Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Abu al-Fida, 60
Adams, Clement, 6, 57–8, 102, 324
Chancellor’s meeting with Ivan IV, 185–6, 195, 202–3
Chancellor’s sea voyage, 108, 117, 120, 128, 131, 134–5, 140, 243
Chancellor’s survey of Russia, 158–9, 170–1, 175, 210–11, 341
preparations for Russian expedition, 67, 70, 72–3, 78–80, 86
see also Cabot/Adams map (1544)
Adashev, Aleksei, 186, 192, 199
Alcock, Thomas, 295
Alexandria, 15, 18
Allen, Thomas, 85
America, cartography of, 29–30, 48
Anne of Cleves, 71, 105–6
Anthony, Nicholas, 117, 141
Antwerp, 42, 57–8, 61, 252, 295
Arctic Circle, 125, 339
Argentina, 26
Aristotle, 15
artillery, 86–8, 228
Russian, 177, 186, 211–12, 216
Astrakhan, 187, 216, 278
astrolabes, 123, 125
astrology, 7, 74–5
astronomy, 7, 46, 74–7, 93, 103, 115
Augustus, Emperor, 190
Bacon, Francis, 323, 327
Bale, John, 75
Barlow, Roger, 26–7, 30–1, 33–4, 36, 54–5, 95
Barne, Sir George, 61, 64, 242, 254–5
Bede, 15
Benedictine monks, 342
Bergen, 128, 230
Best, Robert, 269, 283, 287, 289
Blackwall, 111
Blake, George, 85, 117, 141
Bodenham, Roger, 50, 51, 72
Boleyn, Anne, 105, 313
Bona Confidentia, 67, 82, 85–6, 127
disappearance, 218–21, 231, 244, 261
discovery and shipwreck, 264–6, 280, 282–5, 305
and separation of fleet, 130–2, 141–4, 242
voyage to Novaya Zemlya, 147–51
wintering in Russia, 164–5, 167, 204–6
Bona Esperanza, 67, 82–3, 85–6, 117–18, 127
disappearance, 218–21, 231, 244, 261
discovery and shipwreck, 264–6, 280, 282–5
and separation of fleet, 130–2, 140–4, 242
voyage to Novaya Zemlya, 147–51
wintering in Russia, 164–5, 168, 204–6
Book of Common Prayer, 43, 207, 249, 314
Bordeaux, 40
Borough, Christopher, 347
Borough, Stephen, 82, 90, 115, 132, 146, 183, 258, 268, 311, 326
and Serchthrift expedition, 302–5
Borough, William, 82, 85, 303, 305
Bosworth, Battle of, 16
bowlines, 116
Brandon, Frances, 152
Bridport, 68
Bristol, 21, 25, 33, 50–1, 74, 103, 253, 325
arrival of John Cabot, 13, 16–17
commercial decline, 20, 32, 40–2
Sebastian Cabot’s return, 38, 40–1
Bristol Channel, 33
Bristol émigrés, 22–3, 36
Brittany, 68
Brooke, John, 260, 264
Broughty Castle, 168
Buckland, John, 82, 258, 283, 285–7, 289
buggery, 341
Burton, George, 82, 90, 242
Butter, Miles, 85
Cabot, Catalina, 37–8
Cabot, Elizabeth, 36
Cabot, Joanna, 36
Cabot, John, 13–19, 51, 62, 64, 146
Cabot, Sebastian
appointment of captains, 70–3, 78
and Chancellor’s return, 230, 233–5
and compass variation, 145–6, 300, 353
his death, 299–301, 305
and departure of Russian expedition, 102–3
and development of cartography, 46–50, 59
early life, 4, 6–8, 16, 19–21, 205, 322–6
expedition to America (1526), 26, 55
humanitarianism, 109–10
his instructions, 91–7, 127–8, 131, 136, 138, 218, 240, 256, 268, 283, 322–3
and letter to foreign rulers, 108–10, 323
meeting with Scheyfve, 113–14
and Muscovy Company council, 90, 242–7, 258–62
and Muscovy Company foundation, 61–5
and Muscovy Company incorporation, 254–5
preparations for Russian expedition, 50–65
and religion, 43–4, 93–4, 157, 239, 323
respect for pilots, 51
