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Abe Shinzo, 345–46, 370–71
Afghanistan, 20, 54, 130, 218, 239, 352, 377, 429–30
Agreed Framework (1994), U.S.-DPRK, 22, 89, 125, 139, 146, 252–55, 256, 257, 260, 261, 270, 276–77, 288, 290, 291, 293, 300, 309, 364, 365, 375, 458
agriculture, DPRK, 24–25, 26, 43, 44, 103, 107, 112, 113, 115, 116, 123–24, 142–48, 190, 192–93
Al-Kibar (Syria), 247–49, 429
Albright, Madeleine, 80, 84, 89, 94, 96, 289–90, 309
all-out war option, 58, 223, 235, 236, 243–46, 253, 285, 286, 291, 455
Arab Spring, 7, 14, 18, 106, 410, 415, 430–55, 461
Asian Games, 324–25, 326–30
Assad-Bashar al-, 248, 434
assistance, foreign: bad decisions and, 122–28, 129, 144, 145, 146–47, 156, 160; deterrence and, 246; donor fatigue and, 127, 411; DPRK reform and, 144, 145, 146–47, 155; DPRK survival and, 13; DPRK violation of norms of, 201; monsoons and, 129; preparation for collapse of DPRK and, 462; real desires of DPRK and, 301, 302; U.S. security assurances to DPRK and, 312, 314. See also specific nation, organization, or type of aid
Australia, 138, 246, 334, 462
authentic Korean, 34–37, 38, 45–46, 59, 73–74, 177
bad decisions: cause for, 138–39; Ch’ŏllima movement and, 113–16, 154; corruption and, 127; debt and, 116–18, 125, 129, 130; foreign assistance and, 122–28, 129, 144, 145, 146–47, 156, 160; illicit activities and, 129–37; juche ideology and, 112, 114, 154; Moonshine policy and, 147–53, 160; neojuche revivalism and, 153–61; Olympic games and, 118–22; overview about, 110–13; political control and, 138–39, 141, 143, 154, 159, 161; reform and, 137–53, 154–61; Soviet abandonment and, 121–24
Banco Delta Asia (BDA) incident, 264–67, 268, 294, 333, 367
banks, DPRK, 157–59
Basic Agreement on Reconciliation (1992), ROK-DPRK, 139, 260, 283, 399–400
Battle of Dongning (1933), 67–68
Beijing Channel, 280, 281, 284
belligerence, DPRK, 52–58, 235, 236–39, 279, 387, 392
Bin Laden, Osama, 17, 108, 222, 455
biochemical weapons, 218, 219, 233–34, 237, 263, 372, 411
black market, 14, 132, 136, 144, 155, 157, 172, 186, 440, 447, 454
Blitzer, Wolf, 8, 311
Blix, Hans, 251, 252
Blue House: DPRK commando raid on (1968), 54, 56, 58, 235; U.S.-ROK discussions about unification at, 403–4, 407–8
Bolton, John, 85, 370
Bosworth, Stephen, 10, 272, 296, 305, 347
Bouazizi, Mohamed, 14, 431
Bryant, Kobe, 16, 102
Buddhism, 73, 164
Bureau 39 (Korean Workers’ Party), 84, 131–32
Burma, 57, 86, 132–33, 166, 205, 232, 233, 279, 305, 323, 373
Bush, George H.W., 281–85, 288, 304, 307–8, 368
Bush, George W.: aid to DPRK and, 294; all-out war option and, 291; axis of evil comment of, 255, 303; BDA incident and, 266–67, 293; blame on U.S. for DPRK nuclear program and, 290–94; Cha as speech writer for, 19; China-U.S. relations and, 291–92, 331, 460; Chinese ambassador Cha discussion about, 137–38; Chinese reaction to DPRK nuclear tests and, 330, 331; conundrum facing, 305–6; deterrence and, 230; DPRK admission to U.N. and, 283; DPRK defectors meetings with, 166–70, 204, 451; DPRK illicit activities and, 266–67; DPRK missile program and, 104, 226–27, 267; DPRK nuclear program and, 2, 22–23, 256, 257–58, 262, 268, 274, 290–94, 330, 331, 367, 408; DPRK as state sponsor of terrorism and, 270, 312; DPRK terrorist links and, 232; DPRK-U.S. bilateral meetings in New York and, 428; flexibility of, 293–94, 302; form for addressing DPRK leader by, 288; goals for DPRK-U.S. relations of, 291; human rights and, 166–70, 183, 184–85, 203, 204–5, 206, 211, 292–93, 383–84, 451; Japan-DPRK relations and, 378, 382; Jenkins case and, 382; Jiang Zemin meeting with, 331; Kim Jong-il and, 203–4, 205, 292, 293–94, 296, 302, 356; Koizumi visit with, 376–78; Libya and, 240; Megumi kidnapping and, 383–84; New York Times criticisms of, 270, 274, 275, 277, 290; NSC thank you from, 454; real desires of DPRK and, 302; Richardson visit to DPRK and, 2; Roh Moo-hyun conversation with, 268; ROK-U.S. relations and, 20, 292; Russia-U.S. relations and, 363; security assurances to DPRK by, 11, 310–15; Six-Party Talks and, 11, 257–58, 262, 266–67, 272, 275, 291, 293–94, 298, 301, 311, 312; unification of Korea and, 408, 460; views about ROK of, 20; withdrawal of nuclear weapons around the world and, 283; Woodward book about, 203–5
Cambodia, 50, 136, 189, 351
cars; in DPRK, 9, 164–65
Carter, Jimmy, 6, 33, 65, 89, 90, 143, 253, 282–83, 287
Catholics, 51–52, 164
“Ceausescu moment,” 445–48
Ceausescu, Nicolae, 30, 40, 105–6, 410, 446
Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), 38, 78, 237, 418, 457, 458
Central Intelligence Agency, Korea (KCIA), 34, 45, 78, 96, 397, 399
