Introduction: Katharina von Bora for All Seasons
1. See Ruth A. Tucker, Extraordinary Women of Christian History: What We Can Learn from Their Struggles and Triumphs (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2016), 24.
2. Drafting Committee of the LCWE, “Christian Witness to Nominal Christians among Roman Catholics,” Lausanne Occasional Paper 10 (June 1980), www.lausanne.org/content/lop/lop-10 (accessed December 1, 2016).
3. John R. W. Stott, Basic Christianity (London: Inter-Varsity, 1958), 108.
4. Drafting Committee of the LCWE, “Christian Witness to Nominal Christians.”
5. Jeanette C. Smith, “Katharina von Bora through Five Centuries: A Historiography,” Sixteenth Century Journal 30.3 (1999): 745.
1. Casey N. Cep, “Inside the Cloister,” New Yorker, March 5, 2014, www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/inside-the-cloister.
2. Ibid.
3. Laurel Braswell, “Saint Edburga of Winchester: A Study of Her Cult, A.D. 950–1500,” Medieval Studies 23 (1971): 310.
4. See Eileen Power, Medieval English Nunneries (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922), 25.
5. See Martin Treu, “Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther’s Side,” Lutheran Quarterly 13 (summer 1999): 157, www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/treu_katharina_von_bora.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
6. Cited in Rudolf K. Markwald and Marilynn Morris Markwald, Katharina von Bora: A Reformation Life (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2002), 24.
7. Martin Brecht, Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532, trans. James L. Schaaf (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990), 101.
8. Heide Wunder, He Is the Sun, She Is the Moon: Women in Early Modern Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 17.
9. See Anne Winston-Allen, Convent Chronicles: Women Writing about Women and Reform in the Late Middle Ages (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004), 29, 45, 49.
10. Judith Oliver, “Worship and the Word,” in Women and the Book: Assessing the Visual Evidence, ed. Jane H. M. Taylor and Lesley Smith (London: University of Toronto Press, 1996), 106.
11. Ibid., 107.
12. See Ernst Kroker, The Mother of the Reformation: The Amazing Life and Story of Katharine Luther, trans. Mark E. DeGarmeaux (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2013), 19.
13. Hildegard von Bingen, “Her Life: Work as Abbess / Richardis of Stade,” http//land derhildegard.de/her-life-work-as-abbess-richardis-of-stade (accessed December 1, 2016.
14. Ulrike Wiethaus, “In Search of Medieval Women’s Friendships: Hildegard of Bingen’s Letters to Her Female Contemporaries,” in Ulrike Wiethaus, ed., Maps of Flesh and Light: The Religious Experience of Medieval Women Mystics (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1993), 106.
15. Joseph L. Baird and Radd K. Ehrman, trans., The Letters of Hildegard of Bingen, vol. 1 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 51.
16. Quoted in Winston-Allen, Convent Chronicles, 129–30.
17. Cited in Markwald and Markwald, Katherina von Bora, 40.
18. Cited in Lina Eckenstein, Woman under Monasticism (London: Clay, 1896), 67–68.
19. Ibid.
20. Cited in Christian D. Knudsen, Naughty Nuns and Promiscuous Monks: Monastic Sexual Misconduct in Late Medieval England (University of Toronto, PhD dissertation, 2012), 97–99, https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/67281/6/Knudsen_Christian_D_201211_PhD_thesis.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
21. Martin Luther King Jr., “I Have a Dream,” speech at the “March on Washington” (August 28, 1963), https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/i-have-dream-address-delivered-march-washington-jobs-and-freedom (accessed December 1, 2016).
22. Quoted in Winston-Allen, Convent Chronicles, 233.
23. Quoted in Thomas A. Brady, German Histories in the Age of the Reformations, 1400–1650 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 174.
24. Ibid.
25. “The Plays of Roswitha: Dulcitius,” Fordham University, http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/roswitha-dulcitius.asp (accessed December 1, 2016).
26. Winston-Allen, Convent Chronicles, 22.
27. Cited in ibid., 24.
28. Ibid., 25.
29. Ibid.
30. Treu, “Katharina von Bora,” 158.
31. Patricia O’Donnell-Gibson, The Red Skirt: Memoirs of an Ex Nun (Watervliet, MI: StuartRose, 2011), 38.
32. Ibid., 85.
33. Cited in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 40.
1. Tom Browning, “A History of the Reformation: “The Door . . . Martin Luther,” December 19, 2003, www.monergism.com/thethreshold/articles/onsite/browning/Lesson8.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
2. Quoted in Timothy George, Theology of the Reformers, rev. ed. (Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 2013), 88.
3. Quoted in Joel F. Harrington, The Faithful Executioner: Life and Death, Honor and Shame in the Turbulent Sixteenth Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013), 33.