return to England, 36–44, 240
and Serchthrift expedition, 302–3, 305
and shipbuilding, 66–9
in Spanish service, 22–4, 26, 29
Cabot/Adams map (1544), 48–50, 56, 59, 92, 96, 171, 347
Calais, loss of, 297, 312
cannibalism, 92, 96, 183
carracks, 67
cartography, see maps and map-making
Casa de Contratación, 22, 29, 36, 38
Caspian Sea, 177, 278, 306
Catherine of Aragon, 31, 40, 105, 252
Catholicism, re-establishment of, 249–52, 313–14
caulking, 67–8
Cecil, Sir William, 220, 311
Chancellor, Nicholas, 287, 310, 354
Chancellor, Richard, 6–8, 50–1, 82–3, 86, 90, 325–7
his appointment, 73, 78–9
and astronomy, 74–7, 115
and compass variation, 145–6
delay at Harwich, 115–17
journey to Moscow, 161–3, 170–5, 205
measurements at sea, 121–3, 125, 127, 148
meeting with Ivan IV, 184–9, 194–8, 200–3
and Muscovy Company council, 90, 242–7, 258–62
residence in Kholmogory, 155–60
residence in Moscow, 175–9, 184–9, 194–8, 210–17
return from Russia, 215, 225–33
reunion with Cabot, 230, 233–5
second expedition and shipwreck, 258, 263–80, 282–8
and separation of fleet, 130–4, 140–2
and Serchthrift expedition, 302, 305
suffers from depression, 131
voyage to Russia, 102–3, 107, 114–17, 134–9
Charles V, Emperor, 23, 36, 38–9, 53, 113, 263, 295
Cheke, Sir John, 45–6, 48, 107–8, 250
cloth trade, 41–2, 57–8, 61, 210, 260, 275–6, 312, 320, 324
cogs, 66
colpecks, 184, 200
Columbus, Christopher, 14–16, 18, 29, 122, 146
Company of Cathay, 321
compass readings and variation, 121–2, 145–7, 300, 305
Constantinople, 185, 190
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 75
Cotton, Robert, 220
Cranmer, Thomas, 105, 207, 249–50
Cromwell, Thomas, 32–3, 298
cross-staffs, 76, 123
Dallaber, James, 82, 90, 242
Dante, 15
Danzig, 267, 295
dead reckoning, 122–3
Dee, John, 107, 135, 143, 145, 220, 237, 302, 311
connection to Dudley, 46, 74, 157
friendship with Chancellor, 6, 123, 157, 326–7
mathematics and astronomy, 45–6, 59–60, 74–7
and route to Moscow, 340
views on trade, 322
Deptford, 104–5, 107
Derbysh-Ali, 278
Dias, Bartolomeu, 132
discipline and punishments, 92–3, 118–19
distance, measurement of, 122
Dmitri, Prince, 191–2
dogs, 219, 316
Don, river, 278
Drake, Sir Francis, 8, 48, 228, 327
Drapers’ Hall, 298
Drenton Water, 284
Dudley, Guildford, 152, 154, 207, 209, 237
Dudley, John, Duke of Northumberland, 34–5, 37–9, 43
connection to Dee, 46, 74, 157
execution, 207–8, 237, 241, 253
promotes canvas manufacture, 68
and royal succession, 106, 152–4
and Russian expedition, 52–7, 61, 64, 78, 84, 240–1
Dudley, John, junior, 237
Dudley, Mary, 46, 237
Durforth, Cornelius, 82, 90, 130–2, 141–2, 149, 167, 231, 302
Durforth, John, 85
Dvina, river, 138, 160, 205, 264, 267–8
dyes, 275–6, 320
Dymocke, John, 292
East India Company, 9, 321
Eastland Company, 321
Eden, Richard, 3, 5–7, 9–10, 64, 262, 300, 306–8, 326
Edge, Thomas, 320
Edinburgh, 289
Edward the Confessor, King, 296
Edward VI, King, 5–6
and audience with Ivan IV, 188–9, 194
compared with Ivan IV, 190–2, 211
his death, 106–8, 112, 152–3, 189, 206–7, 236–7, 240–1, 253, 271
early life, 37, 43, 45–6, 50, 190–1
