
62. UPA Meeting Minutes, December 14, 1966, UPA, Box 12, Folder 5, 2. At some point, the LRCC also asked the community organizers to leave as well. Alex Rodriguez recalled, “And we knew it was gonna work then, because once they threw us out, we knew they were gonna make the decisions. They weren’t going to listen to Alex Rodriguez, Val Hyman, Dan Richardson, Byron Rushing, or anybody else. They were gonna make the decisions and that’s what we wanted”; Bailey, Lower Roxbury, 35. The sensitive relationship between advocacy planners and community groups was debated at the time in Frances Fox Piven, “Whom Does the Advocate Planner Serve?,” Social Policy (May–June 1970), and responses in the next issue (July–August 1970) by Sumner Rosen, Sherry Arnstein, Paula and Linda Davidoff, Clarence Funnye, Sylvia Scribner, Chester Hartman, and Piven.
63. UPA Meeting Minutes, August 23, 1967, UPA, Box 12, Folder 5, for a discussion of giving LRCC an ultimatum if more surveyors were not provided; survey materials, UPA, Box 12, Folder 3. For continued tensions between the LRCC and the UPA after the memorandum of understanding was signed, see UPA Meeting Minutes, April 19, 1967, UPA, Box 12, Folder 5, where Andrea Ballard comments that the “LRCC feels let down by UPA … Community organizers in L.R. distrust UPA,” and Gordon Fellman says, “Original agreement about working relationship between LRCC and UPA has not been kept by LRCC.”
64. “Madison Park—Campus High School Before Committee on Urban Renewal,” November 16, 17, 23, 29, Stenographic Record; Anthony J. Yudis, “City Ends Roxbury Hearings,” BG, November 30, 1966; “City Votes Yes on Park Madison,” BSB, January 2, 1967; Paul J. Corkery, “BRA and Roxbury Citizen Group Reach Urban Renewal Agreement,” Crimson, January 6, 1967.
65. Anthony J. Yudis, “Madison Park Leader Denies Logue’s Representation Charge, 350 Roxbury Names Support Claim,” BG, November 24, 1966; also Robert Hannan, “Logue Hits ‘Academic Amateurs,’ Renewal Chief Doubts Group Can Speak for Community,” BG, November 18, 1966; Melvin B. Miller, “Agreement Ends Four-Year Fight: Madison Park Battle Nears End,” BSB, December 3, 1966, which states “Logue refused to negotiate with the U.P.A.”
66. “Roxbury High School, Boston, Massachusetts, 1967, Marcel Breuer and Tician Papachristou, architects,” in Tician Papachristou, Marcel Breuer: New Buildings and Projects (New York: Praeger, 1970), 196–97; design described in Keith Morgan, “City of Ideas: Structure and Scale in the Boston General Plan,” in Heroic: Concrete Architecture and the New Boston, ed. Mark Pasnik, Michael Kubo, and Chris Grimley (New York: Monacelli Press, 2015), 72–73. Madison Park High School opened in 1977.
67. “Our Mission Statement,” Madison Park Development Corporation, http://
68. Bailey, Lower Roxbury; “We Saved a Community,” panel discussion and viewing of film Making of Madison Park: A Shared Vision, October 19, 2011, Madison Park Development Corp, Roxbury, MA.
69. Fellman, interview; on checking out the Washington Park 221(d)(3) models, LRCC, Future of Lower Roxbury Depends on You, 12. At the September 20, 1967, UPA board meeting, Andrea Ballard mentioned that “a number of LRCC officers would like to have private single-family homes in Madison Park.” When she was told that anyone who could afford that “will be too affluent for 221(d)(3) housing,” she asked for “a short paper explaining problems of private single homes on site, to put to rest this endless discussion at LRCC meetings”; UPA Meeting Minutes, September 20, 1967, UPA, Box 12, Folder 5, 2. The discussion of single-family houses continued at the October 4, 1967, meeting.
