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Abdalati, Waleed 158
Abramovich, Roman 12, 39–40, 41–2, 55–6, 62
Abruzzi, Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of 10
acculturation (of indigenous peoples) 15, 48–9, 73–4, 110, 121–3, 127–8, 171–2, 233, 253–4
acid rain 52–3, 150, 197
Agafangel, Father (Anadyr priest) 39
airships 15, 214–17, 218–20
Aitmatov, Chingiz 56, 57
Aivilik people 112–13
Aivilimmiut people 132
Akhmatova, Anna 321, 323
Aklavik 119
Alan people 58
Alaska: Anchorage 22, 77, 98; Barrow 21, 70, 89–90, 217; Dalton Highway 65–6, 75, 77–85, 88–91, 103, 113; Fairbanks 67, 71, 72, 75–7, 86, 95; first settlers 65; ‘freedoms’ of 70, 97–8; gas 89; Inuit population 21, 41, 68–70, 71, 72–4, 75, 79–80, 86, 90–91, 96, 118; Native Claims and Settlement Act (1971) 72–3; oil 71–2, 73, 74, 90, 92, 103; permafrost 79, 102–3; proximity to Russia 12, 22, 23–4, 41, 75; size 70; ‘sourdoughs’ 76–7, 98; statehood 71; Toolik Field Station 90–91, 94–8, 101–3; Trans-Alaska pipeline 66, 70, 72, 74, 80–81, 92; University of Alaska 75, 77, 83, 91, 102; whaling 21, 90
Albanov, Valerian 11
albedo 270–71
Albert, Prince 68
Albert I Land 199
alcohol 15, 22, 48, 70, 71, 122, 126, 167, 288, 312; see also drunkenness; vodka; whiskey
alders 59, 78, 189
Alexander Archipelago 93
Alexy II, Patriarch 39
Algonquin people 115; languages 97, 115
Allakariallak (‘Nanook’) 116–17
alpenglow 89
alpine azaleas 186
Alta fjord 235
aluminium 153, 264
AMAP (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme) 7, 14, 52
Ambarchik 286
amphipods 204, 209
Amundsen, Roald 215–20, 227, 248, 278
Anadyr (region) 22
Anadyr (town): cathedral 38–9; development of 26–7, 37, 39–40, 154; fitness centre 55–6; life in 26–7, 35–8, 40, 43, 54, 62; Medvedev visits 59–61; migration 31, 36; museum 56; restaurants/bars 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 54; restricted zones 59; supermarket/shops 8, 36, 37, 40, 43; travel to 24–6, 62
Anadyr River 22
Anasazi civilisation 228
Anatoli (Anadyr-born engineer) 42–3
Anchorage 22, 77, 99
Anchorage Times 71
Anders (Sámi herder) 254
Anders, Lars 242, 249
Andrée, Salomon 213–14
Anglo American (mining conglomerate) 134
angmagiaq (fish) 142–3
Angmagssalik (Tasiilaq) 179, 187
Ankudonov, Pavel 279, 281–2
Anna (Solovki tour guides) 306, 308, 309, 311, 312–13, 316–17, 318–19, 320–21, 323
Antarctica: Amundsen’s expedition 248, 278; appeal of 4, 18, 211; freezers in 91; ice sheet 150, 270; McMurdo Station 152, 205; Scott’s expedition 176, 248, 274; sea ice 281–2
Anthony, St 307
anthropocene 229
Antonia (wildlife watercolourist on Spitsbergen) 209–211
apatite 50–51
Applebaum, Anne 318, 323
Arctic Circle: cycle of life above 3, 94; as frontier 5, 82, 86, 201, 243, 306; industry within 32, 43, 52, 66; and treeline 111
Arctic convoys (Second World War) 271–2
Arctic Divide 76, 88, 90–92
Arctic Farming subsidies (EU) 5
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) 7, 14, 52
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (Alaska) 103
Arctic Ocean: chemical contaminants 128–9, 195–7; and climate change 6, 265–6, 270–71, 283–4, 298–9; currents 6, 265, 282–4; first crossings of 213–20; North-West Passage 284, 290–97, 298; Northern Sea Route 279, 284–7, 298; nuclear waste 267; sea ice 263, 265, 269–71, 274, 281–2, 298–9; size 265; Soviet drift stations 287–9, 290; tourism 261, 263–4; see also Barents Sea; Beaufort Sea; Kara Sea; Laptev Sea; White Sea
Arctic Roll (dessert) 8, 12
Arkhangel 219, 244, 271, 286, 312, 314
Armstrong, Neil 99
Arnold, General H.H. 289–90
aspen 78, 241
Athabascan people 80, 86; language 114
Atlantic Monthly 121
Atlantic Richfield (oil company) 72
atomic and nuclear power 43, 266–9
Auarket 179
Auden, W.H. 147
aurora borealis see Northern Lights
Austria and Austrians 206, 244, 272
Avanersuaq 155, 169
aviation 10, 15–16, 48, 108, 123, 175, 176, 178, 182, 186–7, 220, 289–90; see also airships; ballooning
azaleas, alpine 186
Baalsrud, Jan 246–8, 271
BAARE (British Arctic Air Route Expedition) 177–9, 180–87
baculum (penis bone) 61, 112, 191
Baffin Island 107, 112, 117, 130, 132, 139, 142
Baikal, Lake 12
Baldwin, Stanley 176
Balkars 58
ballooning 15, 213–14, 216
Balstad, Liv 223–4, 225–6
Banks Island 119, 294
Bardufoss 247
Barents Sea 195, 220, 233, 248, 249, 265, 266, 271, 272, 305; oil and gas reserves 230, 264, 269; see also White Sea
Barentsburg 221–24
barnacle geese 195, 207–8, 209, 210
Barrens, The (Canada) 120–22, 129
Barrow, Sir John 291
Barrow, Alaska 21, 70, 89–90, 217
Barrow Strait 295
Basques 198
Bassano, Jacopo 186
Batten, Jean 176
Bay of Biscay 198
Bay of God’s Mercy 140
BBC 53, 183
bears: brown bears 234, 235; grizzly bears 80, 86; see also polar bears
Beaufort Sea 103, 111
beavers 82, 235; fur 113–14, 235
Begeza 304
Bellona (environmental organisation) 268, 269
Bellsund 224
beluga whales 25, 62, 127, 171, 225
Bennett, James Gordon 285
Berezovsky, Boris 39
Bergeron, Bella 149–51
Bering, Vitus 285
Bering Sea 21
Bering Strait 21, 41, 61, 65, 284, 285, 286
berries 31, 97, 98, 307; bilberries 59, 241, 320; cranberries 97, 313; crowberries 112, 154, 180; hagberries 306; lingonberries 254; whortleberries 323
Biagi, Giuseppe 218–19
Biard, François-Auguste 202
bilberries 59, 241, 320
Bilibino 43
bioaccumulation (of toxins) 196–7
birch 78, 241, 304, 314
birds: bluethroats 241; bramblings 255–6; eagles 234, 238; fulmars 279; guillemot 170, 276, 279; kittiwakes 222, 279; loons (divers) 96–7, 103, 208, 279–80, 313, 323; migratory birds 12, 141; northern harriers 88; phalarope 208; plovers 141, 208; pollution and 74, 196, 197; ptarmigan 96, 180; puffin 208; rough-legged hawks 88; sanderlings 208; sandhill cranes 139; snow buntings 4, 208; songbirds 4; terns 59, 199, 280; see also ducks; geese; gulls; swans