Central Intelligence Agency, U.S.. (CIA), 24, 112, 252
Central Military Committee, DPRK, 98, 100
Chang Sŏng-t’aek (brother-in-law of Kim Jong-il), 83, 100
Channing Liem, 398–99
Cheney, Dick, 85, 275, 278
Cheonan (ROK ship): DPRK attack on, 10, 103, 159, 236, 238, 241, 242, 245, 296, 334–35, 336, 362, 407, 416, 419
China: aid to DPRK from, 11, 15, 21, 23–24, 27–28, 32, 41, 63, 111, 112, 113, 117, 119, 122, 123–28, 145–46, 153, 154, 160, 201, 202, 257, 258, 319–20, 321, 323, 327, 340–42, 388, 411, 454, 460; Arab Spring and, 431, 449; Beijing Channel and, 280, 281, 284; border between DPRK and, 343, 429, 430; Bush (George W.) administration and, 291–92; Ceausescu execution and, 105–6; changes in support of DPRK by, 317, 323–34; Cheonan incident and, 334–35, 419; Choco Pies in, 154; civil war in, 70; Cold War and, 20, 27–28, 316, 319; counterfeiting in, 43, 133; Cultural Revolution in, 29, 39, 48, 49, 320, 322; currency in, 144; dissidents in U.S. from, 206; domestic issues in, 339–42, 346; DPRK agreement (1953) with, 319; DPRK agreement (1962) with, 343; DPRK agreement (1971) with, 225; DPRK agreement (1986) with, 178, 181; DPRK agreement (2010) with, 336; and DPRK and China as mutual hostages, 17, 315–46; and DPRK distrust/anti-Chinese sentiment, 161, 316, 338–39; DPRK famine and, 123, 192, 201, 202, 328, 460; DPRK illicit activities and, 132, 133, 134, 136; DPRK image in, 48; DPRK joint projects with, 335, 337–38, 340; DPRK military ties with, 31–32, 268; DPRK missile program and, 225–27; DPRK Moonshine policy and, 151–53; DPRK nuclear program and, 11, 257, 258, 259, 262, 267–68, 269–70, 317, 329–34, 336, 344, 345–46, 366, 383, 411, 419, 460; DPRK refugees/defectors in, 9, 172, 177, 178–86, 187, 307, 322, 328, 339, 340, 342, 416, 451, 460, 461; DPRK resentment of, 315; DPRK special relationship with, 316; DPRK support by, 3, 13, 15; DPRK survival and, 17, 429, 430; DPRK terrorist attacks on ROK and, 323; DPRK trade with, 112, 123–25, 145–46, 316, 318, 319–20, 324, 327–28, 334, 335, 337–38, 339, 340; DPRK value to, 318, 321, 326, 339–46; economy of, 7; famine in, 25; food production in DPRK and, 25; Great Leap Forward in, 189, 323; human rights and, 292; human trafficking and, 136; Japan-DPRK relations and, 377, 383; Japanese relations with, 343, 345–46, 373, 377; juche ideology and, 39, 41, 62–63; Kim Il-sung and, 48, 49–50, 67–68, 69, 76–77, 79, 108, 112, 249, 315, 319, 320–22, 326; Kim Jong-il and, 83, 96, 151–53, 160, 315–16, 327, 328, 330, 333, 336, 345, 362, 409; Kim Jong-il death and, 419; Kim Jong-un and, 103, 104, 107, 160, 338, 344; Korean War and, 66, 76, 213, 303, 317–19, 321, 323, 326, 334; Korean Workers’ Party delegation in, 32; as model for DPRK, 14, 93, 153–54, 321; modernization/reform in, 30, 60, 93, 139, 144, 145, 321, 326, 339; Nixon trip to, 31–32, 48–49, 397; nuclear program of, 246, 249; Olympic and Asian Games and, 118–19, 324–28; plans for collapse of Kim family and, 307; predatory economic policy of, 315, 334–46; PSI and, 456; Reagan’s modest initiative policy and, 280; real desires of DPRK and, 298–99; rebuilding of DPRK and, 23–24; recognition of DPRK by, 318; repatriation (refoulement) of North Koreans from, 177, 178–86, 204, 210, 328, 451; ROK-DPRK relations and, 243, 244; ROK relations with, 20, 27–28, 304, 317, 324–28, 331, 334–35, 399, 460; Russia-DPRK relations and, 365; Russian relations with, 28–30, 39, 76–77, 315, 320–21, 326, 351, 352, 359; sanctions on DPRK and, 306; Six-Party Talks and, 11, 256, 258, 259, 262, 265, 266, 269, 295, 298–99, 304–5, 316, 317, 347, 362, 368–69; smuggling of cell phones from, 450; special economic zones and, 139–40; student demonstrations in, 106; Tiananmen Square demonstrations in, 106, 139, 324, 410; triads in, 132, 135; troops in DPRK of, 26, 319, 322; unification and, 410, 413, 416, 419, 458, 460; U.S. relations with, 32, 117, 246, 262, 306, 318, 330–35, 339, 416, 429, 460; U.S. security assurances to DPRK and, 304–5, 368–69; U.S. trade embargoes and sanctions on, 318–22; in World War II, 343. See also specific agreement or treaty
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 28, 316, 335, 337, 410
Choco Pies, 154–55, 443
Ch’ŏllima movement, 44–45, 61, 62, 106, 113–16, 154
Chŏng Chu-yŏng, 386, 389, 390, 391, 407, 446
Chŏng Mong-hŏn, 388–89
Chosen Soren (Japanese organization), 372, 374, 376
Christians, 66, 67, 68, 73, 76, 164, 201
Chun Doo-hwan (ROK president), 51–52, 57, 86, 232, 279, 323, 398–99
civil unrest, DPRK, 158–59, 161, 189, 191, 209–11, 452–55