70. For descriptions of Charlestown, see Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 87–102; Frank Del Vecchio, memo to Lizabeth Cohen, “Vision: Ed Logue’s Audacious Campaign for the Economic Resuscitation of Boston,” n.d. but late November 2006, 6; J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), 149–54; Irene Saint, “Charlestown Dissenters Battled for Every Inch,” BH, December 2, 1965; “Charlestown: Proud but Neglected Renowned Homeland,” BG, July 25, 1967, for black population.
71. Leo Baldwin, letter to the editor, Charlestown Patriot, April 28, 1960, in Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 104.
72. It hurt that both Vilemas and McCarthy were outsiders, Vilemas a Lithuanian American from Chicago, where he had organized with Saul Alinsky and the Chicago Catholic archdiocese, and McCarthy, a middle-class Irishman, most recently director of redevelopment operations for the City of San Leandro, California; Logue to Catherine Bauer Wurster, April 10, 1961, Papers of Catherine Bauer Wurster, 1931–1964, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, Box 21, Folder 21; Patrick E. McCarthy to Edward Logue, March 19, 1965, EJL, Series 6, Box 148, Folder 381.
73. Frank Del Vecchio, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, November 27, 2006, Cambridge, MA.
74. BRA: Charlestown, “Proposed Renewal Project: Before BRA Board,” Stenographic Transcript, January 7, 1963, 7, in Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 121; Arnone, “Redevelopment in Boston,” 136–37.
75. Del Vecchio, interview; also Frank Del Vecchio, City Streets: A Memoir (North Andover, MA: Leap Year Press, 2016), 151.
76. Del Vecchio, interview; The Urban Renewal Plan for Charlestown, an Opportunity for Every Resident: Charlestown/A Residential Neighborhood, pamphlet, BRA, n.d.
77. Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 139. Jack Kennedy and Tip O’Neill had both promised to remove the El, but there it still was, contributing to Charlestown’s sense of isolation, in Logue’s view; Logue, “The Boston Story,” 27v7. Also see “When the ‘El’ Comes Down, a Way of Life Goes with It,” BG, March 24, 1975. Michael Appleby noted Charlestown residents’ fear that racial integration would accompany more government housing programs; Appleby, “Logue’s Record in Boston,” 22. Although the Boston Housing Authority began to integrate public housing in 1963, four years later only twenty-seven black families lived in Charlestown’s projects; BSB, July 27, 1967, in Rose, “Civic War,” 498. On the revised urban renewal plan, John Stainton, Urban Renewal and Planning in Boston: A Review of the Past and a Look at the Future, a consultant study directed by John Stainton, commissioned by the Citizens Housing and Planning Association and BRA, November 1972, 4.
78. Logue, “Boston, 1960–1967—Seven Years of Plenty,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts History Society 84 (1972): 82.
79. For descriptions of this notorious meeting: Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 132–34; Logue, interview, Jones, Tape 3:20; “2500 Jam Hearings on Bunker Hill,” BG, March 15, 1965; “Charlestown Supports Urban Renewal Plan” and “Yes Vote Means Rebirth for Town,” Charlestown Patriot, March 25, 1965; Del Vecchio, City Streets, 164–66.
80. Craven and Foley were the negative votes. Among the many articles by Anthony J. Yudis in the BG: “Charlestown Hearing Explodes: Wildest Renewal Battle Rocks Council Chamber,” April 28, 1965; “Charlestown Foes Challenge Council,” May 6, 1965; “Charlestown Renewal Wins Council OK, 7–2,” June 8, 1965. Also, Del Vecchio, City Streets, 166–70.
81. NBC, America the Beautiful, Chet Huntley reporter, Ted Yates producer-author, 52-minute documentary, broadcast October 3, 1965, available at Paley Center for Media, New York, and online at NBC Universal Archives; “N.B.C. to Examine U.S. City Growth,” NYT, July 29, 1965.
82. For links between urban renewal and the Boston busing struggle: Lukas, Common Ground, 153–56, 355–56; J. Brian Sheehan, The Boston School Integration Dispute: Social Change and Legal Maneuvers (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), 196–238; Ronald Formisano, Boston Against Busing: Race, Class and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 121–22, where he calls urban renewal the “dress rehearsal” to busing.