Ivan IV’s letter to, 215–16, 245–6
letter to foreign rulers, 8, 108–9, 138, 160, 163, 175–6, 188, 272, 279, 323
religious practice under, 207, 249–51, 314, 349
and siege of Lauder, 168
and voyages of exploration, 53–4, 64, 67, 108, 146
Edward Bonaventure, 67, 73, 215, 217, 269, 326
attacked by pirates, 226–9
gentlemen and crew, 82–3, 85–8, 241–2
purser’s instructions, 280–1
return voyage, 215, 225–33
Russian passengers, 282–3, 286–7, 291–2
second expedition and shipwreck, 248, 264, 280–9
and separation of fleet, 130–2, 140–4, 217
and Serchthrift expedition, 302–3
voyage to Russia, 108, 117, 127, 130–2, 134–44, 203, 205
Edwards, Arthur, 162, 269
Edwards, Laurence, 117
Elizabeth I, Queen, 7, 105–6, 209, 227, 293, 295, 321–2
and Mary’s supposed pregnancy, 262–3
relations with Ivan IV, 317–18
succeeds to throne, 313–14
Enciso, Martin Fernandez de, 33
England
collapse of cloth trade, 57–8, 61
currency debasement, 57
decline of merchant shipping, 50, 83–4
development of scholarship, 5–6
geographical knowledge in, 20–1, 326–7
Napea’s impressions of, 296–8
re-establishment of Catholicism, 249–52, 313–14
reliance on foreign seafarers, 34–5, 325
Spaniards in, 248–9
supplies of military material, 293–5, 318
trade with Russia, 216–17, 234–5, 242–7, 275–80, 318–20
English language, 5
ephemerides tables, 75, 77, 125
Equator, 5, 25, 27, 65, 92
Erith, 112
Euclid, 46
Every, William, 87, 117
Ferdinand I, Emperor, 263, 295
Finnmark, 127–9
fish, 210, 260
Fitzalan, Henry, Earl of Arundel, 249, 254
Flanders, 226, 293
Fletcher, Giles, 342
food and drink, 87–8, 91, 117, 126–7, 166, 219
Foxe, John, 314
fox-hunting, 290
France
the king’s pavilions, 52, 212
maritime expansion, 53
at war with England, 37, 57, 84, 227, 297
Franciscan monks, 251–2, 312
Franklin, Sir John, 8
Frobisher, Sir Martin, 310, 321, 327
Frothingham, Christopher, 243
furs, 58, 183, 210, 234, 282–3, 289, 308–9
galleasses, 67
Gardiner, Alexander, 141
Gardiner, Stephen, Bishop of Winchester, 239
Garrard, Sir William, 61, 64, 242, 255
Gascony, 21
Gefferson, William, 82, 90, 167
geography, knowledge of, 20–1, 29–30, 62, 74, 311
and development of cartography, 46–9, 326–7
see also maps and map-making
Gilbert, Humphrey, 48
Godwin, Francis, Bishop of Hereford, 327
gold, 4, 8–9, 14, 27, 31, 49, 95–6, 261, 289, 324
Good, Richard, 269
Goose Island, 149
Gravesend, 112, 302
Gray, Richard, 258–9, 269, 272, 309
Great Yarmouth, 115
Greek, 108
Greenland, 56, 58, 143
Greenwich, 104–8, 111, 251–2, 312
Gresham, Sir John, 242
Grey, Anne, 152–3
Grey, Henry, Duke of Suffolk, 152–4, 208–9
Grey, Lady Jane, 152–4, 191, 206–9, 236–7, 293
Guadalquivir, river, 23
Guienne, 21
Gulf Stream, 134, 218
gunnery, development of, 337
gunpowder, 86–7, 91
Gwinne, Robert, 83
gyrfalcons, 283
Hakluyt, Richard (editor), 58, 220, 276, 322, 354
and English trade and exploration, 6–7, 21
and Russian expedition, 83, 86, 215, 218, 279, 283, 323
Hakluyt, Richard (lawyer), 6
Hamburg, 295
Hamel, Dr Joseph, 351
Hampton Court, 105, 262–3
Harry Grace à Dieu (renamed Edward), 111–12
Harwich, 115, 117–18, 121, 141