bison (buffalo) 15, 65, 121
Bjørnsdatter, Sigrid 17
Black Ridge (Greenland) 154
blackflies 135, 136
Bligh Reef (Alaska) 74
blogging 140, 161–2, 164
blubber 16, 112, 128, 141, 189, 196, 199, 268
bluethroats 241
Bolsheviks 288, 289, 309, 315, 316
Bolshoi Zayatski 312–14, 325–6
bowhead whales 14, 21, 90, 110, 111, 127, 199, 200
Boyd, Robert 315
BP (oil company) 72, 90
bramblings 255–6
Brandal Point 208, 211
Britain: Admiralty 271, 291, 292, 296; Celtic peoples 312; national stereotype 15; North American territories 113, 115; and North-West Passage 291; polar heroes 176, 186, 291–2, 296–7; Royal Geographical Society 177, 187; Royal Navy 212–13, 270, 291; Second World War 107, 108, 271–2; wine production 158; see also London
British Arctic Air Route Expedition (BAARE) 177–9, 180–87
British Columbia 118
Brody, Hugh 118
bromine 160–61, 163
Bronze Age 313–14, 324, 325–6
Brooks Range 88–9, 90, 102, 138
brown bears 234, 235
Brown-Bottom Island 290
buffalo (bison) 15, 65, 121
Burgess, Anthony 63
Buryat people 58
Butler, Rab 185
buttercups, snow 273
Cadbury’s cocoa 10
caddisflies 314
Canada: Arctic sovereignty claims 7, 8, 117, 123, 125, 130–31, 298; Canada-Nunavut Geoscience Office 133; Department of Northern Affairs and Natural Resources 117, 124, 125; extent of Arctic territory 5, 12–13, 110–111; francophone population 109; Geological Survey of Canada 131, 136; has ‘too much geography’ 111, 131; Hudson Bay 111, 115–16, 120, 129, 131, 290, 291; Inuit population 9, 108, 109–130, 131–2, 138–40, 142, 144–5, 195; Klondike Gold Rush 66–8, 76, 79, 98, 223; mineral reserves 129–30, 133–4, 157; national identity 109, 110; Natural Resources Canada 131; place names 138; Royal Canadian Mounted Police 117, 123, 124, 125, 298; Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples 123–6; Southampton Island 108, 112–13, 131–45, 175, 182, 205; treatment of indigenous peoples 15, 117–30; whaling 111, 122, 127
Cape Dan 179
Cape Dorset 112
Cape Flora 276
Cape Knipovich 280
Cape Norway 273, 274, 278
carbon dioxide (CO2) 6, 102, 103, 227, 229, 271
Carcass, HMS 212, 213
caribou: encounters with 13; etymology of name 97; as food 81; hunting of 79, 80, 121, 138–9; migration 96, 120; skins 96, 112
Carpenter, Edmund 120
Carpenter, Mary 119
Carson, Rachel, Silent Spring 120, 197
Carswell, Horace 272
Cartier, Jacques 177
castration: of reindeer 3, 252; sects 310
Catherine the Great 44
CB radio 79, 89
cedars 306
Chakungal, Joyia 136–7
Chandalar River 68, 89
Chapman, F. Spencer 181, 184
char 142
Charcot, Jean 277
Charlier, Anna 215
Chatanika River 78
Chechens 58
Chekhov, Anton 12, 19, 32–3, 38, 44
Chelyuskin (ship) 286, 287
Chelsea Football Club 12, 40, 55
Chernobyl 252, 266, 268
cherry trees 306
Cherry-Garrard, Apsley 175
Chersky 51
Chicago 90
children: affected by pollution 14, 53, 128, 196; childbirth 114; children’s teeth 228; cleaning of Inuit children 97; in gulags 50, 317, 323; indigenous children’s schooling 30, 118–19, 140, 155, 166; Muir on indigenous groups’ parenting 94; nursing of Sámi children 238, 240, 251
Chilingarov, Artur 130, 291
Chilkoot Pass 66, 67
China 204
Chinook language 77
Chipewyan people 114
Chkalov, Valery 289
Chris (Southampton Island bear monitor) 138–9, 141
Christian IV, King of Denmark 155
Christiania (Oslo) 87, 182, 277, 278
Chukchi people: appearance 21, 25, 44; art 40–41; diseases 31; early contact with Russians 44, 46; folk songs 8; history of 22–3, 40–41, 56, 68; jokes 35, 80; language 58–9; reputation 21–2, 35; treatment of 22–3, 29–32, 46, 53–5, 56, 116, 118, 129, 156
Chukotka: Abramovich’s fiefdom 12, 39–40, 41–2, 55–6, 62; coast 285, 286; entry restrictions 23–4, 34, 37; government of 23, 28, 29, 37, 39, 42–3, 55; Medvedev visits 8, 12, 34, 59–61; oil and mineral reserves 28, 32, 40; proximity to America 12, 22, 23–4, 41, 75; Radio Chukotka 34–5; reindeer herds 28, 30–31; remoteness 12, 22, 34–5, 62; supplies to 27–8, 30, 31, 43; under Soviet system 28–30, 35, 41, 51, 53–4, 55; unemployment 27; weather 12, 35–6; whaling 21; see also Anadyr; Providenya
Chukotka Marine Mammal Hunters’ Association 21, 27–8
Chukotka Science Support Group 24
climate change: Arctic as lead player 4, 6–7, 13, 91, 131, 149, 151–2, 225–6, 228, 261; and Arctic Ocean 6, 265–6, 270–71, 283–4, 298–9; greenhouse gases 92, 102–3, 190, 225–7; historic antecedents 17, 40, 111, 158, 188, 189–91, 226, 227, 228; ice core projects 14, 149–52, 173, 174, 226; and indigenous peoples 139–40, 157, 252; melting of ice sheets and glaciers 152, 158, 207, 270–71, 284; and permafrost 6, 91, 102–3; solutions to 134, 190–91, 228, 229; temperature rises 6, 102–3, 227–9
coal 49, 115, 203, 220–24, 264, 287
cod 155; cod liver oil 204, 268
coffee 234, 235, 242
Cold War 7, 50, 170, 224, 290; DEW (Distant Early Warning) line (radar stations) 16, 70–71, 108, 131, 153, 290
Coldfoot, Alaska 83, 84–5
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 114–15
collectivisation (Soviet) 29, 30, 90, 318
Collins, Wilkie, The Frozen Deep 297–8
Columbia Glacier 74
Comanche people 15
computer games 13, 141
Cone, Marla 128–9, 197
conservation 86, 92–3, 95, 103, 120, 261
continental drift 183
continental shelf sovereignty claims 7–8, 61, 130, 298
Conway, Sir Martin 212
Conway Glacier 210
Cook, Frederick 99, 100–101
Cook, Captain James 291
Cook Inlet 75
Copenhagen 152, 165, 170, 178, 187
copper 52, 129, 252
Coppermine River Inuit people 114
Coral Harbour 132, 133, 139, 141, 143–5