83. Danny Soltren, interview, and Chris Hayes, interview, in The South End, Boston 200 Neighborhood History Series (Boston: Boston 200 Corporation, 1975), 24, 27.
84. For descriptions of the South End and urban renewal there: Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 35–86; Vrabel, People’s History of the New Boston, 101–3; Herbert H. Hyman, “Organizational Response to Urban Renewal” (Ph.D. dissertation, Brandeis University, 1967); “The South End: Ever-Changing Neighborhood of Many Different People,” BG, August 1, 1967; “A Special Report: The South End Today,” BM (October 1965): 34–59; Joan Colebrook, “A Reporter at Large: The Renewal,” New Yorker, January 1, 1966, 35–45; South End Urban Renewal, BRA, 1963.
85. “Mel King,” in Changing Lives, Changing Communities: Oral Histories from Action for Boston Community Development, ed. Robert C. Hayden and Ann Withorn (Boston: Action for Community Development and the University of Massachusetts, 2002), 154–55.
86. Logue to E. C. Struckhoff, June 30, 1966, EJL, Series 6, Box 149, Folder 383.
87. Mario Luis Small, Villa Victoria: The Transformation of Social Capital in a Boston Barrio (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004); Vrabel, People’s History of the New Boston, 104–11; King, Chain of Change, 64–72, 111–18, 203–6; “Building Activism,” BG Magazine, October 10, 2004, 94; Robert Goodman, After the Planners (New York: Touchstone, 1971), 193–96; Peter G. Rowe, Modernity and Housing (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1993), 244, 246–53; John Sharratt, “Urban Neighborhood Preservation and Development,” Process, Architecture, nos. 14–15 (1980): 28–30; Micho Spring, “When a Community Embraces Both Progress and Heritage,” BG, May 10, 2008; Peter Medoff and Holly Sklar, Streets of Hope: The Fall and Rise of an Urban Neighborhood (Boston: South End Press, 1994), 19–22; Lawrence J. Vale, Changing Cities: 75 Years of Planning Better Futures at MIT (Cambridge, MA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning, 2008), 52–53; “Hispanic Bostonians Mark a Rebirth,” NYT, May 10, 1983; Johnny Diaz, “Villa Victoria Welcomes a New Leader,” BG, December 3, 2004. The archives of Inquilinos Boricuas en Acción, 1967–2004, are at Northeastern University Archives and Special Collections; see the finding aid for history and chronology as well as records.
88. Bernard J. Frieden and Lynne B. Sagalyn, Downtown, Inc.: How America Rebuilds Cities (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989), 305–6; Paul Goldberger, “Urban Building Trends Lend Boston an Odd Mix,” NYT, June 16, 1985.
89. Mel King, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 17, 2009, Boston, MA.
90. On North Harvard, see from the Brighton-Allston Historical Society and Heritage Museum and Oral History Center at the Brighton Branch Library: Marjorie T. Redgate, “To Hell with Urban Renewal,” 1969, an account of the neighborhood’s struggle with the BRA by a resident and owner of a luncheonette in the North Harvard neighborhood, and the four-part series excerpted from her manuscript in the Allston-Brighton Journal, ed. William P. Marchione; and oral histories with community activists. The single best analysis is Edward Michael Stone, “Concrete Ambition: Edward J. Logue and the North Harvard Urban Renewal Project, 1960–1967” (senior thesis, Harvard University, 2004). For Logue’s communication with the developers, see Logue, Memorandum to the file, September 21, 1961, EJL, Series 6, Box 148, Folder 376; “North Harvard Project” (materials prepared for Yale Law School class, November 1965), EJL, Series 6, Box 151, Folder 464, which states that backing down would be a “dangerous precedent.”