4. Quoted in Lewis Spitz, ed., Luther’s Works, vol. 34 (Philadelphia: Muhlenberg, 1960), 337.
5. Quoted in Martin Marty, Martin Luther (New York: Viking, 2004), 6.
6. Quoted in George, Theology of the Reformers, 53.
7. John Wesley, Journal of John Wesley, Christian Classics Ethereal Library, www.ccel.org/ccel/wesley/journal.vi.ii.xvi.html (accessed December 1, 2016).
8. Quoted in George, Theology of the Reformers, 65.
9. Ibid., 63.
10. Quoted in Thomas M. Lindsay, Luther and the German Reformation (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1900), 50, https://archive.org/stream/luthergermanrefo00lind/luthergermanrefo00lind_djvu.txt (accessed December 1, 2016).
11. Karl Barth, Die christliche Dogmatik im Entwurf: Die Lehre vom Worte Gottes (Munich: Chr. Kaiser Verlag, 1927), ix.
12. Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon, 1950), 60.
13. Quoted in ibid., 147.
14. Quoted in ibid., 185; Bainton writes, “The earliest printed version added the words: ‘Here I stand, I cannot do otherwise.’ The words, though not recorded on the spot, may nevertheless be genuine, because the listeners at the moment may have been too moved to write.”
15. Quoted in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 65.
16. Ibid., 106.
17. Cited in Rudolf K. Markwald and Marilynn Morris Markwald, Katharina von Bora: A Reformation Life (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2002), 40.
18. Quoted in Jean Rilliet, Zwingli: Third Man of the Reformation, trans. Harold Knight (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1964), 33.
19. Kimberly C. Kennedy, “ ‘God’s Recurring Dream’: Assessing the New Monastic Movement through Historical Comparison” (master’s thesis, Olivet Nazarene University, 2012), 14, http://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=hist_maph (accessed December 1, 2016).
Chapter 3: “A Wagon Load of Vestal Virgins”
1. Patricia O’Donnell-Gibson, The Red Skirt: Memoirs of an Ex Nun (Watervliet, MI: StuartRose, 2011), 38.
2. Quoted in Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon, 1950), 45.
3. J. H. Alexander, “Katherine von Bora, Wife of Luther,” www.the-highway.com/articleNov01.html (accessed December 1, 2016).
4. Boise State University, Martin Luther, “Luther Marries,” 17, https://europeanhistory.boisestate.edu/reformation/luther/17.shtml (accessed December 1, 2016).
5. Armin Stein, Katharine von Bora, Dr. Martin Luther’s Wife: A Picture from Life, trans. A. Endlich (Philadelphia: General Council Publication Board, 1915), 21.
6. Ibid., 35–37, 40–41.
7. See Scott Hendrix, Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015), 143.
8. Quoted in Bainton, Here I Stand, 286–87.
9. Michael Baker, “Was Luther Really Like, After All?” www.catholicapologetics.info/apologetics/protestantism/character.htm (accessed December 1, 2016).
10. Theodore Gerhardt Tappert, ed., Luther: Letters of Spiritual Counsel (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1955), 172.
11. Ernst Kroker, The Mother of the Reformation: The Amazing Life and Story of Katharine Luther, trans. Mark E. DeGarmeaux (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2013), 40.
12. Ibid.
13. Eileen Power, Medieval English Nunneries: c. 1275–1535 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1922), 36.
14. Preserved Smith and Charles M. Jacobs, eds., Luther’s Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters, vol. 2 (Philadelphia: Lutheran Publication Society, 1918), 258.
15. Steven Ozment, The Serpent and the Lamb: Cranach, Luther, and the Making of the Reformation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011), 271.
16. James Anderson, Ladies of the Reformation (New York: Blackie, 1858), 55.
17. Quoted in Martin Treu, “Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther’s Side,” Lutheran Quarterly 13 (summer 1999): 176, note 3, www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/treu_katharina_von_bora.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
18. Quoted in Hendrix, Martin Luther, 142.
19. Smith and Jacobs, eds., Luther’s Correspondence, 2:181.
20. Ibid.
21. See Susan C. Karant-Nunn and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, eds., Luther on Women (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 132.
22. Quoted in Roland Bainton, “Psychiatry and History,” in Psychohistory and Religion: The Case of Young Man Luther, ed. Roger A. Johnson (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1977), 44.
23. Arthur Cushman McGiffert, Martin Luther: The Man and His Work (New York: Century, 1911), 277–78.
24. Glenn Sunshine, “Katharine von Bora,” Christian Worldview Journal, October 26, 2015, www.colsoncenter.org/the-center/columns/changed/23137-katharina-von-bora (accessed December 1, 2016).
25. Preserved Smith, The Life and Letters of Martin Luther (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 176.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Quoted in Clyde L. Manschreck, Melanchthon: The Quiet Reformer (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2009), 129–30.