Cornwallis Island 117, 125
Cossacks 22, 44, 236, 286, 310
cottongrass 59, 112, 255–6
Courtauld, Augustine 177–8, 182–3, 184–6, 188, 190
Cox, Nick 202–3, 204–6, 209, 212
Craig Harbour (Grise Fjord; Nusuittuq) 117, 123
cranberries 97, 313
cranes, sandhill 139
Crimean War 291
crowberries 112, 154, 180
Crutzen, Paul 229
cryolite 153
Cudahy, John 315
Dalarna 234
Dall sheep 88, 93
Dalton Highway, Alaska 65–6, 75, 77–85, 88–91, 103, 113; construction of 65, 75, 79, 90
Danskøya (Danish Island) 213
Danzas, Y. 318
Darwin, Charles 141
Date Line, International 22
d’Aunet, Léonie 202
Davies, Robertson, The Manticore 105
Davis, John (Elizabethan navigator) 18
Davis Strait 13, 154
Dawson City 66–7
Day After Tomorrow, The (film) 284
DDT (pesticide) 196
Deadhorse, Alaska 77, 79, 90
Defoe, Daniel, Robinson Crusoe 115
deforestation 15
DeLong, George Washington 285–6
Denali 76
Dene people 114
Denmark: Arctic sovereignty claims 7, 130–31; coal supplies 221; control of Greenland 155–6, 157; Copenhagen 152, 165, 170, 178, 187; Danes going native in Greenland 15; treatment of indigenous peoples 168, 170–71, 249
dentistry 163–4, 186
Denver 151
Depression, Great 87, 186
Deripaska, Oleg 52
Devon Island 5
DEW (Distant Early Warning) line (radar stations) 16, 71, 108, 131, 153, 290
Diamond, Jared 189–90
diamonds 111, 129, 135, 157
Dibb, Jack 160, 161, 162–3, 175, 189, 190
Dickens, Catherine 297
Dickens, Charles 15, 293, 295, 297–8
Diefenbaker, John 122
diphtheria 68, 69, 72
Distant Early Warning (DEW) line (radar stations) 16, 70, 108, 131, 153, 290
divers (loons) 96–7, 103, 208, 279–80, 313, 323
dog-mushing 87, 99, 139
Dolgan people 46
Domododevo (airline) 24, 62
Dorothea (graduate student on Spitsbergen) 227–8
Dorset people 112
Dostoevsky, Fyodor 45, 306
Doug (Geological Survey of Canada scientist) 131, 132, 135, 138
Douglas, Norman 243
Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan 280
drift stations (Soviet) 287–9, 290
drugs 110, 126, 243
drunkenness 8, 31, 110, 142, 236, 238–9, 243, 250; see also alcohol
ducks: eider 139, 208, 210; long-tailed (oldsquaws) 141, 208
Dudinka 264
Duke of York Bay 135
Dundurn Indian Reserve 120
Dvina River 315
Dzhurma (ship) 286
Dzor, Eduard 21, 22, 27–8, 31
Eagle, Alaska 74
Eagle (balloon) 213–14, 216
Eagle, The (comic) 213
eagles 234, 238
Earhart, Amelia 176
earthquakes 80–81
eclipse, solar 282
Ed (Greenland ice sheet scientist) 152–3
Edgeøya 176, 201
Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII) 178
EEC/EU 5, 156, 234, 298
Eichmanns, Fyodor (gulag administrator) 316
Eisenhower, Dwight D. 71
Eismitte station 183–4
Eliot, George, Middlemarch 86
Ellesmere Island 117, 125
Ellsworth, Lincoln 215–17
Empire Tide (ship) 272
Engerdal 234
Episcopal Church 68–9, 89
Erebus, HMS 292–3
Erik the Red 16, 155, 175, 189
ermine 235
‘Eskimo’, meaning of 115
Eskimos see Inuit peoples
EU/EEC 5, 156, 234, 298
Evenk (Tungus) people 44, 46, 47
Eveny people 47–9, 116
Everest, Mount 217, 296
Everett mountains 107
explorers, characteristics of 9–11, 18, 99, 113, 152, 175–6, 182, 212–20, 277, 291–2
Exxon (oil company) 72, 74–5
Exxon Valdez (tanker) 74–5
Fairbanks 67, 71, 72, 75–7, 86, 95; University of Alaska 75, 77, 83, 91, 102
farming subsidies (EU) 5
Faroe Bank 282–3
Faroe Islands 6, 175, 178, 282–3
Federov, Eugene 288
Fedor Ivanovich, Tsar 308
Fennoscandia see Sápmi
Ferguson, Lake 154
FESCO (Far East Shipping Company) 298
Finland: farming 5, 234, 236; Helsinki 250, 262; Russo-Finnish Winter War (1939–40) 244; Sámi population 15, 234, 244, 245, 248–9, 250; Second World War 244–6, 248
Finnmark 236, 237, 246, 249, 256
First World War 176, 186–7, 314–15
fish: angmagiaq 142–3; char 142; cod 155; grayling 86; halibut 169; salmon 35, 68, 75, 81, 98; trout 183
fishing industry 156, 168, 264, 266
Fitzgerald, F. Scott 116; The Great Gatsby 243
Flaherty, Josephie 117, 118
Flaherty, Robert 115–17, 125
flame retardants 197
flowers 273–4; alpine azalea 186; Arctic poppy 14, 273; cottongrass 59, 112, 255–6; crow-berry 112; moss campion 208–9, 273; rosebay 154; saxifrage 154, 186, 208–9, 273; snow buttercups 273; willowherb 154
Ford (Toolik maintenance manager) 91, 92, 95–6
Forsstugan 241
Fort Yukon 66
Foxe Channel 111, 131
foxes, Arctic 203, 208; furs 70, 111, 121, 200–201, 210
Fraenkel, Knut 214
France 158, 164–5; see also Paris
Franklin, Jane, Lady 292–4, 296
Franklin, Sir John 10, 15, 214, 291–8
Franz-Josef Land 266, 272–8, 280, 289
Frederick, Prince of Prussia 297
Frobisher, Sir Martin 113
Frobisher Bay 107–8
Frobisher Bay (town) see Iqaluit
fulmars 279
fur trade 43–4, 45, 70, 111, 113–14, 121, 127, 131, 200–201, 210, 236, 290
Furuflaten 247
G60 policy (Danish) 168
Gabrielsen, Geir Wing 195–8, 229
Gällivare 251, 252
Garnet Lake 157
gas: Alaskan 89; Arctic Ocean 269, 298; Canadian 133–4; competition for 7; Siberian 28, 51, 52; total Arctic reserves 7, 52, 53
Gazprom (Russian oil and gas company) 41, 52
geese: Atlantic brant 141; barnacle geese 195, 207–8, 209, 210; goose fat 114; hunting of 22, 139; snow geese 139, 141
Geological Survey of Canada 131, 136
George V, King 186
Gerhardsen, Einar 224
German, St 307, 317
Germany: restaurants 39; Second World War 153, 244–7, 262–3, 271–2, 316; Weimar Republic 169; Zeppelins 215
Gilyak people 32–3
Ginzburg, Eugenia 50
glaciation 79, 88, 91, 133, 135, 169
glaciers 6, 70, 94, 112, 135, 157–8, 173; calving of 74, 180, 188, 190; Columbia Glacier 74; Conway Glacier 210; Jakobshavn Glacier 158; melting of 158, 283
Glavsevmorput (Soviet Northern Sea Route Administration) 287, 298
Gobblers Knob, Alaska 84, 101
Gogol, Nikolai 33, 34
