Abraham, 71, 112, 113, 243, 262
Ajami, Fouad, 144
Amidah, 137
Anan ben David, 125
Ananites, 125
antirabbinic movement, 125–26
anti-Semitism, 128–35, 143, 252, 283n27. See also Holocaust, the; Protocols of the Elders of Zion
explanations of, 132–34
irrationality of, 131–32
length of throughout history, 129–30
and the Raelians, 130–31
role of Satan in, 134–35
as a spiritual phenomenon, 135
viciousness of, 131
widespread nature of, 130–31
Apocrypha, 46
Aramaic, 168–70, 174–80, 289nn38–39, 289n41
Assyrians, 116, 121–22
Avneri, Arieh, 145
Babylon, 142
Bard, Mitchell, 139, 145
Bauckham, Richard, 167
Beth Simchat Torah, 22
Black, Matthew, 179
Book of the Commandments (Maimonides), 102
Boyarin, Daniel, 192
Bruce, F. F., 232
Cairo Genizah, 44
Canaanites, 143–49
candles, lighting of on the Sabbath, 72–79, 103
and the Kosher-Lamp, 77–78, 81
among Messianic Jews, 75
among traditional Jews, 75–76
Cardozo, Nathan, 94
Carson, D. A., 158
Carter, Jimmy, 263, 296n55
Chafets, Zev, 276n13
Christianity, 130, 246–47, 252. See also Christians; Judaism, differences of from Christianity
Jewish roots of, 187–90, 290n52
Christianity Is Jewish (Schaefer), 49
Christians, 248
and adherence to dietary laws, 224–26
arguments for the support of the nation of Israel by, 254–61, 263–64
and God’s promise to Abram, 259–60
and God’s promise of Israel’s preservation, 257
how standing with Israel means standing with God’s purposes, 255–57
and the promise of Jesus’ return to a Jewish Jerusalem, 258–59
and the reality of a satanic attempt to destroy Israel, 257–58
and the world conspiracy against Israel, 261, 263–64
and attendance at Jewish synagogues, 252–54
Gentile Christians as spiritual Jews, 233–38, 293n29, 294n30
Hebrew Christians and Messianic Jews, 244–46
and keeping of the Law (Torah), 213–19
and observance of biblical Jewish holidays, 226–28
and observance of the Sabbath on Saturday, 219–24
lack of biblical command for seventh-day Sabbath, 222–23
lack of biblical support for Sunday worship, 222
and New Testament Gentile believers, 221–22
practical and spiritual nature of Sabbath worship, 223
and the Sabbath as a day of delight in the Lord, 223
sanctification of the seventh-day Sabbath, 219–20
seventh-day Sabbath as a special sign between Israel and God, 220–21
support of for the nation of Israel, 254–61, 263–64
Christmas, 228, 292–93n18
Cohen, Shaye, 99–100, 101
Comay, Michael, 145
Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA), 263
Crossan, Dominic, 193
Daube, David, 192
David
House of, 57–58
sin of with Bathsheba, 116
Da Vinci Code, The (2006), 54, 175
Dead Sea Scrolls, 43–44, 46, 93
Deuteronomy, 280n81
dietary laws, 80, 218, 224–26
and the eating of shrimp, 15, 275n6
Diprose, Ronald E., 190
Easter. See Passover/Easter, differences between
Elijah, 59–60
Emden, Jacob, 192–93
Enoch, Book of, 46
Eruv, concept of, 102–3
Falk, Gerhard, 26
fig tree, as a prophetic symbol, 149–52
mentions of in the Scriptures, 150
Flannery, Edward, 129, 195
Freund, Michael, 118
Fruchtenbaum, Arnold G., 251
Gaza, 146, 147, 260
Gladstone, Bob, 265
Gordon, C. H., 117, 282n8
Greenberg, Jeremiah, 218–19, 292n14
Haggada, 47
Hagner, Donald, 185–86
Halakha, 47
and Responsa literature, 48
Harman, Dan, 172
Hartley, John, 65
Hazzard, David, 295n44
Hebrew Bible, 43
Hebrew Christian Alliance, 245
Hellenism, 30
Hellenized Jews, 167
Henry, Matthew, 293n22
Hess, Tom, 141
Hitti, Phillip K., 144
Holocaust, the, 28, 129, 255–56
depravity of, 131