29. Quoted in Marjorie Elizabeth Plummer, From Priest’s Whore to Pastor’s Wife: Clerical Marriage and the Progress of Reform in the Early German Reformation (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012), 51–52.
30. Cited in Justin Taylor, “Martin Luther’s Reform of Marriage,” in Sex and the Supremacy of Christ, eds. John Piper and Justin Taylor (Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 2005), 223.
31. Cited in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 24.
1. Sheilagh C. Ogilvie, A Bitter Living: Women, Markets, and Social Capital in Early Modern Germany (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 1.
2. Tim Lambert, “A Brief History of Toilets,” Washingtonian Magazine (last revised, 2016), www.localhistories.org/toilets.html (accessed December 1, 2016).
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. See Gottfried Krüger, “How Did the Town of Wittenberg Look at the Time of Luther,” trans. Holger Sonntag, http://thewittenbergproject.org/about/how-did-the-town-of-wittenberg-look-at-the-time-of-luther (accessed December 1, 2016).
7. Quoted in ibid.
8. Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon, 1950), 298.
9. Krüger, “How Did the Town of Wittenberg Look?”
10. See ibid.
11. Quoted in Olli-Pekka Vainio, ed., Engaging Luther: A (New) Theological Assessment (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2010), 187.
12. See Krüger, “How Did the Town of Wittenberg Look?”
13. Desiderius Erasmus, “On the Education of Children,” in The Erasmus Reader, ed. Erika Rummel (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003), 73.
14. See Krüger, “How Did the Town of Wittenberg Look?”
15. Wolfgang Capito, “The Frankfurt Book Fair: Part I” (1501), https://wolfgangcapito.wordpress.com/2011/07/07/the-frankfurt-book-fair-part-1 (accessed December 1, 2016).
16. Ibid.
17. Preserved Smith, The Life and Letters of Martin Luther (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 363.
18. Ogilvie, A Bitter Living, 1.
19. Ibid., 10.
20. Ibid.
21. Joel F. Harrington, The Faithful Executioner: Life and Death, Honor and Shame in the Turbulent Sixteenth Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013), 5.
22. Quoted in Euan Cameron, Enchanted Europe: Superstition, Reason, and Religion, 1250–1750 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 2.
23. Ibid, 3–4.
24. C. Scott Dixon, The Reformation and Rural Society: The Parishes of BrandenburgAnsbach-Kulmbach, 1528–1603 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 102.
25. Harrington, Faithful Executioner, 33.
26. Ibid., 6.
27. Ibid., 5.
28. Quoted in ibid., 8.
29. Cited in Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 361.
30. Cited in ibid., 362.
31. Cited in ibid.
32. Saint Teresa, The Life of Teresa of Jesus (1888; repr., New York: Garden City, NY, 1960), lxvii.
33. Quoted in Susan Broomhall, Women and the Book Trade in Sixteenth-Century France (Hampshire, UK: Ashgate, 2002), 2.
34. Ann Marie Rasmussen, Mothers and Daughters in Medieval German Literature (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1997), 204.
Chapter 5: “Pigtails on the Pillow”
1. Quoted in Marjorie Elizabeth Plummer, From Priest’s Whore to Pastor’s Wife (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012), 126.
2. Quoted in Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church, vol. 7 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979), 455.
3. Quoted in William Herman Theodore, ed., Four Hundred Years: Commemorative Essays on the Reformation of Dr. Martin Luther and Its Blessed Results (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 1916), 143.
4. Quoted in Richard Friedenthal, Luther: His Life and Times, trans. John Nowell (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1970), 438.
5. Patrick F. O’Hare, The Facts about Luther (Cincinnati, OH: Pustet, 1916), 353.
6. Quoted in Preserved Smith, The Life and Letters of Martin Luther (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 130.
7. Cited in Carter Lindberg, “Martin Luther on Marriage and the Family,” 30, www.emanuel.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P-2.1-2004-Carter-Lindberg-Martin-Luther-on-Marriage-and-the-Family.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
8. See Helen L. Parish, Clerical Celibacy in the West, c. 1100–1700 (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2010), 146.
9. Ibid., 147.
10. See William Lazareth, Luther on the Christian Home: An Application of the Social Ethics of the Reformation (Philadelphia: Muhlenberg, 1960), 23.
11. Quoted in ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid., 22.
14. Ibid.
15. Quoted in Robert Dean Linder, The Reformation Era (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2008), 26.
16. See Lazareth, Luther on the Christian Home, 21.
17. Gregory of Tours, The History of the Franks, trans. Lewis Thorpe (London: Penguin, 1974), 74–75.
18. Preserved Smith and Charles M. Jacobs, eds., Luther’s Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters (Philadelphia: Lutheran Publication Society, 1918), 2:326.
19. Cited in Rudolf K. Markwald and Marilynn Morris Markwald, Katharina von Bora: A Reformation Life (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2002), 78.