gold 32, 43, 49–50, 83–4, 111, 129, 157; Klondike Gold Rush 66–8, 76, 79, 87, 98, 223
Gold Standard 186
Golubkova, Svetlana 53
gonorrhoea 17, 167
Goose Bay 108
Gorbachev, Mikhail 61
Gorham, Katrine 161
Gorky, Maxim 22, 323
Graham, Margaret 187
gramophones 183, 218, 289
Gran, Tryggve 220
grapes 158
gravity 158
Gravneset peninsula 199
grayling 86
Great Fish River 295
Great War 176, 186–7, 314–15
Greeks, Ancient 4, 169, 243
Greely, Adolphus 277
greenhouse gases 91, 102–3, 190, 225–7
Greenland: artists and writers in 17, 164–73; Danes go native in 15; east coast 175, 179, 180, 266, 299; etymology of name 155; Home Rule 155–7; hunting 15, 169, 170, 171; ice core projects 14, 149–52, 173–4; ice sheet 13–14, 151, 152, 157–8, 181–2, 266, 270, 283, 284; Inuit population 17, 99–100, 118, 153, 155–7, 165–71, 179, 181, 188–9, 190, 290; Kangerlussuaq 152–6, 157, 174; King Christian X Land 180; marriage rites 15; mineral reserves 157; Nuuk 8, 155, 164; Peary’s explorations 99; pollution 14; Summit 153, 157–64, 173–4; Viking settlers 16–17, 155, 174, 188–91, 228; Watkins’ expeditions 175, 179, 180–88
Greenland Sea 6, 281, 283, 289, 299
Greenpeace 53
Gremikha 267, 268
Grinnell, Henry 294
Grise Fjord (Nusuittuq) 117, 123
grizzly bears 80, 86
Grønfjord 220
Grønlandsk Teknisk Organization 168
ground squirrels 96
guillemot 170, 275, 279
gulags 49–50, 223, 286, 289, 303, 316–23, 324–5
Gulf of Bothnia 245
Gulf Stream 5, 256, 273, 283
Gulliver’s Travels (Swift) 191
gulls 74; glaucous gulls 196, 197; herring gulls 141; ivory gulls 208, 280
halibut 169
halogens 13, 161, 162, 163
Hammond, Aleqa 156, 157
Harding, Warren G. 71
hares 139
Härjedalen 253
Harmsworth, Alfred, Viscount Northcliffe 276
Harper, Stephen (Prime Minister of Canada) 8, 130
Harrå 3
Harrison, Benjamin 14
Haughton Crater 4–5
Hawaii 71
hawks, rough-legged 88
Hawtrey, Gilbert 215
Hearne, Samuel 114–15
Hedmark 234
Helsinki 250, 262
Hemingway, Ernest 55, 56, 57
Henry VIII, King 290
Henson, Matthew 100
Herbert, Wally 217
Hercules (Russian supply ship) 221
Herzog, Maurice 292
hibernation 96
Hillary, Sir Edmund 217
Hitler, Adolf 169, 246
Hochstetter Forland 180
Holland and the Dutch 203, 207, 221
Hölter, Herman 245
Holzlehner, Tobias 53–6, 61, 118
Hopson, Charlie 90
Hudson Bay 111, 115–16, 120, 129, 131, 290, 291
Hudson Resources (mining company) 157
Hudson Strait 291
Hudson’s Bay Company 66, 113–14, 115, 132
Huey, Greg 161, 163, 174
Hughes, Ted 193
Hugo, Victor 202
Humble Oil 72
humpback whales 266
Hungwitchin people 73, 74
huskies 203, 223, 285, 288
Hvalsey 17
hydroelectric power 177, 252, 255
Hyperboreans 243
ice blink 211
ice cores 14, 149–52, 173, 174, 226
ice sheets 13–14, 79, 150–51, 157–8, 181–2, 274; melting of 152, 158, 207, 270, 271, 284
icebergs 74, 188, 259, 280
ice-breakers (ships) 6, 130, 180, 261, 263, 279, 281
Iceland 155, 175, 179, 189, 266, 299
Iditarod (Alaskan dog-mushing contest) 98
Idre 234
Igarka 287
Igdlorssuit 171
igloos 167
Ihalmiut people 121–2
Illustrated London News 275
Ilulissat (Jakobshavn) 158, 178
Inari 246
Inari, Lake 234, 248
Ingrid (Longyearbyen resident) 224–5
Ingush people 58
insects: blackflies 135, 136; caddisflies 314; mosquitoes 49, 135–6, 138, 177, 179, 314, 321
Inside Passage (Alaska) 92
International Date Line 22
International Seabed Authority 130
Internet 13, 37, 139, 141, 210; blogging 140, 161–2, 164
Into the Wild (book/film) 98
Inuhuit people 169–70, 170–71, 290
Inuit peoples: effects of pollution on 14, 128–9, 195; in Alaska 21, 41, 68–70, 71, 72–4, 75, 79–80, 86, 89–90, 96; art 8; in Canada 9, 108, 109–130, 131–2, 138–40, 142, 144–5, 195; in Dickens 15, 295; diet of 14, 110, 117, 121–2, 123, 124, 127–9, 144, 195; in Greenland 99–100, 153, 155–7, 165–71, 179, 181, 188–9, 190; languages 18, 96, 109, 115, 125, 128, 140, 269; mineral rights 129–30, 157; myths and beliefs 8, 96, 111, 112, 115, 121, 152, 154, 167–8; relocation of 117–18, 122–6, 168; schooling of 118–19, 140, 155, 166; websites 140; wife-loaning 167
Inukjuak (formerly Port Harrison) 115, 116, 117, 123
Inuktituk language 96, 109, 115, 125, 128, 140, 155, 269
Inupiat people 8, 68–70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 86, 90–91
Iqaluit (formerly Frobisher Bay) 107–110, 112, 122, 126, 131, 133, 153, 154
Ireland 283
iron ore 129, 252
Italia (airship) 218–20
Italy and Italians 15, 215–20
Ittoqqortoormiit 15, 180
Ivalo 245
Ivalojoki 234
Ivan IV, Tsar 308, 309, 315
ivory (walrus and narwhal) 16, 44, 112, 179
Jackson, Frederick 275–6
Jade Mountain, Alaska 91–2
Jake (scientist at Summit) 173, 174
Jakobshavn (Ilulissat) 158, 178
Jakobshavn glacier 158
James, Don 133–4, 143
James Bay 131
Jarrell, Randall 259
Jeanette (ship) 285
Jeannie (University of Alaska maintenance worker) 77–8, 79, 80–85, 87–91, 103
Joe (Geological Survey of Canada scientist) 136, 137, 142
Johansen, Hjalmar 274–5, 276–8
Johnson, Amy 176
Jokkmokk 255
Jukkasjärvi 237
Julianehåb (Qaqortoq) 165, 166
junk food 8, 127, 144
Kalaallisut language 140
Kamchatka 34, 51
Kandalaksha Gulf 304
Kane, Elisha Kent 294
Kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strømfjord) 152–6, 157, 174
Kanin Nos 314
Kapitan Khlebnikov (ice-breaker) 261, 263–4, 265, 266, 269, 279–82, 298, 299
Kapp Wijk 210
Kara, River 314
Kara Sea 11, 266, 267, 269, 273
Karachai people 58
Karachai-Cherkessia 58
Karasjok 253
Karelia 304, 313
Kautokeino 237
Kem 304, 325
Kemi 245
Kent, Rockwell 17, 171–3
Ket language 46
Khanty (Ostiak) people 45, 46
Khibiny 50
Khrushchev, Nikita 50, 57
King, Mackenzie 111
King Christian X Land 180
King Haakon VII Land 210
King William Island 295
King’s Bay Company 203, 204