Hasel, Thomas, 276
Hasse, John, 82, 183, 210, 215, 268
and Muscovy Company council, 242, 244–6, 259
Hattery, Thomas, 269
Helgeland, 125
Henry, Duke of Cornwall, 40
Henry VII, King, 15–17, 19–21, 55, 62, 105, 152
Henry VIII, King, 26, 36, 40, 47, 71, 138, 293
assertion of supremacy, 33, 178
and Greenwich Palace, 105–6
naval expansion under, 34, 37, 66–7, 71, 104, 111–12
religious practice under, 208, 249–51
and royal succession, 106, 152
and voyages of exploration, 30–3
Herberstein, Sigismund von, 340
Herbert, William, Earl of Pembroke, 254
Holbein, Hans, 66
Holinshed, Raphael, 352
Holmhead, 121
horses, 162, 172, 174, 211–12, 214, 270, 344
Horsey, Sir Jerome, 344
Howlet, John, 258
Hudson, Christopher, 269, 276–7
Hudson Bay, 20
Hussey, Anthony, 255, 300
hygiene, 85, 91
Iceland, 22, 54–5, 56, 113
icons, 158, 185–6
impressment, 84, 240
Incent, John, 283–5, 288
Indians
American, 58, 92, 109
shipwrecked, 59–60
influenza, 296, 313
Ingram, Richard, 167
Ipswich, 68
Irtysh, river, 311
Isle of Brazil, 13
Isle of Dogs, 104
Italian master builders and architects, 178, 196, 275
Italian states, 62–3, 138, 163
Ivan III, Tsar, 138, 176–7
Ivan IV (‘the terrible’), Tsar
and Chancellor’s arrival, 137–9, 155, 160, 173, 175–6, 178–9, 182
and Chancellor’s first visit, 184–9, 194–8, 200–3, 211–17
and Chancellor’s second visit, 271–80
compared with Edward VI, 190–2, 211
and English trade, 216–17, 234–5, 245–7, 275–8, 293
letter from Mary and Philip, 270–2, 276, 279, 299
letter to Edward VI, 215–16, 245–6
military campaigns, 278–9, 305–6
and military supplies, 293–5, 318
paranoia and cruelty, 192–3, 198–9, 315–16
promise concerning Willoughby, 217, 242–3, 265
relations with Muscovy Company, 317–18
religiosity, 198–9, 202, 278
siege of Kazan, 186–7
Jacks, Austen, 87
Japan, 14, 18, 49, 58
Jenkinson, Anthony, 161, 172, 184, 198, 213–14, 316–17, 344
commands Russian expedition, 299, 306
discovery of unicorn’s head, 354
negotiations with Ivan IV, 277–8
Johnson, Richard, 269
Judde, Sir Andrew, 242
Julius III, Pope, 249
Kanin peninsula, 164
Kasaevich, Simeon (Ediger Mohammed), 186–7
Kazan, 186–7, 215, 278–9
keel-hauling, 119
Kent Weald, 338
Kersey, Suffolk, 276
Kholmogory, 138–9, 155–7, 160–1, 163, 172–5, 187, 215, 283–4, 317
rope-making in, 309, 311, 320
and second expedition, 265, 267–8, 277, 279
Killingworth, George, 258–9, 265, 267–70, 272–4, 276–8
his beard, 273–4
Kinnarodden, 340
Kola peninsula, 1, 165, 180
Kolguev island, 150, 164
Kyrtom, Margaret, 349
Lake Yanozero, 180
Lane, Henry, 225–6, 265, 269, 271–4, 285, 304
Langley, Thomas, 90, 167
Lartique, 337
latitude, 75, 123, 125, 127, 148, 156
Lauder, siege of, 167–9, 205
laws of Oleron, 118
Lea, river, 111
lead and line measurements, 124, 142–3, 147–8, 305
Lee, Dr Edward, 26–7, 29–32
letters of marque, 227
Levant Company, 321
Limehouse Reach, 103, 231
Lithuania, 234
Livonia, 210, 295
Lofoten islands, 127, 283
log-lines, 122
Lomnour, Edmund, 154
Lomnour, Katherine, 154
London
and Chancellor’s return, 231
commercial expansion, 42
compared with Moscow, 297–8