20. Quoted in Heiko Oberman, Luther, Man Between God and the Devil (New York: Doubleday, 1982), 282.
21. Quoted in Moritz Meurer, The Life of Martin Luther: Related from Original Authorities (New York: Ludwig, 1848), 320-21.
22. Ernst Kroker, The Mother of the Reformation: The Amazing Life and Story of Katharine Luther, trans. Mark E. DeGarmeaux (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2013), 73.
23. Quoted in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 27.
24. See Anne Winston-Allen, Convent Chronicles: Women Writing about Women and Reform in the Late Middle Ages (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004), 233.
25. Quoted in Sabina Flanagan, Hildegard of Bingen, 1098–1179: A Visionary Life, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 1998), 70.
26. See Martin Treu, “Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther’s Side,” Lutheran Quarterly 13 (summer 1999): 159, www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/treu_katharina_von_bora.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
27. See ibid.
28. Martin Brecht, Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532, trans. James L. Schaaf (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990), 202–3.
29. Ibid., 203.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid., 202.
32. Ibid.
33. Andrew Pettegree, Brand Luther: 1517, Printing, and the Making of the Reformation (New York: Penguin, 2015), 253.
34. Heinrich Denifle, Luther and Lutherdom, trans. Raymund Volz (Somerset, UK: Torch, 1917), 312.
35. Ibid., 313.
36. Quoted in Bainton, Women of the Reformation, 23.
37. See Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon, 1950), 308.
38. Marjorie Elizabeth Plummer, From Priest’s Whore to Pastor’s Wife: Clerical Marriage and the Progress of Reform in the Early German Reformation (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2012), 247.
39. Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, Well-Behaved Women Seldom Make History (New York: Knopf, 2007), xiii.
Chapter 6: “Neither Wood nor Stone”
1. Quoted in Michael Parsons, Reformation Marriage: The Husband and Wife Relationship in the Theology of Luther and Calvin (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2011), 1.
2. Quoted in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 29.
3. Quoted in Ernst Kroker, The Mother of the Reformation: The Amazing Life and Story of Katharine Luther, trans. Mark E. DeGarmeaux (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2013), 264.
4. See Barbara Hudson Powers, The Henrietta Mears Story (Grand Rapids: Revell, 1957), 191.
5. Quoted in Martin Marty, Martin Luther (New York: Penguin, 2004), vii.
6. James Reston Jr., Luther’s Fortress: Martin Luther and His Reformation Under Siege (New York: Basic Books, 2015), 85.
7. Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon, 1950), 293.
8. Susan Squire, I Don’t: A Contrarian History of Marriage (New York: Bloomsbury, 2008), 210.
9. Quoted in Reston, Luther’s Fortress, 88.
10. Ibid.
11. Quoted in Susan C. Karant-Nunn and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, eds., Luther on Women (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 120.
12. Cited in Leland Ryken, Worldly Saints: The Puritans as They Really Were (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1986), 73.
13. See William Lazareth, Luther on the Christian Home: An Application of the Social Ethics of the Reformation (Philadelphia: Muhlenberg, 1960), 145.
14. Ibid.
15. Cited in Timothy J. Wengert, ed., Harvesting Martin Luther’s Reflections on Theology, Ethics, and the Church (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004), 13–14.
16. Ibid., 13.
17. Quoted in Margaret A. Currie, ed., The Letters of Martin Luther (New York: Macmillan, 1908), xii.
18. Quoted in Carter Lindberg, “Martin Luther on Marriage and the Family,” 32, www.emanuel.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P-2.1-2004-Carter-Lindberg-Martin-Luther-on-Marriage-and-the-Family.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
19. Ibid., 33.
20. Quoted in Preserved Smith, The Life and Letters of Martin Luther (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 251.
21. Quoted in Andrew Pettegree, Brand Luther: 1517, Printing, and the Making of the Reformation (New York: Penguin, 2015), 261.
22. See Currie, ed., Letters of Martin Luther, 361.
23. Quoted in H. C. Erik Midelfort, A History of Madness in Sixteenth-Century Germany (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1999), 106.
24. Ibid., 104.
25. See Martin Brecht, Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532, trans. James L. Schaaf (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990), 210.
26. Quoted in Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979), 7:337–38.
27. See Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 341.
28. See Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 178–79.
29. Quoted in Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 324.
30. Ibid.
31. See ibid., 341.
32. Ibid.
33. William Keddie, ed., The Sabbath School Magazine, vol. 36 (Glasgow: Glasgow Sabbath School Union, 1884), 240.
34. Quoted in Punch, or the London Charivari, vol. 30 (London: Bradbury and Agnew, 1856), 99.
35. Quoted in Julius Köstlin, The Life of Martin Luther (Philadelphia: Lutheran Publication Society, 1883), 355.
36. Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 9.