Also, Chester Hartman, Between Eminence and Notoriety: Four Decades of Radical Urban Planning (New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University Press, 2002), 18–19; “An Open Letter to Mayor John Collins and the Boston Redevelopment Authority,” 1965, Loeb Library Ephemera Collection, HGSD; Douglas Mathews, “Politics and Public Relations—or, How to Relocate the BRA,” Crimson, January 7, 1966; “Urban Planning Aid: A Proposal to Provide Planning Assistance to Low-Income Communities,” Dirt and Flowers 2 (July 30, 1966): 5, UPA, Box 12, Folder 1; Goodman, interview; “What to Do ’Til the Wrecker Comes, Plot by Boston Renewal Authority, Editing by Brainerd Taylor,” Connection: Visual Arts at Harvard, Spring 1966, Loeb Special Collections, HGSD; “SDS Will Assist in Fight Against Urban Renewal,” Crimson, March 4, 1965; “The Mess in Brighton—and a Suggestion,” editorial, BG, August 11, 1965; “Boston’s Powerful Model for Rebuilders,” BW, November 26, 1966; Jim Botticelli, Dirty Old Boston: Four Decades of a City in Transition (Boston: Union Park Press, 2014), 78.
91. Del Vecchio, email message to author, July 23, 2006; similar statements were made by others: Salvucci, interview; Joseph Slavet, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, May 31, 2007, Boston, MA.
92. Logue testimony, Ribicoff hearings, 2821; also Appleby, “Logue’s Record in Boston,” 35–36.
93. Logue, “Tales of a City Builder, Compared to What,” memoir draft notes for “Chapter on Mistakes.”
94. Allston Brighton Citizen-Item, January 12, 1967: “CNH Drives to Meet No. Harvard Housing Deadline,” “Out of a Hateful History: Urban Renewal Redeemed,” “‘It Is Still Stolen Land: We Still Want Our Deeds,’” and the editorial “CNH: A Setback for the Cynics”; Nan Ni, “Profs Weigh In on Charlesview Design,” Crimson, October 21, 2008; Charlesview, Inc., website, http://
95. Logue, interview, Schussheim, 24; Linda Corman, “Former BRA Head Takes Another Look at the City He Helped Plan,” Banker and Tradesman, October 21, 1987, 6; Logue, “The New Boston—Can the City Control Its Future?,” Boston Observer, c. 1985, EJL, 2002 Accession, Box 22, 6.
96. Langley Keyes quoted in Golden and Mehegan, “Changing the Heart of the City.”
97. Logue, “The New Boston—Can the City Control Its Future?”
98. Tunney Lee, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, July 13, 2007, Wellfleet, MA.
99. On the struggle over the Inner Belt and the Southwest Expressway, see Alan Lupo, Frank Colcord, and Edmund P. Fowler, Rites of Way: The Politics of Transportation in Boston and the U.S. City (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971); David Luberoff, “The Roads Not Taken: How One Powerful Choice Made All the Difference,” AB 15, no. 4 (Winter 2012): 28–31; James A. Aloisi, Jr., The Big Dig (Beverly, MA: Commonwealth Editions, 2004), 8–12; Hilary Moss, Yinan Zhang, and Andy Anderson, “Assessing the Impact of the Inner Belt: MIT, Highways, and Housing in Cambridge, Massachusetts,” JUH 40, no. 6 (November 2014): 1054–78; Peter Siskind, “Growth and Its Discontents: Localism, Protest and the Politics of Development on the Postwar Northeast Corridor” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2002).
100. Fred Salvucci and Tunney Lee were soon joined by Denis Blackett. When Salvucci informed his BRA boss about his organizing activities, he was encouraged to stop. When he remained firm and offered to quit the BRA, his boss and Logue asked him to stay; Salvucci, interview. Tunney Lee said he was never told “to stop and desist”; Lee, email message to author, February 18, 2010.
101. On the highway protests, in addition to the above sources: Gordon Fellman, in association with Barbara Brandt, The Deceived Majority: Politics and Protest in Middle America (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, Rutgers University Press, 1973); Eric Avila, The Folklore of the Freeway: Race and Revolt in the Modernist City (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2014), 33–36; Lee, interview; Salvucci, interview; Fellman, interview; “Inner Belt—Transportation Study,” Dirt and Flowers 2 (July 30, 1966): 6, UPA, Box 12, Folder 1; Vrabel, People’s History of the New Boston, 139–49; Lily Geismer, Don’t Blame Us: Suburban Liberals and the Transformation of the Democratic Party (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015), 105–16; Jon C. Teaford, The Rough Road to Renaissance: Urban Revitalization in America, 1940–1985 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 234–35. Chester Hartman describes the “Open Letter to State and Federal Highway Officials,” signed by 528 Harvard and MIT professors, in Hartman, Between Eminence and Notoriety, 19.