foreign merchant communities, 20, 42, 57, 207
Great Fire, 347
journeymen in, 85–6
Napea’s visit, 291–8
outbreak of sweating sickness, 254
and re-establishment of Catholicism, 251–2
and Wyatt’s rebellion, 208–9, 239
longitude, 123, 146, 300, 353
Louvain, 45–6, 75
Lowestoft, 115
Liibeck, 295
Luther, Martin, 34
Machyn, Henry, 106, 114, 251, 254, 297, 312
Magellan, Fernando, 26
Mainwaring, Sir Henry, 227
Makarov, Feofan, 139, 265, 283–4
malaria, 118
maps and map-making, 17, 19, 21, 25–6, 46–51, 103, 326
Cabot/Adams map (1544), 48–50, 56, 59, 92, 96, 171, 347
Jean Rotz’s map, 334
Mercator’s map, 59, 143–4, 147, 354
Olaus Magnus’s map, 342
Spanish maps, 29–30
William Borough’s chart, 305
Mary, Queen, 105–6, 206–9, 236–9, 292–3, 312–14
coronation, 207, 292, 347
her death, 313
growing unpopularity, 292–3, 312
and Lady Jane Grey, 152–4, 206–7, 209
letter to Ivan IV, 270–2, 276, 279
loss of Calais, 297, 312
and Napea’s visit, 292–5, 299
re-establishment of Catholicism, 249–52, 313–14
and Russian expedition, 241, 253–4, 259, 283, 289, 294
Spanish marriage, 208, 236, 238–9, 248
and Stafford’s rebellion, 297
supposed pregnancies, 262–3, 312
and Wyatt’s rebellion, 208–9
Mary of Guise, 289
mathematics, 45–6, 51, 59, 74, 325–6
Matthew, 13
Mecca, 14
Mercator, Gerard, 46, 59, 75, 143, 147, 354
merchant adventurers
joint stock enterprise, 61–5, 96
the name, 42, 61
sale of shares, 63–4
selection of council, 90
see also Muscovy Company
Merchant Taylors’ school, 25
metals, 27
Michiel, Giovanni, 265, 296
Middleton Hall, 70–1, 153
Mikulinsky-Punkov, Prince Semen Ivanovich, 187, 265
Mohammed, Ediger, see Kasaevich, Simeon
Molton, Richard, 141
monasteries
dissolution of, 41, 54, 63, 251
restoration of, 251–2
Russian, 172
Mongols, 14–15, 137, 278
Monomakh, cap of, 185, 214, 343
Montagu, Viscount, 291
Moscow, 137–8, 155–6, 160–1, 163, 234, 246, 294
burned by Tartars, 316
Chancellor’s first visit, 170–9, 184–9, 194–8, 210–17
Chancellor’s second visit, 267–80
Christmas celebrations, 213–14
compared with London, 297–8
fire (1547), 176
Italian merchants in, 275
rebuilding under Ivan III, 176–7
Mosken whirlpool, 127
Moskva, river, 177
blessing of, 213–14
Muscovy (the name), 234
Muscovy Company
apprentices, 309–10
charter of incorporation, 253–7, 261, 294
constitution, 254–5
council meetings, 242–7, 258–62
expansion, 318–20
first decade of operation, 311
foundation, 61–5
joint stock enterprise, 61–5, 96, 320–1
list of members, 253–4
official seal, 257
trade agreement with Russians, 275–80
music, 95
Muslim middlemen, 14–15
Napea, Osip, 282–3, 286, 289, 291–300, 352
Narva, 307
narwhals, 354
Nash, Thomas, 118–19, 141
navy, expansion of, 34, 37, 66–7, 71, 84, 104, 111–12
Newfoundland, 17, 19
Nicene Creed, 350
Nokuyev island, 1, 166
North Cape, 132, 143, 283, 303, 340
north-east passage, 4, 7–8, 58–60, 62, 244, 256, 261, 302, 305, 310–11
north-west passage, 8, 58–9, 310, 321
Novaya Zemlya, 148–9, 154
Novgorod, 137, 182, 215, 277, 307
Nunes, Pedro, 45
Ob, river, 302, 305, 311
oprichniki (‘children of darkness’), 315–16
Order of the Garter, 238