Kingston, Jamaica 130
Kinross (mining company) 32
Kirchoffer River 132
Kirkenes 234, 244, 245
Kirovsk 50
Kiruna 252, 253
kittiwakes 221, 279
Klondike 66–8, 76, 79, 99, 223
Kobuk River 74
Kola Gulf 262, 265
Kola Peninsula 234, 261, 264, 305, 308
Kolva River 51
Kolyma 49–50, 286
Kolyma River 50, 286
Kongsfjord 202, 203, 207, 212, 218, 219, 226–7
Konyenko, Igor 264, 267, 272
Koojesse inlet 107
Koryak 22
Kotzebue Sound 65
Koyukuk River 76, 87, 89
Kpomassie, Tété-Michel 17, 164–8, 169, 175
Krakauer, John, Into the Wild 98
Kursk (submarine) 265
Kuskokwim River 68
Kuwae (South Pacific island) 149
Kvikkjokk 234
Kvitøya 215
Labrador 108, 177
labyrinths 312, 313–14, 325–6
Ladybird books 18, 213
Lake Ferguson 154
Lake Inari 234, 248
Lake Satis 256
Lake Vyg 304
Landseer, Sir Edwin 213
Lapland see Sápmi
Lapland Settlement Act 236
Laponia 255–7
Lapps see Sámi
Laptev Sea 273
larch 47, 306
Laurel and Hardy 71, 74–5
lead 157
League of Nations 243
Lemon, Percy 181
Lena River 44, 285
Lend-Lease Act 107
Lenin, Vladimir 57, 223, 316, 323
Lenin (ice-breaker) 267
Leningrad see Petersburg
Leonie (Coral Harbour landlady) 144–5
Leopold, Prince of Belgium 297
Lévi-Strauss, Claude 164–5
lichen 209, 266
Lindbergh, Charles 175
Lindsay, Martin 181
lingonberries 254
Litsa, River 262
Livingstone, David 292
lizards 5
Lomonosov Ridge 61
London 186, 187, 292, 294
London, Jack 99
Longyear, John Munro 224
Longyearbyen 224–5
Loonen, Maarten 207–8
loons (toolik; divers) 96–7, 103, 208, 279–80, 313, 323
Lopez, Barry, Arctic Dreams 110
Losso Jarvi 242
Lovelock, James 190
Lule River 252, 255
Lulea 237
Lyngenfjord 235, 247
Lyngseidet 247
lynx 238, 255
McCandless, Chris 97–8, 99
McClure, Sir Robert 294–5, 296
McClure Strait 295
Mackenzie River 120
McMurdo Station (Antarctica) 152, 205
McPhee, John, Coming into the Country 73–4
Magadan 50, 51–2
Magdalenefjord 199, 202, 206
Magga, Ole Henrik 253
maggots 22
Malaurie, Jean 169–70, 171
Mallory, George 176, 296
Malmberget 252
Malta 245
mammoths 6, 65, 79
Manchester 297
Manchester United Football Club 180
Mandal 247
Mandelstam, Osip 57
Mannerheim, Carl 245
Marina (Anadyr landlady) 26, 35, 60
Markha River 78
Markham, Beryl 176
Mars (planet) 4–5
Marsh, Bishop Donald B. 125
Marshall, Bob 86–7, 88, 92, 93, 99
Marxism 28–9
Mat-Su Valley 93
Matonabbee (Dene chief) 114
Mattaaq, Robert 167, 168
Mayak nuclear reprocessing plant 267
measles 235
medicine, polar 119, 163–4, 186
Medvedev, Dmitry (President of Russia) 8, 12, 34, 59–61
Melville, Herman 14
Mendeleyev (underwater mountain chain) 61
mental health 129, 243
Mercator, Gerardus 178, 217–18
mercury 197
Meredith, George, Diana of the Crossways 87
Mererid Whiteley, Nia 204, 209
meteorites 100
methane 6, 102, 103, 227, 229
Mezen 201
Michigan 315
Mi’kmaq language 97
Minik (Greenland Inuk) 99–100
mining: coal 220–24, 287; diamond 111, 129, 135, 157; exploration companies 134, 157; gold 32, 43, 49–50, 66–8, 87, 111, 129; hard-rock 7; open-cast 252; and pollution 52–3; silver 32, 129
mirages, polar 18, 185
missionaries 66, 67–70, 89, 109, 119, 155, 236
Mitimatalik (Pond Inlet) 117, 145
Molina, Mario 161
Montaigne, Michel de 170
Montgomerie, Mollie 185
moose 76, 77, 86, 256
Morgamjoki 234
Morgan, Tav 53
mosquitoes 49, 135–6, 138, 177, 179, 314, 321
moss campion 208–9, 273
moths, Greenland 180
Mount Hassel (Greenland) 154
Mount Tambora (Indonesia) 150
Mowat, Farley 120–23
Muir, John 93–5, 99
Munch, Edvard 112
Munthe, Adam 249–50
Munthe, Axel 233, 240–43, 249
murals 27, 39, 221, 222
Murchison Strait 171
Murmansk 12, 61, 221, 244, 261–3, 264–5, 271, 314
musk oxen 154, 180, 299
Mussolini, Benito 15, 216, 218, 220
Mussorgsky, Modest, The Khovansky Affair 310
Nadym 52
Nagayevo 50
Nanook of the North (film) 115–17, 125
Nansen, Fridtjof xiv, 88, 93, 152, 180, 182, 211, 243, 274–8
Napoleonic Wars 291
narwhals 13, 139, 169, 188, 283; ivory 179
NASA 158
National Guard (United States) 157, 173
National Science Foundation (United States) 152, 164
national stereotypes 15–16, 218
NATO 157–8
Natural Resources Canada (government department) 131
Naukan 41
Nellim 248
Nelson, Horatio, Viscount 18, 212–13
Nenets 314
New Bedford, Massachusetts 14
New York 100, 116, 175
New York Herald 101, 285
New York Times 101, 292, 294
New Yorker (magazine) 73
Newfoundland 171, 177
nickel 49, 52–3, 129, 134, 244, 245, 264
Nikel (Kolosjoki) 244, 245
Nikodim, Father (Solovki prisoner) 320, 321
Nikolas, St 307
Nikon, Patriarch 309, 310–311
9/11 (terrorist attacks) 80
Nisga’a people 118–19
nitrates 12, 149
nitrogen oxide 162, 197, 229
Nixon, Richard 72
Noah (Southampton Island bear monitor) 137, 138–40, 141, 142, 175
Nobile, Umberto 216, 217, 218–20
nomadism 3, 111–12, 234, 251, 312, 313–14; curtailment of 29, 53, 89, 118, 122–3, 236, 249, 251
Nome 67
Nordenskiöld, Baron Adolf 285
Nordkapp 256
Norge (airship) 216–18
Norilsk 12, 49, 52–3
Norilsk Nickel (mining and smelting company) 52–3, 264
Norrbotten 234, 251
Norse: Greenland colony 16–17, 155, 174, 188–91, 228; myths 18; sagas 14, 240
Norsk Polarinstitutt 195, 197
North Pole(s): Celestial Pole 5; claims about reaching 18, 99–101, 215, 216; claims to sovereignty of 7–8, 130, 291; flights over 215–20; Geographic Pole 5; Geomagnetic Pole 5; lure of 9, 216–17, 274, 291; Magnetic Pole 5, 291; Pole of Inaccessibility 5; reached by sledge 217, 291; submarine crossings 217
North Slope (Alaska) 71, 72, 85, 87–8, 103; North Slope Borough 73
North-East Passage see Northern Sea Route
North-West Passage 284, 290–97, 298
northern harriers 88
Northern Lights (aurora borealis) 4, 57, 94–5, 97, 254, 301
Northern Sea Route (North-East Passage) 279, 284–7, 292, 298