Clinton, Bill: blame for DPRK nuclear program and, 276–77, 285–90; Bush (George W.)–DPRK relations and, 290, 291; deterrence and, 213, 218, 229–30, 237; DPRK missile program and, 229–30, 237, 288–89; DPRK nuclear program and, 22, 124, 203, 254–55, 276–77, 285–90, 308–12; Japan-DPRK relations and, 375; Jo Myong-rok meeting with, 289; journalists detainment incident and, 296; Kim Il-sung–Carter meeting and, 89, 287; Kim Jong-il and, 95–96, 230, 288, 289, 290, 294; non-hostile intent of, 285–90, 304, 308–12; real desires of DPRK and, 300; sanctions against DPRK and, 125. See also Agreed Framework (1994), U.S.-DPRK; Joint Communique (2000), U.S.-DPRK
Club Med, 93–94
CNN, 4, 8, 21, 74, 80, 163, 216, 269, 442
Cold War: aid for DPRK during, 28; Arab Spring in DPRK and, 430; authentic Korea during, 34–37, 45–46, 58; bad decisions and, 115; China-DPRK relations and, 316, 317, 319; division of Korean Peninsula and, 7; DPRK belligerence during, 53–58; DPRK confidence during, 46–52; DPRK ideology during, 14, 21, 30, 37–46, 58–63, 106; DPRK nuclear program during, 246; DPRK trade during, 25; end of, 417; impact on DPRK of, 20–21, 24–25, 27–28, 30, 62–63, 105, 111, 121; impact on ROK of, 20–21, 30; Japan-DPRK relations during, 373; Korean independence and, 70; neojuche revivalism and, 448; ROK-DPRK relations and, 395, 396–97, 400; ROK-U.S. relations during, 19, 20, 27, 30–32; Russia-DPRK relations during, 76, 315, 348; Russia-U.S. relations during, 246, 298, 301, 369; Sino-Soviet relations during, 28–30; unification of Korea and, 395, 396–97, 400. See also specific person, nation, or topic
communications technology, 12, 421, 435–36, 449–50. See also Internet; mobile/cell phones
communism/communists: DPRK as model for, 22; “the end of history” and, 408; juche ideology and, 37–39; Khrushchev’s “Secret Speech” and, 28–30; Kim Il-sung and, 47–49, 66, 67, 68, 69; Kim Jong-il and, 78; in ROK, 26; in ROK police/military force, 47; Sino-Soviet relations and, 29–30. See also Marxist-Leninism; specific person
confidence, DPRK, 46–52, 54, 58, 241
Confucianism, 40–41, 75
Congress, U.S., 33, 52, 141, 203, 206, 243, 256, 299, 396
Congressional Research Service, U.S., 133, 341–42
contagion effect, 432, 435–36, 437, 440–41, 449, 451
corruption, 127, 147, 211
counterfeiting, 8, 43, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134–36, 264, 265–67, 367
cows: unification of Korea and, 386, 391
crime, 170–71, 197, 444. See also illicit activities
Cuba, 48, 205, 322
Cui Tankei, 368–69
currency issues, 9, 93, 141–42, 156–58, 264, 265–67, 367, 423–24, 447–48, 453
CVID (complete, verifiable, and irreversible dismantlement): crises and, 252–74; and DPRK blame on U.S., 275–98; DPRK as “horizontal proliferation threat” and, 249; Israeli bombing of Al-Kibar facility and, 247–49; origins of DPRK nuclear program and, 249–52; real desires of DPRK and, 298–305; U.S. conundrum concerning, 305–10; U.S. security assurances to DPRK and, 298–314
Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic, 81, 117, 356
debt, DPRK, 116–18, 125, 130, 359–60, 362
decapitation strikes, 221–22, 455
Defense Department, U.S., 2, 3, 52
Demilitarized Zone (DMZ): Bush (George W.) security assurances to DPRK and, 310; chaju (self-reliance) carving at, 45; Chong cows and, 386, 391; description of, 214; deterrence and, 213–14, 219, 220, 234, 241–42; DPRK biochemical weapons and, 234; DPRK forces at, 12, 53, 116, 213, 219, 220; establishment of, 213; KPA “Two-Front War” doctrine and, 27; standoff between DPRK and ROK and, 213–14; unification of Korea and, 386, 391, 395
demographic effect, 432, 434–35, 437
Deng Xiaoping, 14, 30, 49, 60, 79, 93, 107, 139, 225, 321, 323, 326, 352
deterrence: all-out war option and, 236, 243–46; biochemical weapons and, 218, 219, 233–34, 237; change in ROK attitudes and, 242, 243; conventional military balance and, 215–22; dangerous and misinformed strategic thinking and, 223–31; decapitation strikes and, 221–22; Defense Reform 304 and, 245; definition of, 244; desperation of DPRK and, 234–46; DMZ and, 213–14, 219, 220, 234, 241–42; double or nothing mind-set and, 234–38, 245; DPRK “invasion” of ROK and, 212–13, 219; DPRK second-strike capability and, 241, 246; foreign investments and, 223, 229; geography and, 217–18, 220–21; international assistance and, 246; invulnerability of DPRK and, 240, 241; miscalculations and, 234–46; missiles and, 220, 223–31, 234, 237, 238, 241, 245; nuclear program and, 215, 218, 219, 223, 224, 228, 230, 234, 237, 238–43, 245, 246; passive vs. proactive, 242; provocations by DPRK and, 236–38, 241, 245; readiness and, 245; ROK-U.S. “invasion” of DPRK and, 219–22; terrorism and, 231–33, 237; U.S. role in, 212, 213, 215, 217, 218–19, 221, 223, 224–25, 227, 228, 229–32, 237–38, 239–40, 241, 242–46; as way to employ force, 244. See also specific nation