Orford Ness, 116
Orthodox religion, 158–9, 172, 182–3, 251, 272
Orwell, river, 115
Ostrich, Henry, 36, 38
Ottoman Empire, 15, 50, 192
Pacie, Edward, 269
Palmer, Peter, 88
Paris, 46, 74
Patmer, Hugh, 26, 55
Paulet, William, Marquis of Winchester, 64, 242, 254
Pechenga, river, 182
Pembrokeshire, 33, 54
Penshurst, 237
Perejaslavl, 173
Persia, 306, 318, 321
Pet, Arthur, 85
Petre, Sir William, 293–4, 299
pewter, 276
Philip II, King of Spain, 208, 238–9, 241–2, 246, 248, 251, 297
and Napea’s visit, 293–4, 299
and Russian expedition, 241, 253–4, 259, 270–1, 283
and supposed pregnancies, 262–3, 312
Philip, Prince, 113
Philip and Mary, 248, 258, 264, 280, 282, 284–5, 305, 351
pickerie, 118
pilots, 3, 34, 47, 51, 72, 128–9, 146
piracy, 226–9, 296
Pitsligo, 285, 287, 289
Plesco, 277, 307
Pliny, 49
Poland, 234, 267, 295
poldavies, 68
Pole Star, 125, 146
Pole, Cardinal, 249
Polo, Marco, 4, 9, 14, 49, 58
Pomors, 136
Portsmouth, 113
Price, Edward, 269
‘pristavs’, 210
privateering, 56, 72, 84, 227
Protestantism, 34, 43–4, 54, 83, 117, 157–8, 172, 207, 239, 313–14
Protestants, burning of, 252, 292, 296, 312
providentialism, 26, 29, 156
Psalms, 6, 214
Ptolemy, 3, 6
puffins, 126–7, 340
quadrants, 76–7, 123, 125
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 106, 321–2
Randolph, Thomas, 316–17, 341
Ratcliffe, 81, 91, 101, 106, 120–1
Reformation Parliament, 33
reindeer-herders, 182–3
Ribault, Jean, 54
Richard III, King, 16
Robbins, John, 258
Rodionov, Filipp, 139
Rogers, John, 252
Rome, 185, 190
rope-making, 68, 309, 320
Rose Island, 136
Røst islands, 126–7
Rostov, 173
Ruddock, Alwyn, 330
Russell, Francis, Earl of Bedford, 335
Russell, John, Earl of Bedford, 48, 64, 238, 242, 254, 335, 348
Russia, 137–9
animal life, 166, 171, 204, 308
armies, 212–13, 346
and beards, 273–4
commodities, 210, 307–9, 318, 324
death and burials, 159
diet, 171
hospitality, 155, 157, 175, 195, 201–3, 270, 273–4
military supplies, 293–5, 318
noblemen’s attire, 184
penal system, 297
postal system, 174, 343
religion, 157–9, 182–3
royal succession, 191–2
temperature and seasons, 170–1, 342
terror campaign, 315–16
towns, 173
trade with England, 216–17, 234–5, 242–7, 275–80, 318–20
travel in, 161–2, 173–4, 234
rutters, 47, 93, 146
St Augustine, 3
St Bartholomew’s friary, 252, 312
St Bartholomew’s Hospital, 254
St Basil’s Cathedral, 187, 278
St Christopher, 303
St George, 296, 346
St John’s College, Cambridge, 45
St Mary Spital, 296
St Nicholas, 137, 226, 268, 282–3, 305
St Osyth, 116
St Peter, 159
Saint Tryphon, 182
salt, 137, 324
Sami peoples, 182–3
Samoyeds, 183, 304
Sanderson, William, 225–6
Santa Cruz, Alonso de, 353
Saunders, Laurence, 252
Saviour, 32, 332
Scarborough Castle, 297
Scheyfve, Jehan, 53–5, 107–8, 113
Scotland
and Edward shipwreck, 285–9, 296, 298
at war with England, 37, 56–7, 70–2, 84, 153, 167–9, 227
scurvy, 87, 219
Scythians, 95
sea coal, 219–20
seabirds, 126–7
seafarers, 83–4
foreign, 34–5, 325
seal skins, 309
seals, 9, 137, 166, 204, 324
Sedgewicke, John, 269
Senja island, 128, 242
Serchthrift expedition, 302–5