Northwest Territories (Canada) 114, 126, 129
Norway: national stereotype 15, 218; Norsk Polarinstitutt 195, 197; Norwegian Lapland 234, 237, 244, 246–7, 256; Norwegian polar exploration 182, 215–20, 274–8; Norwegian Resistance (Second World War) 10, 246–8, 271; Sámi population 234, 247, 252, 253; skiing 236–7; territorial claims 7, 117, 229; wine production 158; see also Christiania (Oslo); Svalbard archipelago; Tromsø
Novaya Zemlya 199, 201, 266–7
Novgorod 307
Novye Solovky (prisoners’ newspaper) 319
nuclear and atomic power 43, 266–9
nuclear weapons 7, 108, 266, 290
Nujarluktuk, Alice ‘Maggie’ 117
Nunatsiaq News 126
Nunavut 126, 129, 133, 135, 137; see also Southampton Island
Nuorgam 256
Nusuittuq (Grise Fjord) 117, 123
Nuuk 8, 155, 164
Ny-Ålesund station 195–8, 202–212, 221, 226–9
Ob River 44, 45, 46, 267
obesity 110, 144, 145
oil: Alaskan 71–2, 73, 74, 89, 92, 103; Canadian 133–4, 157; competition for 7, 17; Greenland 157; prices 62, 92; Russian conglomerates 39, 40, 41–2; Siberian 28, 40, 51, 52; Soviet oil industry 51; total Arctic reserves 7, 52, 53
oil spills 74–5, 80
Okhotsk Sea 50, 51
Olafsson, Torstein 17
Omrynto, Petr 23, 28–32, 54, 62
Omsk 40, 43
Onega Bay 304
Ontario 115
Ootu (Inuit healer) 145
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 72
Orthodox Church 38–9, 45, 304–5, 307, 308, 309–312, 317
Oscar II, King of Sweden and Norway 182
Oslo see Christiania
Ostiak (Khanty) people 45, 46
Ottawa 142
oxen, musk 154, 180, 299
Oymyakon 5
ozone 161, 163
painters 17, 171–3, 209–11, 311
Palin, Sarah 12, 22
palladium 52
Paltto, Kirsti 249
Pan Am (airline) 175, 187
Papanin, Ivan 287–9, 290
Paris 165, 187, 202; Peace Conference (1919) 221
Parry, Sir William 291
Patriarchs (of Orthodox Church) 39, 309, 310–11
Paul (science technician in Alaska) 97, 98
PBDEs (polybrominated diphenyl ethers) 197
PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) 196–7, 207
Peary, Robert 99–101, 113, 152, 215, 216
Pechenga 245
penis bone (of walrus) 61, 112, 191
Penn, Sean 97
permafrost: age of 78–9; boundary of 6, 12, 78, 111; breakdown of 6, 79, 92, 102–3; definition of 78; as record of the past 102
Perry Inlet 119
pesticides 128, 196, 198
Peter the Great 44, 311, 315
Petersburg (Leningrad) 8, 173, 304
Petropavlosk 51
Petsamo River 248
phalaropes 208
Phipps, Constantine (later 2nd Baron Mulgrave) 212
Pindar 243
Pinetree Line (radar bases) 108
Pittja, Lennart 251–7
Pius XI, Pope (Achille Ratti) 9–10
plate tectonics 183
Plath, Sylvia 281
platinum 52
plovers 141, 208
Point Lake 129
polar bears: characteristics of 205–6; encounters with 13, 18, 137, 199, 212–13, 278; hibernation 96; hunting of 16, 139, 169, 200–201, 226; lessons in shooting 205–7; monitors of 13, 133, 137, 138; pollution and 195, 196; poster boys of the Arctic 4, 200; scientific name 212; tourism and 261
pollution: acid rain 52–3, 150, 197; contamination of food chain 14, 32, 128–9, 195–8, 266, 268; nuclear waste 267–9; oil spills 74–5, 80
Pomors 201, 268
Pond Inlet (Mitimatalik) 117, 145
Popes 9–10, 16, 218
poppy, Arctic 14, 273
POPs (persistant organic pollutants) 128, 196–8, 207
Porcupine River 103
Port Harrison see Inukjuak
Potapov, Vanka 318
Prince of Wales Fort 114
Prince William Sound 72, 74, 75
propaganda 15–16, 287, 295
prostitution 6–7, 32, 85
Protestantism 68–9, 89, 94, 168
Prudhoe Bay 71, 72, 73, 78, 79, 80, 89, 90, 92
ptarmigan 96, 180
puffin 208
Pushkin, Alexander 33
Putin, Vladimir 42, 55, 308
pyrite 113
Pythias 169
Qaanaaq 171
Qaqortoq (Julianehåb) 165, 166
Qisuk (Greenland Inuk) 100
Quasuittuq (Resolute Bay) 117
Quebec 115, 145
Quest (ship) 178
radar stations 16, 70–71, 108, 131, 153, 290
radioactivity 266–8
Rae, John 295
Rankin Inlet 145
rape 119
Rasmussen, Knud 169, 181
Ratti, Achille (Pope Pius XI) 9–10
Reg (author’s son) 3, 4, 17, 233, 251, 254–6
reindeer: affects of climate change on 252; antlers 22; castration of 3, 252; for clothing 47, 241; ecosystem of 48; as food 3, 43, 241, 254; herding of 3, 23, 28, 30–31, 47, 53, 233, 234, 236, 237–9, 248, 250–53, 256–7; milking of 22, 240, 255; and pollution 266; words for 47
religion: churches in Greenland 17, 168, 189; churches in Nunavut 145; missionaries 66, 67–70, 89, 109, 119, 155, 168, 236; Orthodox Church 38–9, 45, 304, 307, 308, 309–312, 317; Protestantism 68–9, 89, 94, 168
Rendulic, Lothar 245–6
Resolute Bay (Quasuittuq) 117
Reykjavik 266, 299
Richard (landscape photographer on Spitsbergen) 209–211
Rigolet 177
Ritsem 252
Rodd, Peter 178
rosebays 154
Ross, Sir James Clark 291
Ross, Sir John 170, 291
rough-legged hawks 88
Rovaniemi 245, 246
Rowland, F. Sherwood 161
Royal Canadian Mounted Police 117, 123, 124, 125, 298
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (Canadian) 123–6
Royal Geographical Society (London) 177, 187
Rudolf Island 289
Rukne 242
Russell, Elena 43
Russia: Civil War 314–15; claims to North Pole 7–8, 130, 291; continental shelf claims 7, 8, 61, 130, 229; extent of Arctic territory 11–12, 314; forbidden zones 23–4, 53; mafiya 264; mineral reserves 28, 32, 40, 298; national characteristics 15, 305; navy 265, 268–9; nuclear power 268–9; Orthodox Church 38–9, 45, 304–5, 307, 308, 309–312, 317; pollution 14, 32, 52–3, 267–9; Russian Lapland 50, 118, 234, 236, 248, 262, 267–9; and Svalbard archipelago 200–201, 220–23, 229; territorial expansion 43–6, 48–9; treatment of indigenous peoples 15, 22–3, 44, 46, 54–5, 118, 129; see also Chukotka; Franz-Josef Land; Murmansk; Siberia; Solovki monastery; Soviet Union
Russo-Finnish Winter War (1939–40) 244, 248
Rytkheu, Yuri 56–7, 58
Sabine Island 180
sable 43–4