DeTrani, Joe, 427, 428
development-gap theories, 13, 432, 433–34, 437, 449
diplomats, DPRK: illicit activities and, 130, 134, 136
Director of National Intelligence, U.S., 267, 273
double or nothing mind-set, 234–38, 245
drugs: illicit activities and, 8, 131, 132–34, 135–36
East Germany, 30, 40, 50–51, 105, 156, 303, 398, 423–24
Eastern Europe, 122, 139, 209, 282
Eberstadt, Nicholas, 145, 189, 417
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) Democracy Index, 436, 437, 442
Economist magazine, 16, 402
economy, DPRK: Arab Spring and, 437, 438, 443, 447, 449, 454; bad decisions concerning, 13, 110–61; China-DPRK relations and, 334–46; Cold War and, 25, 40, 111; decentralization of decision making and, 142–48; decline/failure in, 12, 14, 111, 454; dependency on foreign aid of, 126; DPRK as impossible state and, 7–8; DPRK survival and, 12, 429; growth in, 438, 439; gulag prisoners and, 172; ideology and, 40, 59, 61, 113–16, 154–61, 454; illicit activities and, 129–37; impact on Korean people of, 154–61; inflation and, 144, 159, 424, 454; Japan-DPRK relations and, 370, 371, 374, 376, 378, 380; Kim Il-sung and, 90, 112–13, 114–15; Kim Jong-il and, 87, 90, 93; “Korea discount” and, 416–17; Moonshine policy and, 147–53; nuclear program and, 365–66; political control and, 138–39, 141, 143, 154, 159, 161; reform/modernization of, 139–61, 417, 443, 447, 454; refugees/defectors and, 10, 444; ROK compared with, 12, 87, 400, 401; ROK-DPRK relations and, 208, 388, 393–94, 400, 401, 405, 412; Russia-DPRK relations and, 122–24, 348, 350–51, 365–66; unification and, 388, 393–94, 400, 401, 405, 416–17, 419, 421, 423–24, 425. See also agriculture; Ch’ŏllima movement; energy; food/famine; industry; Seven-Year Plan (1961–67); Three-Year Plan (1954–56)
education, 7, 165, 191, 211, 423, 425, 432, 435, 445. See also reeducation
Egypt, 18, 26, 106, 161, 226, 229, 431, 432–34, 435, 436, 443, 445
Eighty-eighth Special Independent Sniper Brigade, Russian, 69–70, 82
elites/“selectorate”: as source of discontent, 453–54
energy, DPRK: bad decisions about, 114–15, 117, 122–24, 128, 141, 146; China-DPRK relations and, 321, 328, 340, 341; Ch’ŏllima movement and, 45; Cold War aid to DPRK and, 28; division of Korean peninsula and, 23; famine and, 192; goat-breeding campaign and, 110; ideology and, 60; international assistance, 24, 28, 122–24, 293, 297, 301, 312; Japan-DPRK relations and, 383; monsoons and, 128; neojuche revivalism and, 58–59; real desires of DPRK and, 302, 303; reform/modernization and, 25, 141, 146; Russia-DPRK relations and, 24, 28, 122–24, 355–56, 359, 361, 367; Six-Party Talks and, 382; South Korea and, 23, 24, 25, 87; unification of Korea and, 411, 421–22. See also nuclear program, DPRK entitlements, DPRK, 190–91
entrepreneurship, 13, 93, 107, 139, 142, 144, 155, 157, 443
European Union, 146, 159, 313, 413
executions, 8, 107, 158, 166, 173, 174, 191, 197, 209, 448, 452
Facebook, 435, 441, 449
farms/farmers, 46–47, 134, 144, 155, 165, 190, 192, 447, 454. See also agriculture; marketization
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 78, 134
filial piety, 41, 74–75, 78
fisherman, ROK: DPRK capture of, 374, 405
Five Policy Principles, 455–62
food/famine: alternative, 187, 196; Arab Spring and, 430; and average diet in DPRK, 9; bad decisions and, 110, 111, 112, 113, 122, 124, 125–26, 127, 128, 129, 133, 141, 144, 146, 147, 158–59; and causes of famine, 190–93; China-DPRK relations and, 124, 192, 201, 202, 328, 460; civil unrest and, 158, 188, 191, 210, 452, 453; collectivization and, 47; comparison between ROK and, 87; corruption and, 127; deaths during, 9, 188, 193, 194, 393; disease and, 194–95; DPRK collapse scenario and, 461; future of DPRK and, 203; geography and, 192–93; goat-breeding campaign and, 110; in gulags, 172, 173, 175, 182, 191; human rights and, 188; ideology and, 60; illicit activities and, 130, 133; impact of, 186–90, 193–99; instability of DPRK leadership and, 412; international assistance and, 9, 11, 15, 23, 28, 113, 122–27, 129, 144, 146, 147, 155, 159, 190, 199–202, 205, 211, 289, 294, 297, 301, 312, 327, 328, 340, 342, 375–76, 405, 460; Japan-DPRK relations and, 375, 376; Kim Jong-il and, 81, 91, 92–93, 108, 188; Kim Jong-un and, 103, 107; Marxist-Leninist approach to government and, 189; migrations out of DPRK and, 178, 182, 187–88, 191, 199, 328; monsoons and, 128, 129; neojuche revivalism and, 58–59; NGO assessment of food needs during, 187; rationing of, 87, 187; reform and, 141, 144, 146; ROK-DPRK relations and, 201, 202, 393; social stratification and, 186, 190–91, 193, 194; survival of DPRK and, 12; unification and, 412; U.S.-DPRK relations and, 204; youth and, 199. See also agriculture, DPRK; marketization; public distribution system