and German Jews, 133
and the Holocaust denial conference, 137–38
homosexuality, 21–23, 217
Israel, 121–22. See also Paul, and the “all Israel shall be saved” statement
authority of the Orthodox Rabbinate in, 249
continuous presence of Jews in, 139–40, 285n45
divine election of, 218, 292n11
marriages in, 294–95n39
movement of Jews back to, 140–43
rejection of by God and the salvation of the Gentiles, 266–68
Shavei Israel, 118
support of by Christians, 254–61, 263–64
ten lost tribes of, 115–20
Israel and the Church (Diprose), 190
Israel ben Eliezer (Baal Shem Tov [Besht]), 25–26, 27, 29
Jacob, 215
Jakobovitz, Immanuel, 32
Jehovah, etymology of, 60–64
Jesus, 91–92, 189, 216; 281n37. See also Judaism, beliefs of concerning a literal Messiah
and the abolishment of the Law (Torah), 202–3
fulfillment of the Torah by Jesus, 203–4, 272
and the Gentiles, 206–7
Jesus and the purity laws, 205–6
Jesus and the relationship to the Torah, 207–8
Jesus transcends the Torah, 204
Jesus and the true intent of the Torah, 205
etymology of the name “Jesus,” 160–65, 286n6, 287n8, 287nn14–17
and the name “Zeus,” 161–64
Jewish views concerning, 54–57
language spoken by Jesus and His apostles, 165–69, 287–88n19
and the Oral Law, 155–60
and the promise of Jesus’ return to a Jewish Jerusalem, 258–59
as a rabbi, 154–55
role of the Jews in His death, 195–200, 291n69
Jewish beliefs. See also Jewish men; Jews; Judaism
and matrilineal versus patrilineal descent, 99–101, 281n85, 281–82n4
and mezuzahs on the doorways of Jewish homes, 95–97
Jewish men
and the growing of side curls (pe’ot), 86–88
and praying with phylacteries (tefillin), 92–95, 128
and the wearing of long black coats, 97–98
and the wearing of white fringe outside the shirt, 88–92, 279–80n77
Jewish New Testament Commentary (Stern), 184, 185, 186
Jewish Theological Seminary, 22
Jewish women
and the wearing of wigs, 84–86, 279n74
Jews. See also Israel; Jesus; Jewish beliefs; Jewish men; Jewish women; Judaism; Karaites
Ashkenazi Jews, 113
Black Hebrews, 114
DNA studies concerning, 114–15, 117–18, 282n15, 282–83n19
Ethiopian Jews, 114, 118
Hellenized Jews, 167
Indian Jews (Bnei Menashe), 119–20
Khazar Jews, 113
Messianic Jews, 101, 224, 239, 245–46, 294n30
difference between Messianic Jews and Hebrew Christians, 244–46
Messianic Jews as rabbis, 246–52, 294n37
Neturei Karta Jews, 137–38
origin of the term “Jew,” 112–15
Hebrew word for (y’hudah), 115
and salvation for without belief in Jesus, 269–73
Slavic Jews, 26
Jill-Levine, Amy, 56
John, 270
Jones, Vendyl, 109
Judaism
acronyms used in, 39
beliefs of concerning a literal Messiah, 57–60
and the “Messiah son of David,” 57–58
and the “Messiah son of Joseph,” 58
dietary laws of, 65, 66
and separate dishes for meat and dairy products, 67–71
differences of from Christianity, 49–54
concerning the afterlife, 51–52
concerning atonement, 51
concerning God, 50
concerning the Messiah, 50
concerning mission, 52–53
concerning salvation, 51
concerning sin, 50–51
and the deeds of Judaism versus the creeds of Christianity, 52
and the Jewish/Christian calendar, 53
holy (foundational) books of, 45–49
jokes concerning, 24–25
teaching centers of, 24
use of acronyms in, 39
use of the name “Jehovah,” 60–64
Judaism, Conservative, 13, 16–17, 60, 249
number of adherents to in the United States, 23
views of concerning homosexuality, 22
Judaism, Hasidic, 25–30, 85–86
Breslov sect of, 29–30
etymology of the term “Hasidic,” 30