Sacheuse, John 170
Sadleirmiut people 131–2
sagas 14
Sahtu people 114
St John’s, Newfoundland 177
St Laurent, Louis 125
Sakha Republic (Yakutia) 5, 47
Sakhalin 32–3
Sakharov, Andrei 50
Salluit 126–7
salmon 35, 68, 75, 82, 98
salt 309
Sam (PhD student on Spitsbergen) 204, 209
Sámi (Lapps): appearance 233, 237; culture and beliefs 238, 241, 242, 243, 253, 314; fishing 235, 249, 314; hunting 235; lack of nationhood 249–50, 253–4; languages 237, 249; Lapland Settlement Act 236; reindeer herding 3, 233, 234, 236, 237–9, 248, 250–53, 256–7; resettlement of 248–9, 252; and Second World War 244, 245, 246, 247, 248; sijddas (associations of families) 3, 238, 240; skiing 236–7; Skolt Sámi 248–9; and Solovki islands 314; trading 234–5, 235–6, 242; see also Sápmi
sanderlings 208
sandhill cranes 139
Sandormokh 322–3
Sápmi (Fennoscandia) 233–4; Finnish Lapland 234, 236, 244–6, 248, 256; Norwegian Lapland 234, 237, 244, 246–7, 256; Russian Lapland 50, 118, 234, 236, 248, 262, 267–9; Swedish Lapland 234, 236, 250–57
sapphires 129
Sasha (Anadyr landlord) 26, 35, 59, 60
Saskatchewan 120
Sassen 225
Satis, Lake 256
saunas 151, 244, 267, 281, 324
Savukoski 246
Savvattii, St 307, 312, 317
saxifrage 154, 186, 208–9, 273
Scoresby, William 200
Scoresbysund 180
Scotland 170
Scott, Captain Robert Falcon 175, 176, 220, 248, 274, 288, 291, 292, 296
scurvy 31, 185, 199, 200, 201
sea ice 263, 265, 269, 274, 281–2; melting of 270–71
sea otters 74, 75
seals: effects of pollution on 196, 197; blubber 128, 196; as food 128, 168, 188, 189; hunting of 15, 46, 112, 139, 169; seal-oil 22; sealskin 41, 65, 111
Seattle 66
Sebyan 47, 48
Second World War 107–8, 143, 153, 234, 244–8, 262–3, 270–71, 316
Sekirka 320–21
Selkirk, Alexander 115
Sergiyev Posad 309
Service, Robert 67, 68
Severnaya Zemlya 273
Severomorsk 265
Sevettijärvi 248
Seward Peninsula 67
Shackleton, Sir Ernest 178, 246
sharks 183
sheep 88, 93, 155; sheepskin 309
Shelley, Mary, Frankenstein 293, 297
Sherri (science technician in Alaska) 92, 98, 103
Shetlands 246
Shipton, Eric 176, 276
Shmidt, Otto Yulyevich 287, 290
Siberia: Chekhov’s travels in 32–3; coast 263, 264, 285, 287; indigenous populations 44–5, 46–9, 57–9, 118; mineral reserves 49, 50–51; permafrost 6, 78, 79, 103; pollution 32, 266–7; prison camps and gulags 45, 49–50, 286, 289, 303; religious exiles 309; Russian colonisation of 43–6; Trans-Siberian railway 32; weather 12; see also Chukotka; Sakha Republic
Sibneft (Russian oil conglomerate) 39, 40, 41
Sidney (Kapitan Khlebnikov passenger) 271
sijddas (Sámi associations of families) 3, 238, 240
siksik (ground squirrels) 96
silver 32, 129
Simon, Mary 8–9
Siorapaluk 168–9
Sitka spruce 78, 93
Skagway 66
skiing 236–7
skidoos see snowmobiles
Skolt Sámi 248–9
Skoptsy (sect) 310
Slava (coal company representative in Barentsburg) 221–3
Slevkine, Yuri 54–5
SLON (Soviet Northern Special Purposes Camps) 316, 317
smallpox 32
Smith Sound 100
smog 162
snails 199
snow: chemistry 161–3; words for 18, 269
snow buntings 4, 208
snow buttercups 273
snow geese 139, 141
snowmobiles 3, 123, 139, 144, 224–5, 248
Solovieff, E.I. 317–18
Solovki archipelago 306, 307, 312–14, 315, 317, 325–6
Solovki monastery/prison camp 14, 201, 301, 303, 305–312, 315–25
solstices 5
Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 50, 301, 303, 309, 316, 317, 323, 325
Søndre Strømfjord see Kangerlussuaq
Sörkaitum 251
Sorrento 323
South Pole 216–17, 248, 278
Southampton Island 108, 112–13, 131–45, 175, 182, 205
Southern Ocean 6
Southey, Robert 213
Soviet Union: architecture 26, 220, 222, 261–2; aviation 289–90; Bolsheviks 288, 289, 309, 314–15, 316; Civil War 314–15; collectivisation 29, 30, 90, 318; disintegration of 30, 38, 51–2, 54–5, 222, 262, 263, 280, 308, 324; forbidden zones 23; Great Terror 287, 289, 318–19, 321–3; gulags 49–50, 222, 286, 289, 303, 316–23, 324–5; ideal of progress 49, 57–8; industrialisation 50–52, 285; navy 263, 266–8, 290; and Northern Sea Route 286–7, 292; nuclear power 266–9; polar bases and drift stations 287–9; Red Army 244, 245, 289, 303; Russo-Finnish Winter War (1939–40) 244; second Five-Year Plan 49, 286; Second World War 244–5, 248, 262–3; treatment of indigenous peoples 30, 48–9, 57–9, 90, 118; see also Russia; Stalinism
spice trade 284
Spitsbergen: mineral reserves 220–25, 229; naming of 198, 199; Ny-Ålesund station 195–8, 202–212, 226–9; polar bears on 205–7; polar exploration from 215–20; population 195, 211, 220–25; remoteness 195; trapping 210, 211, 225; whaling 198–200
Stalin, Joseph 15–16, 29, 49, 57–8, 173, 244, 286, 288, 316–17; Great Terror 287, 289, 318–19, 321–3; rehabilitation of 263, 324
Stalingrad 262
Stalinism 15–16, 29, 49, 57–8, 90, 173, 285, 287–90, 316–19, 321–3
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur 85, 220
Stein, Gertrude 95
Steinbeck, John, The Grapes of Wrath 229
Stephenson, Alfred ‘Steve’ 178
stereotypes, national 15–16, 218
Strindberg, Nils 214–5
Stuck, Hudson (Archdeacon of the Yukon) 67–70, 71, 89
submarines 217, 265, 267, 270, 290; see also U-boats
sugar 44, 242
suicide 30, 31, 129
sulphates 149, 150
sulphur 52, 149, 150
sulphur dioxide 52–3, 197
Sulusuk (Shark Fin) mountain 179
summer solstice (21 June) 5
Summit, Greenland 153, 157–64, 173–4
Suorva Dam 252
supermarkets 8, 26, 36, 37, 40, 109, 144
Surikov, Vasily 310
Svalbard archipelago: exploration of 198–9, 212–14; fur trade 200–201, 210, 211, 225; mineral reserves 220–25, 229; polar exploration from 215–20; pollution 14, 195–8; population 195, 211, 220–25; remoteness 195; tourism 201–2, 266; whaling 198–200; see also Edgeøya; Spitsbergen