Ford (Gerald) administration, 57, 58
foreign investments: Arab Spring and, 450; deterrence and, 223, 229; Japan-DPRK relations and, 372, 373; “Korea discount” and, 416–17; reform and, 139, 140, 142–48; special economic zones and, 139, 140; unification and, 412, 416–17, 424; U.S. security assurances to DPRK and, 313
Foyer, Mats, 2–3, 137
France, 33, 81, 117, 135, 185, 199, 364
Frank, Rüdiger, 61, 156
Freedom House, 200, 434, 436, 437, 442
Freedom of the Press Index, 8, 442
Freedom in the World index, 8, 434, 442
Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance Treaty (1961, 2000), Russia-DPRK, 27–28, 319, 348, 356, 359
Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance Treaty (1961), China-DPRK, 28, 319, 328
G8 Summits, 358, 360, 382, 384
Gallucci, Robert, 253, 286, 287
gas pipelines, Russian, 359, 411
Gates, Robert, 223, 224
geography, DPRK, 13, 192–93, 217–18, 220–21
Germany: unification of, 400–401, 423–24
Gimpo International Airport (Seoul): bombing of (1986), 86, 232
Goldman Sachs: reports about DPRK by, 7–8, 111, 337
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 107, 326, 351, 353, 355
Gore, Al, 285, 286, 293–94, 295
Graceland: Koizumi-Bush visit to, 376–77
Green, Michael, 5, 19, 184, 256, 376, 404
gulags, DPRK, 8, 107, 124, 166, 169, 170–78, 191, 198–200, 211, 424
Hadley, Steve, 5, 262, 329, 330
Haggard, Stephan, 125, 190, 342, 447
Hallstein Doctrine, 395, 398
health care, 166, 191, 195, 205, 423, 432
Hill, Christopher, 260, 261, 263, 270, 301, 304, 335, 370, 371, 428
Honecker, Erich, 30, 40, 50, 105, 410
Hu Jintao, 184, 330, 333, 334, 336
human rights: Arab Spring and, 440; bad decisions and, 115; Bush (George H.W.) administration and, 281; Bush (George W.) and, 166–70, 183, 184–85, 203, 204–5, 206, 211, 292–93, 383–84, 451; China-U.S. relations and, 292; definition of, 163; DPRK kidnappings and, 383–84; DPRK nuclear program and, 205, 212, 293; famine and, 188; human trafficking and, 137; importance of DPRK rectification of problems concerning, 211; international recognition of DPRK abuses of, 451, 461; interracial births and, 177; Kaesŏng Industrial Complex and, 389–90; as key barometer of reform, 207; major issues concerning, 211; of North Korean people, 8, 13, 451, 461; Obama and, 297, 451; and reactions of DPRK people, 207–11; refoulement and, 178–86; in ROK, 20; ROK-DPRK relations and, 207, 211, 272, 389–90, 404, 405, 406, 408; Six-Party Talks and, 170, 205, 261, 263; unification and, 389–90, 404, 405, 406, 408, 412; U.S. conundrum and, 305; U.S.-DPRK relations and, 166–70, 183, 184–85, 203–7, 211, 212, 281, 292–93, 297, 305, 383–84, 451. See also gulags
human trafficking, 136–37, 179, 197
Hungnam Chemical Fertilizer Plant, 24, 154
Huntington, Samuel, 433, 449
Hussein, Saddam, 17, 222, 229, 233, 455
Hwang Jang-yŏp, 78, 83, 86, 89–90, 209–10, 402
Hwasŏng missile, 226–27, 228
Hyundai, 148, 149, 325, 386, 389, 390, 391–92, 404, 407
ideology, DPRK: Arab Spring and, 440, 447, 448–55; and “back-to-the-future” thinking, 21, 59–63, 106, 109; Cold War and, 21, 30, 37–46, 106; collapse of DPRK scenario and, 461; control of outside information and, 462; as core of state, 60; crisis of governance and, 13–14; economy and, 40, 59, 61, 113–16, 154–61, 454; Kimilsungism, 88; KPA and, 116–17, 147, 154; material well-being and, 26; reform and, 60–63, 141, 144; survival of DPRK and, 13, 429; unification and, 40, 45, 410, 411, 412. See also specific leader or ideology
illicit activities, 8, 129–37, 197, 263, 264, 266–67, 269. See also BDA incident; crime; type of activity
“in my lifetime” concept, 417–19
Incheon International Airport (Seoul), 233, 235
India, 301–3, 305
industry, DPRK: aid for building, 112; bad decisions about, 112–13, 114, 115, 116–17, 142–48; China-DPRK relations and, 321, 337–38; Ch’ŏllima movement and, 44–45, 114, 115; Cold War and, 25–26, 28; expansion of, 111, 112–13; geography of DPRK and, 192; GNP and, 24; Japan-DPRK relations and, 372; Japanese occupation and post–World War II, 12, 22, 23; Kim Il-sung and, 112–13; reform and, 142–48; Russia-DPRK relations and, 359; Three-Year Plan and, 23; unification and, 417, 422, 423. See also specific industry or company
infanticide, 176–77