Lubavitch sect of, 28, 88, 277n24
mission work of, 109–10
and the mystical importance of the rebbe, 27–28
Satmar sect of, 28–29, 88, 138
Judaism, Orthodox, 13, 15–16, 17–18, 83
differing beliefs of Orthodox and Reform Judaism, 18–20
Modern Orthodox, 18
number of adherents to in the United States, 23
“revival” of, 23–24
and the baal teshuvah, 24
safeguards of against assimilation, 80–81
ultra-Orthodox (Haredi), 18, 24, 55, 74, 81, 83, 98, 254
participation of in the Holocaust denial conference, 137–38
views of concerning homosexuality, 21–22
views of concerning non-Orthodox rabbis, 248–49
Judaism, Reform, 13–15, 16, 82, 136, 249, 276n13
differing beliefs of Orthodox and Reform Judaism, 18–20
number of adherents to in the United States, 23
position of concerning Zionism, 275n4
views of concerning homosexuality, 22–23
Kabbalah, 47
Karaites, 123–28, 283n25
decline in the number of, 127
origins of, 124
as a percentage of the world’s Jewish population, 127
and the Torah, 124–25
Katz, Lisa, 283n85
Keener, Craig, 84, 152, 167, 184
Ketuvim (Writings), 35–36
Khazars, 113
Kimchi, David, 39
Kinzer, Mark, 230–32, 292n11
kippah. See yarmulke
Kiryas Joel community, 29
Klausner, Joseph, 191–92
Koestler, Arthur, 113
Koran, the, 174
Korn, Menachem, 287n13
kosher
etymology of the term “kosher,” 64, 278n42
and the Kosher-Lamp, 77–78, 81
laws regarding, 64–66
insensitivity of Christians to, 66–67
Kress, Michael, 78
Lamsa, George, 178, 179, 180
Let My People Go (Hess), 141
Lord’s Prayer, translation issues concerning, 172, 289n33
Maimonides, Moses, 57–58, 91, 102
acronym of, 39
and the Thirteen Principles of Faith, 52
Margoliouth, D. S., 171
Mason, Jackie, 57
Masoretes, 43, 44
and the development of the Hebrew vowel system, 45, 121
Masoretic text, 42–45
Matthew, Gospel of, 172–74, 289n37
Mea Shearim, 98
Messiah. See Jesus
Midrash, 47–48
Milgrom, Jacob, 90
Miller, Shlomo Eliyahu, 77
Mishnah, 48
Mishneh Torah, 48
Misunderstood Jew, The (Jill-Levine), 56
Moses, 112, 113
Mount Gerizim, 123
Neuwirth, Yehoshua Y., 77–78
Nevi’im (Prophets), 34–35, 36
New Testament. See also Matthew, Gospel of; New Testament, Jewish background of
and the Aramaic New Testament (Peshitta), 176–80, 289nn38–39, 289n41
“back-translation” (Ruckübersetzung) of, 171, 288n32
original language of, 169–75
translation issues concerning, 174–75
New Testament, Jewish background of, 180–81
background of names and terms in, 181–85
and Hebrew/Aramaic usage, 185–86
historical and religious background, 180–81
Newton, John, 197
Noachide movement (B’nei Noah [“sons of Noah”]), 109
Noah, seven laws of, 106–10
according to the Soncino Talmud, 107
writings concerning, 110
Olivet Discourse, 256
Operation Solomon, 119
Oral Law, 30–34, 119
books of, 33
and Jesus, 155–60
subdivisions of labor prohibited by on the Sabbath, 31, 277n27
transmitters of, 33–34
and the Achronim, 34
and the Amoraim, 34
and the Rishonim, 34
and the Saboraim, 34
and the Tanna, 34
and the zugot, 34
Origen, 172
Orwell, George, 133
Our Hands Are Stained with Blood (Brown), 134–35, 248, 296n57
Palestine, 140, 145, 286n60
Arab population of, 145
displacement of Arabs from, 146–47
etymology of the term “Palestine,” 148
population growth in (1554–1800), 145–46
Palestinians, as descendents of the Canaanites, 143–49
Passion of the Christ, The (2004), 54, 195
Passover/Easter, differences between, 188, 230–33, 293n20, 293n22
decision of the Nicene Council concerning, 231–33
etymology of the term “Easter,” 232–33
