1 An early version of this chapter was presented to a symposium organized by Ken Gemes at Birkbeck in late 2006 and I am grateful to those present for their comments. A later version was presented to the ‘Nietzsche in New York’ meeting in March 2007 and I benefited from comments by Christa Davis Acampora, Daniel Conway, Robert Guay, Lawrence Hatab, and Tracy Strong. Still later versions received the constructive criticism of Russell Bentley, Peter Niesen, Simon Robertson, and Aaron Ridley. I am particularly grateful to Simon for a very extensive set of comments that I have not been able to do full justice to in my revisions and to Aaron for providing some of the necessary foundations for this argument. I would also like to thank Ken Gemes and Simon May for helpful editorial advice.