Seville, 15, 28, 37, 41, 42, 48
English community, 22–3, 26, 31
trade in silver, 22
Seymour, Edward, Duke of Somerset, 37, 43
Seymour, Thomas, 38, 227
Shakespeare, William, 5
shipbuilding, 66–9, 104
ships, measurement of size, 335
ships, square- or lateen-rigged, 116, 339
shipworm, measures against, 68–9
Sidney, Philip, 238
Sidney, Sir Henry, 46, 51, 64, 74, 78–9, 107–8, 157
and Mary’s accession, 236–9
Spanish embassies, 238–9, 263
Sigismund II, King of Poland, 211
‘silk road’, 306
silver, 4, 22, 27, 96, 289, 344
soldiers, Russian, 213
Southampton, 236, 239
Southcote, John, 255
Spanish Armada, 228
Spanish Inquisition, 31, 44
Spanish Netherlands, 247
spice trade, 27–8
Stafford, John, 83, 90, 116, 141
Stafford, Thomas, 297
Stanton, Robert, 86, 108, 228
Stepney Marsh, 104
Stow, John, 42, 68, 103
sugar, 270
Sukhona, river, 268
sumptuary laws, 308–9
surgeons, 88–9, 118
swimming, 268
Sylvester, 198–9
Syon House, 237
Syria, 321
Tabin headland, 59
Taisner, John, 353
tallow, 307–8
Tartars, 80, 173, 177, 187, 212, 214, 216, 275, 316
Tartary, 58, 177
telescopes, 340
Thirlby, Thomas, 293–4, 299
Thompson, John, 66
Thorne, Robert, 23, 25–34, 41, 54–6, 58, 65, 205, 302
Tower of London, 54, 101, 105–7, 153, 207, 237
train oil, 128, 137, 260, 282, 307–8, 318, 324
traverse boards, 122
Treaty of Boulogne, 168
Treaty of Tordesillas, 27
trial by combat, 269
Trondheim, 284, 305
Turkey, 321
Turks, 275, 278, 306
Tyburn, 296
usury, 63
Vaigach island, 354
Valencia, 15
van der Delft, François, 38–9
Varzina, river, 1, 166, 180, 205, 218, 220, 264
Vasili III, Tsar, 191
Venezuela, 18
Vergil, Polydore, 330
Viskovatyi, Ivan Mikhailovich, 186, 192
Vladimir, 215
Volga, river, 278
Vologda, 162, 172–3, 246, 268–70, 272, 276–7, 279, 282–3, 307, 317
Wagham, Griffin, 87
Walter, Thomas, 88–9
Wapping, 101, 297
Wardhouse, the, 128–9, 131–3, 142–3, 147, 233, 242, 245, 260, 264, 295
wax, 282, 289, 307, 324
weights and measures, 244–5
Westminster Abbey, 296, 313
Westminster Palace, 293
Westminster School, 6, 220
whales, 128, 304, 353
Wigmour, Richard, 254
Wilford, Elizabeth (nee Gale), 254
Wilford, Nicholas, 254
Willoughby, Gabriel, 206
Willoughby, Sir Henry, 71, 152
Willoughby, Henry, 336
Willoughby, Sir Hugh, 7–8, 82–3, 90–1, 322
his appointment, 70–3
and compass variation, 145–7
delay at Harwich, 115–18
disappearance, 218–21, 231, 241–2, 261, 264–5
discovery, 264–5
and Grey family, 152–4
and Ivan IV’s promise, 217, 242–3
preservation of his log, 220–1
and privateering, 72, 227
return of his body, 280, 282, 284, 302, 351
and separation of fleet, 130–3, 140–4
and siege of Lauder, 167–9
voyage to Norway, 102–3, 114–18, 121–9
voyage to Novaya Zemlya, 147–51
wintering in Russia, 164–9, 180–2, 204–6, 217
Willoughby, Sir John, 336
Willoughby, Rose, 336
Willoughby’s Land, 354
Wilson, Roger, 167
Winchester, 239
Windsor Castle, 107
wolverines, 166, 171
Wolvesey Castle, 239
woollen cloth, 28, 34, 312
Woolwich, 107, 111–12
Worstead, Norfolk, 276
written records, importance of, 5–6, 93, 305
Wyatt, Sir Thomas, 208–9, 239, 263
Yaroslavl’, 173, 277
Yorke, Sir John, 242