102. “Inner Belt to Uproot 937 Roxbury Families,” BSB, December 18, 1965; “6000 in Roxbury Sent Removal Notice,” BSB, January 15, 1966.
103. John Collins, interview by José de Varon, Tape 7, January 7, 1977, EJL, 2002 Accession, Box 21, Folder “Oral History John Collins,” 14–15.
104. Anthony Pangaro, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 24, 2009, Boston, MA; Lawrence Harmon, “A Park That Is the Muscle and Bone of the City,” BG, May 5, 2010. Years later Logue told the historian Lawrence Kennedy: “We laid that [Southwest corridor] out and persuaded Franny Sargent to approve it. He did, took the land, did the relocation, and only after the corridor was cleared did he change his mind. If the Inner Belt and the third harbor tunnel we proposed had been built I wonder if we would have needed the depressed Central Artery”; Logue to Lawrence Kennedy, May 31, 1988, MDL.
105. Appleby, “Logue’s Record in Boston,” iv, 25–26, 29, 30.
106. Collins, interview by de Varon, Tape 9, January 26, 1977, 7.
107. Logue, “A Look Back at Neighborhood Renewal in Boston,” 345.
108. Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 15.
109. Stainton, Urban Renewal and Planning in Boston, 4.
110. “A Battle Is Over,” editorial, BSB, December 3, 1966.
111. Bailey, Lower Roxbury, 26.
112. William J. Lasko, “Qualitative Analysis of Urban Renewal in Boston Under John Collins (1959–1967)” (paper submitted to Master’s Paper Colloquium, URB 104, Spring 1979, Professor Norman Fainstein), 44, in possession of the author. For a similar conclusion: Associate Professor Joseph L. Bower and John W. Rosenblum (research assistant), “Harvard Business School Case on the Boston Redevelopment Authority,” 1969, State Library of Massachusetts, State House, Boston, 19.
113. Langley Keyes, interview by Jim Vrabel, September 27, 2011, in Vrabel, People’s History of the New Boston, 33.
114. Henry N. Cobb, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 8, 2010, New York, NY.
115. Henry Scagnoli, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 20, 2007, Boston, MA.
116. On Logue’s mayoral run, see Logue, interview, Schussheim, 31; Logue, interview, Jones, Tape 1:1–11, Tape 3:21–24; O’Connor, Building a New Boston, 256–63; John Patrick Ryan, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 18, 2007, Cambridge, MA; “The Globe Questions the Candidates for Mayor—Edward Logue,” BG, September 14, 1967.
117. Logue, interview, Steen, December 13, 1983, New York, NY, 35.
118. “Bold Boston Gladiator—Ed Logue: Planner Stirs Up a Ruckus and Battles Opposition to Build the Place of His Dreams,” Life, December 24, 1965, 132. Communications that discuss Logue’s possible run for mayor include in EJL, Series 6: David L. Marx to Logue, April 27, 1966, Box 150, Folder 432, which references two recent newspaper columns mentioning that Logue was considering running for mayor; Howard M. Kahn to Logue, December 28, 1966, Box 150, Folder 415, refers to a Frank Bucci column in the Boston Herald-Traveler; Ellen Logue to Margaret Logue, January 15, 1967, Box 150, Folder 425, which says, “Any decision yet re: Collins & the mayoralty? That would make an interesting year!” Much earlier in life, Logue expressed interest in entering politics: Logue to Resina Logue, August 19, 1945, EJL, Series 1, Box 4, Folder 68, in which he floated the idea of running for Philadelphia city councilman; Logue to Fred Rodell, July 31, 1948, Fred Rodell Papers, Haverford College Special Collections, Addition 1927–80, Box 11, Item 105, where Logue wrote, “What I really want to do eventually is get into politics.”