inflation, 144, 159, 424, 454
information: Arab Spring and, 435–36, 449–50; control of, 4–5, 18, 204, 205, 430, 441–42, 445, 446, 449–50, 461–62; and lack of knowledge about DPRK, 65, 99–100, 102, 221–22; as seeping into DPRK, 415. See also communications technology; Internet; mobile/cell phones
intelligence community, 16, 65, 221–22, 250, 251, 270, 281, 430
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): Bush (George H.W.) administration concerns about DPRK compliance with safeguards of, 281; DPRK agreement (1977) with, 250; DPRK nuclear declarations and, 285; DPRK safeguards agreement with, 281, 285; DPRK uranium-based nuclear program and, 256; DPRK withdrawal from NPT and, 253, 285, 343; inspection of DPRK nuclear facilities and, 271, 285; Kim-Kanter meeting and, 284; origins of DPRK nuclear program and, 251–52; real desires of DPRK and, 302; Russian proposals for multilateral talks and, 363; Six-Party Talks and, 260, 261; Team Spirit exercises and, 281; Yongbyon reactor and, 343
International Convention on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESR), 188, 206
International Criminal Court (ICC), 163, 208
International Olympic Committee (IOC), 118, 279, 325
Internet, 421, 435, 441, 442, 449–50
interracial marriage, 38, 179–80
Iran, 17, 81, 226, 228–29, 232–33, 239, 255, 295, 311, 443
Iran-Iraq War, 134, 228, 232–33
Iraq, 17, 20, 54, 229, 233, 239, 251, 255, 422–23, 429
Iraq War, 218, 221, 222, 377, 455
Irish mobsters, 132, 135
Israel, 86, 229, 230, 247–49, 429
Japan: anti-DPRK emotions in, 372–73, 380–81, 382, 384; assistance to DPRK from, 125, 126, 146, 200, 236, 255, 258, 315, 375, 382, 384, 390, 412; biochemical weapons and, 233; China-DPRK relations and, 320, 344–46; Chinese relations with, 343, 344–46, 373, 377; Choco Pies in, 154; deterrence and, 212, 218, 223, 226, 227, 228, 231, 246; DPRK borrowing from, 117; DPRK economy and, 370, 371, 374, 376; DPRK hatred of, 372–73, 382–83; DPRK illicit activities and, 132, 133, 134, 135; DPRK “invasion” of ROK and, 212; DPRK kidnappings in, 86, 185, 200, 231, 261, 270, 315, 370–71, 373, 375, 376, 378–85; DPRK missile program and, 290, 348, 363, 372, 378, 418; DPRK nuclear program and, 246, 254, 255, 257, 258–63, 269, 331–35, 344–46, 366, 374, 375, 378, 382, 411, 418; DPRK peace settlement with, 20; DPRK refugees in, 372, 375; DPRK relations with, 369–85, 406; DPRK trade with, 25, 372; DPRK-U.S. relations and, 284, 428; economy of, 7; ideology and, 59, 161; Kim Chŏng-nam Disneyland incident in, 97–98; Kim family fall and, 307; Kim Jong-il and, 85, 94, 344, 371, 373; Korean Air Lines Flight 858 and, 231; Korean nationalism and, 46; nuclear program of, 249; nuclear and tsunami disasters in, 218; occupation of Korea by, 12, 22, 23, 35, 36, 47, 66, 67, 168, 233, 249, 372; planning for collapse of Kim family and, 307; Pyongyang Declaration (2002) with, 255; remilitarization of, 284, 383; ROK-China trade and, 324; ROK relations with, 31, 371, 375, 376, 382, 383; ROK-U.S. relations and, 20; Russia-DPRK relations and, 359, 364, 366; Russia relations with, 348; Six-Party Talks and, 256, 258–63, 265, 295, 304–5, 346, 348, 368, 370–71, 382–83, 384–85; unification of Korea and, 406, 411, 412, 413, 415–16, 418, 426; U.S.-DPRK relations and, 284, 296, 370–71; U.S. relations with, 346–48, 363, 373, 375, 376–77; U.S. security assurances for DPNK and, 304–5, 368; World War II and, 68, 69, 70, 111, 233, 343; youth in, 434
Japanese Red Army (JRA), 86, 232
Jenkins, Charles Robert, 381–82
Jiang Zemin, 95, 291, 328, 331
Jilin Province (China), 36, 67, 83, 153, 179, 181, 316, 338–39
Johnson (Lyndon) administration, 34, 55, 58
Joint Communiqué (1972), ROK-DPRK, 26, 34, 46, 396–97, 398
Joint Communiqué (1992), China-ROK, 325–29
Joint Communiqué (2000), U.S.-DPRK, 289, 290, 304, 309
Joint Denuclearization Declaration (1992), ROK-DPRK, 251, 399, 400
Joint New Year’s Editorial, 61–62
Joint Statement (1993), U.S.-DPRK, 290, 308
joint ventures, 148–49, 160, 373, 389–93. See also special economic zones
Jordan, Michael, 15, 16, 80, 102
journalists, U.S.: DPRK detaining of, 95–96, 238, 277, 296
juche ideology, 13, 37–46, 60, 62–63, 72, 78, 88, 106, 112, 114, 154, 185, 192, 210, 410, 448
justice system: unification and, 424–25
Kaesŏng Industrial Complex, 142, 148–49, 150, 154–55, 156, 165, 389–90, 391, 392, 403, 407, 447
Kanemaru Shin, 373–76
Kang Ch’ŏl-hwan, 168–70, 172, 178, 197, 199, 204, 443, 451
Kang, David, 342, 419–20
Kangnam (DPRK ship), 233, 305
Kangsŏn Steel Plant, 24, 44–45, 61, 62, 114
Kanter, Arnold, 283–85, 287
Kartman, Charles, 94–95