Paul, 84, 99, 221–22, 243
and the abolishment of the Law (Torah), 208–13
emphasis on the centrality of Christ rather than the Torah, 211
emphasis on the new covenant, 212
and the life of the world to come, 212–13
Paul as Torah observant, 210–11
stance of Paul against ethnic exclusivity, 212
and the “all Israel shall be saved” statement, 264–69, 296n56
on covering the head, 83–84
as an educated Jew with knowledge of Hebrew, 191–95, 291n67
on food and drink, 225, 229
on Jews and Gentiles as one in Christ, 233–38, 243, 247
missionary practices of, 192
on the salvation of the Jews, 270, 271–72
Pelikan, Jarislov, 194
Peter, 167, 214
Peters, Joan, 285n45
Pharisees, 156–57
Pittsburgh Platform (1885), 15
Plaut, Gunther, 71
Preterists, 256, 295n46
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 131–32, 283–84n28
Pryor, Dwight, 265
Purim, 103
qere-ketiv, 61–62
Rabbi Akiva, 94, 113
Rabbi Elijah (the Vilna Gaon [“the genius of Vilna”]), 26–27
Rabbi Nachman, 29
acronym for, 39
Rabbi Simlai, 102, 103–6
rabbis, 31–32
Jesus as a rabbi, 154–55
and Messianic Jewish leaders, 246–52
ordination of, 154
Rael (and the Raelians), 130–31, 284n31
Rashbam, 93
Reed, Jonathan L., 193
Revolution in the Church (Brown), 182
Rood, Michael J., 293n19
Roth, Andrew Gabriel, 179
Rutherford, Samuel, 269
Saadiah Gaon, 126
Sabbath traditions/observances, 16, 218. See also candles, lighting of on the Sabbath
driving on the Sabbath, 79–81, 279n65
subdivisions of labor prohibited on, 31, 277n27
Salmon ben Yeruham, 126
Samaritans, 93, 116–17, 121, 282n17, 282–83n19
and the faithful observance of the Torah, 121, 122
as Israelites rather than Jews, 120–23
Jewish animosity toward, 122–23
Sarna, Nahum, 67–68, 69, 72–73
Schneerson, Menachem Mendel, 28
Schwartz, Gunter, 179
Segal, Alan, 192
Shaddai, 96, 280–81n82
Shoebat, Walid, 145, 258
Shulkhan Arukh, 48
Siddur, 48
Silberberg, Naftali, 74
Simmons, Shraga, 74
Southerton, Simon G., 118
Stern, David, 85, 185
on Messianic Jewish rabbis, 250–51
sukkot, 78
synagogēs, 183–84
Talmud, 94, 100
Babylonian, 47
Palestinian, 47
Soncino, 107
Tanakh, 34–39, 48–49, 175, 203, 208, 216
annual cycle of readings from, 36–38
order of the books in, 35–36
use of acronyms in, 39
Targum, 49
Teitelbaum, Yoel, 29
Telushkin, Joseph, 17, 115–16
Temple, restoration of, 135–39
and the Neturei Karta Jews, 137–38
and the Temple Mount Faithful, 138
Temple Scroll, 46
Ten Lost Tribes, 117, 121, 282n8
Tenney, Merrill C., 123
Tigay, H., 68–69
Tomson, Peter J., 193
Torah, 35, 45, 94, 96, 123, 124–25, 155, 291n5 See also Jesus, and the abolishment of the Law (Torah); Paul, and the abolishment of the Law (Torah)
and the 613 commandments of, 90–91, 102–6, 281n87
acronym for, 103
and the concept of nomos, 40, 41, 277n30
on forbidden sexual unions, 217
fulfillment of in Yeshua, 189
keeping of by Christians, 214–19
meanings and definitions of, 39–42
study of, 25–26
water as a symbol of, 181, 289n47
Torrey, Charles Cutler, 179
Traina, A. B., 162
Troki, Isaac, 127
Twain, Mark, 172
“Two House Theory,” 117, 238–44
and role of Ephraim in, 238–39, 241–42
Veffer, Shmuel, 77
Visotzky, Burton, 192
Wade, Nicholas, 281–83n4
Wessel, Walter W., 151
West Bank, 146, 147
wigs. See Jewish women, and the wearing of wigs
Written Law, 31–33
Wuest, Kenneth, 184
yarmulke (skullcaps), 81–84
origins of, 82
yeshiva, 98
Yeshua. See Jesus, and the abolishment of the Law (Torah)
Yoffie, Eric, 23
Younan, Paul, 179
Zimmerman, Frank, 179
Zohar, 27, 49