37. Ibid., 11–12.
38. Richard Marius, Martin Luther: The Christian between God and Death (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 439.
39. See Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 12.
40. Bainton, Here I Stand, 298.
41. Cited in ibid., 296.
42. Quoted in Clayborne Carson and Kris Shepard, eds., A Call to Conscience: The Landmark Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (New York: Warner, 2002), 66–67.
Chapter 7: “From Katie, a Little Heathen”
1. Sue Hubbell, A Country Year: Living the Questions (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), 90.
2. Katy Schumpert, “Why I Am Not a Pastor,” March 11, 2015, http://katieluthersisters.org/2015/03/why-i-am-not-a-pastor (viewed March 30, 2016).
3. See Carter Lindberg, “Martin Luther on Marriage and the Family,” 29, www.emanuel.ro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P-2.1-2004-Carter-Lindberg-Martin-Luther-on-Marriage-and-the-Family.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
4. J. A. P. Jones, Europe, 1500–1600 (Nashville: Nelson, 1997), 75.
5. Ibid.
6. See Martin Treu, “Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther’s Side,” Lutheran Quarterly 13 (summer 1999): 163, www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/treu_katharina_von_bora.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
7. See Henry Barnard, ed., “Early Training: Home Education,” The American Journal of Education, vol. 8, no. 20, March, 1860 (Hartford, CT: Brownell, 1860), 78.
8. See Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon, 1950), 293.
9. Quoted in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 38.
10. See Martin Brecht, Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532, trans. James L. Schaaf (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990), 204.
11. Cited in Bainton, Here I Stand, 293.
12. Quoted in Brecht, Martin Luther, 204.
13. Ibid.
14. Cited in ibid.
15. See Rudolf K. Markwald and Marilynn Morris Markwald, Katharina von Bora: A Reformation Life (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2002), 102; see also Peter Matheson, Argula von Grumbach: A Woman’s Voice in the Reformation (Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1995), 121–22.
16. Richard Marius, Martin Luther: The Christian Between God and Death (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 439.
17. See William Lazareth, Luther on the Christian Home: An Application of the Social Ethics of the Reformation (Philadelphia: Muhlenberg, 1960), 144.
18. Cited in Philip Schaff and Arthur Gilman, eds., A Library of Religious Poetry (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1881), 716.
19. See Lindberg, “Martin Luther on Marriage,” 35.
20. See Martin Luther, “A Sermon on the Estate of Marriage,” in Luther’s Works, ed. J. Pelikan and H. T. Lehmann (Saint Louis, MO: Concordia, 1966), 44:8.
21. Quoted in Lazareth, Luther on the Christian Home, 144–45.
22. Quoted in Scott H. Hendrix, Martin Luther: A Very Short Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 76.
23. Quoted in William Dallmann, ed., The Lutheran Witness, vol. 11 (Baltimore, MD: Lang, 1892–1893), 78.
24. Quoted in Ferdinand Piper and H. M. McCracken, eds., Lives of the Leaders of Our Church Universal (Chicago: Andrews, 1879), 278.
25. Hendrix, Martin Luther: A Very Short Introduction, 77.
26. Ibid.
27. See Treu, “Katharina von Bora,” 164.
28. Ibid., 165.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Cited in Susan C. Karant-Nunn and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, eds., Luther on Women (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 171–72.
32. Susan C. Karant-Nunn, “The Masculinity of Martin Luther: Theory, Practicality, and Humor,” in Masculinity in the Reformation Era, ed. Scott H. Hendrix and Susan C. Karant-Nunn (Kirksville, MO: Truman State University Press, 2008), 170.
33. Mickey L. Mattox, “Luther on Eve, Women and the Church,” in The Pastoral Luther: Essays on Martin Luther’s Practical Theology, ed. Timothy J. Wengert (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009), 257.
34. Ibid., 259.
35. Martin Luther, The Life of Luther, Written by Himself, ed. M. Michelet (New York: Macmillan, 1904), 262.
Chapter 8: “Morning Star of Wittenberg”
1. Margaret Thatcher, “Speech at Women’s International Zionist Organisation Centenary Lunch,” May 2, 1990, www.margaretthatcher.org/document/108078 (accessed December 1, 2016).
2. Proverbs 31:10, my paraphrase.
3. Rudolph W. Heinze, Reform and Conflict: From the Medieval World to the Wars of Religion, A.D. 1350–1648 (Oxford: Monarch, 2006), 111.
4. Sharon Hunt, “In the boarding house,” Culinate, April 9, 2013.
5. See Preserved Smith, The Life and Letters of Martin Luther (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 179.