Kelly, James, 255–56, 259
Kennedy (John F.) administration, 31, 47
Khrushchev, Nikita, 27, 28–30, 39, 321, 322, 326
Kim Chŏng-ch’ŏl (son of Kim Jong-il), 84, 98
Kim Chŏng-nam (son of Kim Jong-il), 84, 97–98
Kim Chŏng-suk (wife of Kim Il-sung), 68, 82–83
Kim Chun-Hee (Ch’ŏn-hŭi), 183–85, 193
Kim Dae-jung (ROK president): DPRK economy and, 147, 161; DPRK food aid and, 202; DPRK nuclear program and, 258; DPRK reform and, 143, 146, 148, 161; funeral of, 405–10; Gregg relationship with, 143; human rights and, 166; Japan-DPRK relations and, 375, 378, 382; Kim Jong-il summit with (2000), 149, 388, 393; Kim Jong-il summit with, 94; Nobel Prize for, 393, 394, 403; Sunshine Policy and, 147, 161, 258, 375, 387, 388, 390, 391, 402–3; Trans-Siberian Railway and, 360; unification and, 147, 387, 388, 390, 391, 394, 402–3; U.S. security assurance to DPRK and, 310
Kim Han-mi, 167–68, 169, 204
Kim Il-sung (Great Leader): accomplishments of, 66, 75–76; assassination attempts on, 71; authentic Korean and, 34–35, 36, 46; bad choices of, 112, 114–15, 117–18; badge of, 6, 43; biographical information about, 35, 39, 65–77; Carter meeting with, 65, 89, 90, 253, 282–83, 287; China-DPRK relations and, 28, 32; China relations with, 49–50, 76–77, 108, 112, 249, 315, 319, 320–21, 322–23, 326; Ch’ŏllima movement and, 44–45, 61, 62, 114–15; as Christian, 66, 67, 68, 73, 76; Clinton communications with, 308; communism and, 47–49, 66, 67, 68, 69, 232; confidence of, 47–51; consolidation of power by, 71–72, 76; death of, 4, 39, 42, 66, 75, 83, 89, 90–91, 107, 119, 328, 429, 430, 453; debt and, 116–18; economy and, 90, 112–13, 114–15; as Eternal President, 66, 91; filial piety and, 74–75, 78; Great Leader reference of, 72; greatness of DPRK and, 108; industry and, 112–13; Japan-DPRK relations and, 372, 374; Japanese occupation of Korea and, 35, 66; joint projects and, 390; juche ideology and, 37, 38–40, 42–44, 45, 61, 62, 88; Kanemaru meeting with, 374; Kim Jong-il relationship with, 78–79, 83, 85, 86–87, 90, 91, 108; Kim Jong-un resemblance to, 100; Kim Jong-un as successor and, 109; Kim Young-sam summit meeting with, 34, 89–90; Korean War and, 23, 66, 73, 76, 317, 323; Korean Workers’ Party and, 42, 72; as KPA founder, 67; Liem meeting with, 399; as loving mother, 74–75; loyalty/affection for, 10, 13, 16, 34, 37, 38, 39, 42, 44–45, 74, 75, 78, 86–87, 149, 164, 165, 210, 443; military/guerrilla background of, 5, 35, 36–37, 66, 67–70, 82, 373; monuments/statues of, 11, 21, 53, 72–73, 79, 121, 323, 452; Mun Sŏn-myŏng meeting with, 390; named leader of DPRK, 71; “New Epochal Save-the-Nation” plan of, 282; nuclear program and, 10, 88, 249, 250, 253; official residence of, 4; official state history about, 66, 67, 69–70, 72; personality cult for, 39, 66, 72–75, 76, 85, 90–91, 100, 108, 321, 323; physical appearance of, 34, 84; post–World War II return to DPRK of, 70; posters/paintings of, 1, 8, 30, 41, 43, 74–75, 87, 172; promises of 1960s of, 187; rebuilding of DPRK and, 23; ROK-DPRK relations and, 34, 89–90, 282, 390; Russia and, 27–28, 66, 68, 69–72, 76–77, 105, 108, 112, 315, 321, 348, 354; Russia-ROK relations and, 354; Sino-Soviet relations and, 29, 30, 39, 76–77, 315, 320–21, 351; Tan’gun myth and, 35–36; terrorism and, 232; translation of works by, 199; unification and, 40, 45, 47, 51–52, 390, 397, 398; U.S. security assurances and, 308; USS Pueblo incident and, 54–55; workers and, 114, 149; worldliness of, 105–6, 411; Yi Hu-rak meeting with, 397
Kim Il-sung Mausoleum (Pyongyang), 66, 79, 91, 440, 452
Kim Il-Sung University, 4, 83, 162, 249, 452
Kim Jong-il (Dear Leader): Abe Shinzo summit with, 371; accomplishments of, 93–95, 108–9, 410; Albright meeting with, 289–90; American favorites of, 15; Arab Spring and, 18; assassination attempts against, 93, 96, 442, 452–53; biographical information about, 77–91; Bush (George W.) and, 184, 203–4, 205, 292, 293–94, 296, 302, 356; and calls for bringing Kim before International Criminal Court, 208; caricatures of, 16, 64–65, 234; Carter meeting with, 65; China and, 11, 83, 151–53, 160, 315–16, 327, 328, 330, 333, 336, 345, 362, 409; Chinese gift to, 11, 80; Ch’ŏllima movement and, 106; cinematic interests of, 77–78, 85; civil unrest and, 158, 161, 189; Clinton and, 95–96, 230, 288, 289, 290, 294; communism and, 78; crisis of governance in DPRK and, 13; criticisms of, 158, 453; as Dear Leader, 79; death of, 7, 9, 13, 15, 58, 91, 98, 103, 107–8, 297, 303, 305, 317, 338, 345, 408–9, 412, 419, 429, 430, 458; decapitation strikes and, 222, 455; decline of DPRK and, 108–9; deterrence and, 222, 