Svalbard Treaty (1920) 221
swans: tundra 139, 141; whooper 255
Swanson River 71
Sweden: farming 5, 234, 236; hydroelectric power 252, 255; mineral deposits 252; Sámi population 15, 237–43, 250–54; settlers in Russia 311; Swedish Lapland 234, 236, 250–57
Swift, Jonathan, Gulliver’s Travels 191
syphilis 15, 31, 163, 321
Tacitus 231
taiga 12, 32, 314
Taimyr Peninsula 52
Tapiriit Kanatami (Inuit organisation) 9
Tasiilaq see Angmagssalik
taxation: Russia 12, 29, 39, 41; Sámi 249, 252; United States 73, 74
Taylor, Zachary 294
TB (tuberculosis) 31, 66, 69, 71, 116, 119, 177, 246
teeth: and climate change 228; extraction of 164, 186
television 8, 37, 144, 145
Teller, Alaska 217
temperatures: diurnal differentials 211–12; lowest 5; rises in 6, 102–3, 227–9
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord 292, 297
Terje (rifle teacher) 205–7, 210
Ternan, Nelly 297
terns 59, 199, 280
Terror, HMS 292–3
terrorism 80
Tersky 264, 308
Thoreau, Henry David 96
Thule (Uummannaq) 169–70, 290; airbase 164, 170–71, 290
Thule Gesellschaft 169
Tierra del Fuego 171
Tiksi 51
Tilman, Bill 176, 276
Timan-Pechora Basin 51
Times, The 177, 178, 186, 286
Tireless, HMS 270
Titina (terrier) 216, 219
tobacco 22, 179, 183, 242
Toftefjord 247
Togo 164
Tolstoy, Leo, Anna Karenina 44, 46, 58
Tony (undergraduate at Summit) 161
Toolik Field Station, Alaska 90–91, 94–8, 101–3
Toolik Lake 77, 91, 96–7, 101
Toulgas 315
tourism 201–2, 261, 263–4, 279
Trafalgar, battle of 212, 213, 292
Trans-Alaska pipeline 66, 70, 72, 74, 80–81, 92
Trans-Siberian railway 32
Transaero (airline) 24, 62
Tre Kroner peaks 203
treeline 6, 12, 85, 111, 120
trees: alder 59, 78, 189; aspen 78, 241; birch 78, 241, 304, 314; cedar 306; cherry 306; exploding 5; larch 47, 306; leaning 78; Sitka spruce 78, 92; willow 78, 101, 112, 189, 241, 256
trichinosis 201, 214
Trinity Lavra monastery 309
Tromsø 195, 210, 224, 246, 247
trout 183
Tsivolka Bay 267
Tsvetaeva, Marina 34
tuberculosis see TB
tundra swans 139, 141
Tungus (Evenk) people 44, 46, 47
Tungus-Manchu language 46, 47
Tupolev, A.N. 289
Turi, Ellekare 240–41
Turi, Johan 233, 237–41
Turi, Ristin 241–2, 243, 249
Turkic language 46
Tyler (paramedic at Summit) 164
Tyndall, John 226
typhoid 67
typhus 317, 319
U-boats 107, 108, 271–2
Ukrainians 222, 318–19
Umba 264
UN (United Nations): Commission of the Limits of the Continental Shelf 130; Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 129; International Labour Organisation Convention 252–3
United States of America: Arctic mania 9; and climate change 228; Cold War anxiety 16, 290; continental shelf claims 7, 298; National Guard 157, 173; National Science Foundation 152, 164; national stereotypes 15, 65, 89; navy 71, 285–6, 290; and North-West Passage 292, 294, 298; and Russian Civil War 314–15; Second World War 107–8, 153; treatment of indigenous peoples 15, 73–4, 129; see also Alaska
United States Geological Survey (USGS) 52, 87
Unknown River 177
Unna Cerus 251
Updike, John 191, 259
Uqqurmiut people 132
Uralic language 46, 233
Urals 12, 43–4, 45, 266
uranium 32, 129, 267, 268
Usa River 51
USGS (United States Geological Survey) 52, 87
Uummannaq (Thule) 169–70, 290; airbase 164, 170–71, 290
Vakarit, Alyona 34–5
Valdez 72, 74, 81
Vale Inco (mining company) 134
Vancouver 175
Vankarem 286
Varangerfjord 235, 245, 248
Vega (ship) 285
venereal disease: gonorrhoea 17, 167; syphilis 15, 31, 163, 321
Verkhoyansk Mountains 47
Victoria, Queen of Sweden 240
Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom 68, 294, 297
Vikings 15–16, 155, 174, 188–91, 218, 228
Viktoria Island 280
Vitebsky, Piers, Reindeer People 47–9
Vladivostok 6, 11, 37, 50, 57, 285, 286
vodka 44–5, 152, 324
volcanic eruptions 149, 150, 161
Vologda 309
Vorkuta 49
Vyg, Lake 304
Vyg River 308
Wadhams, Peter 270
Wallace, Alfred 141
walrus: baculum (penis bone) 61, 112, 191; hide 274; hunting of 15, 53, 139, 169, 200; ivory 44, 179
Washington, DC 99–100
waste disposal 91, 108, 143, 205
water supplies 91, 159, 307
Watkins, Gino 175–9, 180–84, 186–8, 190, 201, 220, 290, 294
Watson River 154
Waugh, Evelyn 178
Wayne (Southampton Island helicopter engineer) 143–4
Wegener, Alfred 183–4
Wellman, Walter 215
whales: effects of pollution on 197, 268; baleen 200; beluga whales 25, 62, 127, 171, 225; blubber 16, 112, 128, 141, 189, 199, 268; bowhead whales 14, 21, 90, 110, 111, 127, 199, 200; grey whales 21; humpback whales 266; whale oil 111, 199, 200; whalebone 70, 199; whaleskin 141
whaling 14, 21, 90, 110, 111, 127, 198–200, 235
whiskey 69–70, 73
White Sea 12, 14, 199, 201, 303–4, 305–6, 309–311, 314, 325; islands 306, 307, 312–14, 317; see also Solovki monastery
Whiteman, Colin 270
whooper swans 255
whortleberries 323
Wilf (author’s son) 180, 261, 263–4, 271, 272, 274, 279–80, 281, 299
Wilk, Mariusz 324
Wilkins, Hubert 220
willowherb 154
willows 78, 101, 112, 189, 241, 256
winter solstice (21 December) 5
Winter War (Russo-Finnish; 1939–40) 244, 248
wireless 183, 184, 218–19, 288
Wisconsin 94
Wiseman, Alaska 85, 86–8
Wisting, Oscar 217
wolves 234, 237–8, 240
x-rays 119, 186, 197
Yakut people 50
Yakutia see Sakha Republic
Yamal-Nenets 52
Yelena (Anadyr gallery owner) 40–41
Yellowknife 143
Yenesei River 44, 46, 52, 287
yoiking (Lappish singing) 239–40
Young, Cathy 158–9, 164, 174
Yukagir 22
Yukon Flats 81
Yukon River 66, 76, 79–80, 81; Yukon River Drainage 88
Yukon Territory 66, 79
Yupik (language) 41
Yuri (Chukchi escort in Anadyr) 25–6
Zapadnaya Litsa naval base 267, 268–9
Zelinsky, Gennady (Gena) 24, 26, 27, 31, 34, 36–7, 43, 51, 53, 59, 61–2
Zeppelins see airships
zinc 129, 157
Zosima, St 307, 312