119. Logue, “Boston, 1960–1967—Seven Years of Plenty,” 96.
120. Logue, interview, Jones, Tape 3:21–24; Jane Howard, “Round One Was a Breeze for Louise,” Life, October 13, 1967, 89–94; Homer Bigart, “Boston Mayoral Primary Pits Woman Foe of School Busing Against 9,” NYT, September 24, 1967; Sara Davidson, “John Sears: A Blueblood with Yen for Melting Pot; the Candidates for Mayor III,” BG, August 13, 1967; “John Winthrop Sears, 83; City Councilor Ran for Governor, BG, November 6, 2014; Sara Davidson, “Kevin White Always the Competitor; the Candidates for Mayor V,” BG, August 27, 1967.
121. Scagnoli, interview.
122. Logue, interview, Jones, Tape 1:10. Logue told Ivan Steen, “And it’s the nearest I’ve ever come to getting divorced”; Logue, interview, Steen, December 13, 1983, New York, NY, 37; Janet Bowler Fitzgibbons, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 21, 2007, Cambridge, MA.
123. Bower and Rosenblum, “Harvard Business School Case on the BRA,” 12n1; Reilly, interview; Salvucci, interview; “Statement by Monsignor Francis J. Lally, Chairman of the BRA, on the occasion of the acceptance of Edward J. Logue’s resignation of his seven years as Administrator,” August 2, 1967, EJL, Series 6, Box 150, Folder 424. The BRA staff held “A Farewell to Ed Logue,” with skits and songs satirizing Logue’s years at the BRA and anticipating his victory as mayor, which surely spurred campaign volunteering; invitation to “A Farewell to Ed Logue, August 3, 1967,” EJL, Series 6, Box 151, Folder 450; Martin Adler and Michael Gruenbaum, “Skits for Ed Logue’s Farewell Party,” August 3, 1967, MDL.
124. Robert Litke, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, May 25, 2006, Somerset, NJ.
125. John A. Herfort, “Hi there, Gladtoseeya!” BG, September 24, 1967.
126. Nolan, interview.
127. I am grateful to John Stainton and Michael Gruenbaum for giving me a wonderful collection of Logue campaign materials, including buttons, bumper stickers, and brochures (hereafter Stainton Campaign Collection). On Irish parentage, “Ed Logue—the Man.”
128. See Stainton Campaign Collection, such as To meet the needs of the people … Ed Logue … builder of a Better Boston, pamphlet; “Ed Logue for Mayor, He Can Do Most for Boston,” card; One man stands out…, brochure.
129. Tom Wicker, “In the Nation: Boston Faces a Choice,” NYT, August 27, 1967.
130. Reilly, interview; Salvucci made a similar point about attitudes in the Italian North End in Salvucci, interview. Collins was very slow to endorse Logue: Robert Kenney, “Collins Won’t Seek Re-Election in Boston,” WP, June 7, 1967; “Mayor Declines 3rd Term; Reviews Stewardship; Urges Continued Progress,” CR, June 10, 1967; for quote, “Boston Mayor Contest Losing to Pennant Race,” LAT, September 25, 1967; also see Andrew J. Glass, “Red Sox Upsetting Boston’s Election,” WP, September 24, 1967.
131. Alan Lupo, Liberty’s Chosen Home: The Politics of Violence in Boston (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977), 97–113; Christopher Lydon, “Plot Charge Heats Mayoral Race,” BG, September 2, 1967; Joseph A. Keblinsky, “White Stays on Hub Ballot; Logue Admits Role in Row,” BG, September 6, 1967.
132. Logue, “Tales of a City Builder, Compared to What,” memoir draft notes for “Chapter on Mistakes.”
133. “Ed Logue: He Lives and Breathes Public Service; first of a series of profiles of candidates for mayor of Boston,” BG, July 30, 1967; Howard Ziff, “Race for Mayor Chair Sets Political Boston Swinging,” WP, August 20, 1967; O’Connor, Building a New Boston, 261; Andrew Ryan, “How the 1967 Mayoral Race Changed Boston,” BG, October 21, 2017.