6. Martin Treu, “Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther’s Side,” Lutheran Quarterly 13 (summer 1999): 165, www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/treu_katharina_von_bora.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
7. Quoted in Margaret A. Currie, ed., The Letters of Martin Luther (New York: Macmillan, 1908), 299.
8. Cited in Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon, 1950), 292.
9. Ibid., 296.
10. Cited in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 32–33.
11. Cited in Treu, “Katharina von Bora,” 167–68.
12. Sara Hall, “Katherine von Bora Luther: Herbalist, Gardener, Farmer, and Patron Saint of the Reformation,” April 4, 2012, The Daily Herb, www.thedailyherb.com/katherine-von-bora-luther-herbalist-gardener-farmer-and-patron-saint-of-the-reformation (accessed December 1, 2016).
13. Bainton, Here I Stand, 292.
14. Ibid., 292–93.
15. Steven Ozment, Ancestors: The Loving Family in Old Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 32.
16. Hall, “Katherine von Bora Luther.”
17. Ibid.
18. See ibid.
19. See Ernst Kroker, The Mother of the Reformation: The Amazing Life and Story of Katharine Luther, trans. Mark E. DeGarmeaux (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2013), 109.
20. See Treu, “Katharina von Bora,” 166.
21. Ibid.
22. Quoted in ibid., 168.
23. Ibid., 169.
24. Quoted in Andrew Pettegree, Brand Luther: 1517, Printing, and the Making of the Reformation (New York: Penguin, 2015), 272.
25. Richard Marius, Martin Luther: The Christian Between God and Death (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 439.
26. Quoted in Currie, ed., Letters of Martin Luther, 317–18.
27. Ibid., 318.
28. Würzburger Hofbräu Light, RateBeer, www.ratebeer.com/beer/wurzburger-hofbrau-light/43802 (accessed December 1, 2016).
29. See Bainton, Women of the Reformation, 52.
30. Marius, Martin Luther, 440.
Chapter 9: “Hew an Obedient Wife Out of Stone”
1. Mickey L. Mattox, “Luther on Eve, Women and the Church,” in The Pastoral Luther: Essays on Martin Luther’s Practical Theology, ed. Timothy J. Wengert (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2009), 251–52.
2. Quoted in Steven Ozment, Ancestors: The Loving Family in Old Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 37.
3. Gerhild Scholz Williams, “The Woman/The Witch: Variations on a Sixteenth-Century Theme,” in The Crannied Wall: Women, Religion, and the Arts in Early Modern Europe, ed. Craig A. Monson (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992), 131.
4. Carolyn Walker Bynum, Jesus as Mother: Studies in the Spirituality of the High Middle Ages (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 172–73.
5. Elsie Anne McKee, Katharina Schütz Zell: The Life and Thought of a Sixteenth-Century Reformer (Leiden: Brill, 1999), 48.
6. See Susan C. Karant-Nunn and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, eds., Luther on Women (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 93.
7. Ibid., 94.
8. Quoted in Preserved Smith, The Life and Letters of Martin Luther (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 180.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., 181.
11. Ernst Kroker, The Mother of the Reformation: The Amazing Life and Story of Katharine Luther, trans. Mark E. DeGarmeaux (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2013), 263.
12. Ibid., 160.
13. Ibid., 161.
14. Ibid., 181.
15. Ibid., 194–95.
16. Quoted in Richard Marius, Martin Luther: The Christian Between God and Death (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 440.
17. Quoted in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 55.
18. Ibid.
19. Quoted in Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 180.
20. See Bobby Valentine, “Argula von Grumbach: Courageous Debater, Theologian, Female Voice in the Reformation,” September 11, 2007, Wineskins.org, http://stonedcampbelldisciple.com/2007/09/11/argula-von-grumbach-courageous-debater-theologian-femalevoice-in-the-reformation-a-woman-on-the-family-tree (accessed December 1, 2016).
21. Marius, Martin Luther, 438.
22. Quoted in Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 181.
23. Quoted in Heiko Oberman, Luther: Man Between God and the Devil, trans. Eileen Walliser-Schwarzbart (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 276.
24. Quoted in Martin Treu, “Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther’s Side,” Lutheran Quarterly 13 (summer 1999): 167, www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/treu_katharina_von_bora.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
25. Quoted in George H. Tavard, Women in Christian Tradition (South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1973), 174.
26. Quoted in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, eds., Luther on Women, 190.
27. See ibid., 192–93.
28. Quoted in Rudolf K. Markwald and Marilynn Morris Markwald, Katharina von Bora: A Reformation Life (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2002), 109.
29. Ibid., 110.
30. See Bainton, Women of the Reformation, 29.
31. Quoted in Erin Allen, “Remember the Ladies,” Library of Congress Blog, March 31, 2016, https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2016/03/remember-the-ladies (accessed December 1, 2016).
32. Quoted in Woody Holton, Abigail Adams: A Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010), 390.
Chapter 10: “Stop Worrying, Let God Worry”
1. Joel F. Harrington, The Faithful Executioner: Life and Death, Honor and Shame in the Turbulent Sixteenth Century (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013), 5.
2. Quoted in Preserved Smith, The Life and Letters of Martin Luther (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 179.
3. Quoted in Dennis Ngien, Luther as a Spiritual Adviser: The Interface of Theology and Piety in Luther’s Devotional Writings (Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, 2007), 78.
4. See Steven Ozment, When Fathers Ruled: Family Life in Reformation Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), 148.
5. Graham C. L. Davey, “What Do We Worry About?” May 21, 2013, Psychology Today, www.psychologytoday.com/blog/why-we-worry/201305/what-do-we-worry-about (accessed December 1, 2016).
6. Quoted in Susan C. Karant-Nunn and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, eds., Luther on Women (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 195.
7. Ibid.
8. Quoted in Martin Luther, The Life of Luther, Written by Himself, ed. M. Michelet (New York: Macmillan, 1904), 349.
9. Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, Luther on Women, 196.
10. Screen observed April 7, 2016.
11. John MacArthur, “A Worried Christian,” Grace to You, www.gty.org/resources/articles/A112/a-worried-christian (accessed December 1, 2016).
12. Jill Briscoe, “Why Can’t I Stop Worrying?” www.womensministrytools.com/womens-bible-studies/304/why-cant-i-stop-worrying (accessed December 1, 2016).
13. Cited in Karant-Nunn and Wiesner-Hanks, eds., Luther on Women, 193.
14. Quoted in Margaret A. Currie, ed., The Letters of Martin Luther (New York: Macmillan, 1908), 460.
15. See ibid., 461
16. Ibid.
17. Quoted in James A. Nestingen, Martin Luther: A Life (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 2003), 66–67.
18. Quoted in Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 371–72.
19. Ibid., 372.
20. Quoted in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 27.
21. Richard Marius, Martin Luther: The Christian Between God and Death (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 442.
22. Ibid., 443.
23. Ibid., 442.
24. Ibid., 480.
25. Ibid.
26. Quoted in ibid., 481.
27. Martin Brecht, Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532, trans. James L. Schaaf (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990), 210.
28. See ibid., 211.
29. Marius, Martin Luther, 480.
30. Ibid., 78.
31. Ibid., 214.
32. Cited in Bainton, Women of the Reformation, 30.
33. My paraphrase of Matthew 6:25–34; 11:28.
Chapter 11: “Fifty Gulden” Bible Reading
1. Preserved Smith, The Life and Letters of Martin Luther (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911), 179.
2. Rich Deem, “The Proverbs 31 Woman: Why She Is Not the Ideal Christian Wife,” www.godandscience.org/doctrine/proverbs_31_woman.html (accessed December 1, 2016).
3. Scot McKnight, The Real Mary: Why Evangelical Christians Can Embrace the Mother of Jesus (Brewster, MA: Paraclete, 2007), 4.
4. Dorothy Pape, In Search of God’s Ideal Woman (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1976), 53.
5. Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 176.
6. Martin Marty, Martin Luther (New York: Viking, 2004), xii.
7. Cited in Roland Bainton, Here I Stand: A Life of Martin Luther (Nashville: Abingdon, 1950), 370.
8. Marty, Martin Luther, 23–24.
9. Cited in Warren Wiersbe, 50 People Every Christian Should Know: Learning from Spiritual Giants of the Faith (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2009), 14.
10. Quoted in Vern L. Bullough, Brenda Shelton, and Sarah Slavin, The Subordinated Sex: A History of Attitudes Toward Women, rev. ed. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988), 174.
11. Hollie Dermer, “Women of the Reformation: Katharina Von Bora Luther,” http://christinalangella.com/womenofthereformation/women-of-the-reformation-katharina-von-bora-luther-by-hollie-dermer (accessed December 1, 2016).
12. Kirsi Stjerna, Women and the Reformation (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2009), 54.
13. Ibid.
14. See Martin Treu, “Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther’s Side,” Lutheran Quarterly 13 (summer 1999): 159, www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/treu_katharina_von_bora.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
15. Rudolf K. Markwald and Marilynn Morris Markwald, Katharina von Bora: A Reformation Life (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2002), 134.
16. See ibid., 30.
17. Ibid., 33.
18. See Anne Winston-Allen, Convent Chronicles: Women Writing about Women and Reform in the Late Middle Ages (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004), 133.
19. Ibid.
20. Jo Ann McNamara, Sisters in Arms: Catholic Nuns through Two Millennia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 393.
21. Winston-Allen, Convent Chronicles, 135.
22. Quoted in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 37.
23. Cited in Bainton, Here I Stand, 292.
24. Quoted in Bainton, Women of the Reformation, 37.
25. Quoted in Smith, Life and Letters of Martin Luther, 179.
26. See Treu, “Katharina von Bora,” 172.
27. Martin Brecht, Martin Luther: Shaping and Defining the Reformation, 1521–1532, trans. James L. Schaaf (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1990), 205.