134. Min S. Lee, “Young Billy Logue Thinks of Calcutta,” BG, September 27, 1967; Robert Hazen, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, June 14, 2007, New York, NY; Nolan, interview. For official election results, see Annual Report of the Election Department for the Year 1967 (Boston: January 31, 1968), 46, 107.
135. Logue, interview, Jones, Tape 1:11; Litke, interview; Bowler Fitzgibbons, interview.
136. Within a few months he cut half of that debt, repaying the bank loan secured by his cousin. Also, Barry T. Hynes, Chairman, Friends of Ed Logue Committee, to Friend, n.d. but c. October 1967, inviting recipients to a dinner at twenty-five dollars a person to help pay off Logue’s campaign debt; Stainton Campaign Collection.
137. The architects signing the 1967 letter were Nelson Aldrich, Ed Barnes, Pietro Belluschi, Peter Chermayeff, Joseph Eldredge, Norman Fletcher, Samuel Glaser, Victor Gruen, Huson Jackson, Philip Johnson, Eugene Kennedy, Carl Koch, James Lawrence, Michael McKinnell, Sy Mintz, Lawrence Perkins, Joseph Richardson, Paul Rudolph, Edwin T. Steffian, Hugh Stubbins, and Donald Stull; “Architects for Logue” solicitation letter, July 1967, with handwritten Walter Gropius instruction to send one hundred dollars, and Logue to Walter Gropius, August 23, 1967, thanking him for the contribution, with a handwritten note, Bauhaus-Archiv, Berlin, Series GS 19, Folder 400; Peter Lucas, “Architect Rapped for Aiding Logue,” BH, August 22, 1967; Christopher Lydon, “Hynes and Son Backing Logue,” BG, August 16, 1967; Ted Liebman, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, October 15, 2006, New York, NY, on making his first political contribution to Logue’s campaign.
138. Slavet, interview.
139. Keyes, Rehabilitation Planning Game, 158; “A Split Vote,” BSB, October 5, 1967. The Snowdens were active organizers of the Roxbury–South End–Dorchester Logue for Mayor Committee; their campaign activities are well documented in FH, Box 66, Folder 2726; and Snowden Papers, Box 6/7, Folder 246 (Political Campaigns—Ed Logue), Northeastern University Archives and Special Collections; Herbert Gleason, interview by Lizabeth Cohen, May 30, 2007, Cambridge, MA, where he recounted that by 1967 Melnea Cass was no longer a fan of Logue’s and supported White for mayor.
140. UPA Meeting Minutes, July 12, 1967, UPA, Box 12, Folder 5.
141. UPA Meeting Minutes, October 4, 1967, UPA, Box 12, Folder 5; UPA Meeting Minutes, December 13, 1967, UPA, Box 12, Folder 5, where it was announced that John Stainton was leaving the BRA.
142. Logue, interview, Steen, December 13, 1983, New York, NY, 37–38; Anthony Yudis, “Logue Has Decided He’ll Stay Here,” BG, October 22, 1967. Correspondence around Logue applying for admission to the Massachusetts Bar in MDL: Logue to Lewis Weinstein, October 25, 1967; Judge Herbert S. MacDonald to Logue, October 30, 1967; Lewis H. Weinstein to Board of Bar Examiners, November 1, 1967. Logue’s papers make reference to job inquiries he received from Los Angeles, San Francisco, Cleveland, and Baltimore; also “Logue Weighs Los Angeles Renewal Job,” BH, October 4, 1967; George B. Merry, “Logue Heads for Wider Scope,” CSM, April 30, 1968.
143. Slavet, interview; Logue, interview, Jones, Tape 1:12. Logue was also named one of the first two research associates of the Institute of Politics at the JFK School, Harvard, and a visiting associate of the Harvard-MIT Joint Center for Urban Studies; “Kenny Institute Names Lindsay, Logue Associates,” Crimson, January 15, 1968.
144. Logue, interview, Schussheim, 32.