28. Ibid., 206.
29. Quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 147.
30. Ibid., 111.
31. Quoted in Charles Frederick Ledderhose, The Life of Philip Melanchthon trans. G. F. Krotel (Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1857), 323.
32. See Susan C. Karant-Nunn and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, eds., Luther on Women (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 193.
33. Quoted in Moritz Meurer, The Life of Martin Luther: Related from Original Authorities (New York: Ludwig, 1848), 642.
34. J. H. Alexander, The Ladies of the Reformation (London: Westminster Discount Books, 1996), 212.
35. See Matt Carver, “The ‘Klette’ Hymns and the ‘Klette’ Quote,” Hymnoglypt, May 1, 2010, http://matthaeusglyptes.blogspot.com/2010/05/klette-hymns-and-klette-quote.html (accessed December 1, 2016).
36. See ibid.
37. Anne Elizabeth Baker, Glossary of Northamptonshire Words and Phrases, vol. 1 (London: Smith, 1854), 90.
38. Cited in James Anderson, Ladies of the Reformation (London: Blackie, 1857), 75.
Chapter 12: “No Words Can Express My Heartbreak”
1. Cited in Diane Severance, “Albrecht Dürer, Reformation Media Man,” Christianity. com, www.christianity.com/church/church-history/timeline/1201-1500/albrecht-drer-reformation-media-man-11629888.html (accessed December 1, 2016).
2. Heiko Oberman, Luther: Man Between God and the Devil, trans. Eileen Walliser-Schwarzbart (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), 5.
3. Quoted in Roland H. Bainton, Women of the Reformation in Germany and Italy (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1971), 40.
4. Ibid.
5. Oberman, Luther, 5.
6. Charles H. H. Wright, A Protestant Dictionary (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1904), 385.
7. Dr. Volkmar Joestel, “Luther’s Death,” www.luther.de/en/jlt.html (accessed December 1, 2016).
8. Quoted in Ernst Kroker, The Mother of the Reformation: The Amazing Life and Story of Katharine Luther, trans. Mark E. DeGarmeaux (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2013), 221.
9. Quoted in Oberman, Luther, 8.
10. “Did Luther Recant on His Deathbed,” Beggars All: Reformation & Apologetics, comment by Churchmouse, January 12, 2007, http://beggarsallreformation.blogspot.com/2007/01/did-luther-recant-on-his-deathbed.html (accessed on December 1, 2016).
11. Quoted in Rebecca Larson, “Katharina von Bora: A Married Nun,” Tudors Dynasty, September 3, 2016, www.tudorsdynasty.com/katharina-von-bora-a-married-nun (accessed December 1, 2016).
12. Scott H. Hendrix, Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015), 286.
13. Erwin Weber, “500th Anniversary of Katharina von Bora,” Lutheran Journal 68.2 (1999), http://helios.augustana.edu/~ew/des/illustrated-articles/su53.html (accessed December 1, 2016).
14. See Rudolf K. Markwald and Marilynn Morris Markwald, Katharina von Bora: A Reformation Life (St. Louis, MO: Concordia, 2002), 181.
15. Kroker, Mother of the Reformation, 230–31.
16. See Bainton, Women of the Reformation, 40.
17. Hendrix, Martin Luther, 286.
18. Bainton, Women of the Reformation, 41.
19. Hendrix, Martin Luther, 287.
20. See Bainton, Women of the Reformation, 42.
21. Martin Treu, “Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther’s Side,” Lutheran Quarterly 13 (summer 1999): 173, www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/treu_katharina_von_bora.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
22. See Bainton, Women of the Reformation, 42.
23. See Treu, “Katharina von Bora,” 173.
24. Quoted in Markwald and Markwald, Katharina von Bora, 193.
25. See Sandy Bardsley, Venomous Tongues: Speech and Gender in Late Medieval England (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), 185 (note 23).
26. See “The Fountain of Youth by Lucas Cranach the Elder,” My Daily Art Display, May 5, 2012, https://mydailyartdisplay.wordpress.com/2012/05/05/the-fountain-of-youth-by-lucas-cranach-the-elder (accessed December 1, 2016).
27. The entire poem remains under copyright but is made publicly available at poets.org (with copyright holder’s permission), www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/do-not-go-gentle-good-night (accessed December 1, 2016).
1. Martin Treu, “Katharina von Bora, the Woman at Luther’s Side,” Lutheran Quarterly 13 (summer 1999): 157, www.lutheranquarterly.com/uploads/7/4/0/1/7401289/treu_katharina_von_bora.pdf (accessed December 1, 2016).
2. Andrew Pettegree, Brand Luther: 1517, Printing, and the Making of the Reformation (New York: Penguin, 2015), 279.
3. Ibid.