234; dreams of, 446; education of, 82, 83; election as leader of, 91; elites and, 454; as failed ruler, 60, 93–94; famine/food issues and, 91, 92–93, 108, 189; “4-15 Creation Group” and, 79; as golfer, 16; hatred of U.S. by, 83; health/stroke of, 94–95, 98, 271, 413, 443, 458; ideology and, 13, 39, 41, 42, 61–62, 88, 161, 448; illicit activities and, 130, 131, 134; Japan and, 371, 373, 377–78, 380, 381; Kangsŏn steel visit by, 61; kidnappings and, 380, 381; Kim Dae-jung summit with (2000), 94, 150, 388, 393; Kim Il-sung and Kim Young-sam summit and, 89–90; Kim Il-sung relationship with, 78–79, 83, 85, 86–87, 90, 91, 108; Koizumi meetings with, 255, 377–78, 381, 382, 406; Korean War and, 83; Lee Myung-bak and, 406–7; legacy of, 91–97, 303–4; lifestyle of, 64, 79–82, 87, 95, 98, 292; look-alikes of, 222; loyalty to, 9, 10, 13, 16, 42, 149, 161, 222, 393, 443; military and, 88–89, 91–92, 452; “military-first” politics of, 60, 91–92, 106, 109; missile program and, 104; monuments for, 11, 79; Moonshine policy and, 151–53; and mother’s death, 82–83; Mubarak relationship with, 18, 106; NDC and, 42; nuclear program and, 11, 60, 61, 88, 106, 108, 252, 271, 303–4, 330, 333, 382, 410; Obama letter to, 296; personality cult for, 86, 87, 100, 108, 165; personality of, 89; physical appearance of, 84; pictures of, 8, 44, 79, 87, 104, 172; post–World War II return to Korea of, 83; preparation for succession of, 108; professional activities of, 84–85; public image of, 94–95; purges by, 88; Putin and, 358, 359–61; real desires of DPRK and, 299, 300, 304; as recluse, 87, 94; reform and, 139, 143, 144, 147, 304; reputation of, 64–65, 84, 91; rich nation, strong army (kangsŏng) and, 147, 302–3; rise of, 77; Roh Moo-hyun summit with, 392, 406; ROK-DPRK relations and, 146, 148, 150, 388, 392, 393, 406–7; ROK views about, 393; Russia and, 82, 354, 356, 359–61, 363; security detail for, 222; Six-Party Talks and, 362, 364; as successor to Kim Il-sung, 78, 79, 87, 105; successor to, 96–98, 99–100; terrorist activities of, 86, 119; Thailand as model admired by, 96; unification and, 388, 392, 393, 406–7, 408–9, 416; U.S.-DPRK relations and, 15; U.S. views of, 85–86; wives/mistresses and children of, 83–84; workers and, 106, 150; worries of, 445; Yeltsin and, 356
Kim Jong-un (Great Successor): agriculture and, 103, 107; American popular culture/basketball and, 16, 409; Arab Spring and, 430, 445, 449; belligerent acts of, 103–4; birth of, 84; challenges/obstacles facing, 105–8, 109, 445; China and, 103, 104, 107, 159, 317, 338, 344; crisis of governance in DPRK and, 13; decapitation strikes and, 221–22; deterrence and, 221–22, 234, 236; documentary about, 103, 104; education of, 13, 100–103, 104–5, 409; as enigma, 16, 17; as enlightened leader, 104–8; food supply and, 103, 107; as heir apparent, 98–104, 107–8, 109; ideology and, 7, 59, 106–7, 108, 109, 159, 409; Korean Workers’ Party and, 99; lack of information about, 65, 99–100, 102, 221–22; loyalty to, 10, 13, 16, 59, 99, 107, 160; military and, 98, 103, 454; missile program and, 229; nuclear program and, 103, 109, 239; physical appearance of, 99–100; pictures of, 99; preparation and transition to leadership of, 18, 88, 99–100, 107–8, 236, 303, 304, 409, 430, 454; real desires of DPRK and, 300, 304, 305; reform and, 159, 304, 305, 409–10; resemblance to Kim Il-sung of, 100; ROK-DPRK relations and, 103–4; in Switzerland, 16, 100–103, 104–5; unification and, 409, 409–10; U.S. conundrum and, 306, 307; war aims of, 229
Kim Kye-gwan (DPRK Vice Minister), 263–64, 370–71, 454
Kim Kyŏng-hŭi (sister of Kim Jong-il), 82–83, 84, 100, 409
Kim P’yŏng-il (step-brother of Kim Jong-il), 78, 82
Kim Shin-jo, 55–56
Kim Sŏl-song (daughter of Kim Jong-il), 83–84
Kim, Sung, 269, 272, 305
Kim Yŏng, 194–95
Kim Yŏng-il (step-brother of Kim Jong-il), 82, 132
Kim Yŏng-ju (brother of Kim Il-sung), 45, 78, 396–97, 409
Kim Yŏng-nam (DPRK Foreign Minister), 145, 280, 281, 354
Kim Yŏng-sun, 283–85
Kim Young-sam (ROK president), 89–90, 287, 309, 400, 402
Kim family: affection/personality cult for, 13, 429; as enigma, 65, 108; gulag prisoners as threat to, 172; history of, 13; ideology and, 41, 60; illicit activities and, 131; and politics of family succession, 78; real desires of DPRK and, 301, 302, 304–6; reform and, 139; rivalry within, 78–79; U.S. conundrum and, 307
King, Robert, 206, 207, 451
Kissinger, Henry, 32, 58, 138, 169
Koizumi Junichiro, 86, 255, 371, 376–78, 380, 381, 382, 406
Korea: division of, 70, 349, 386, 388; Japanese occupation of, 12, 22, 23, 35, 36, 46, 66, 67, 168, 233, 249, 372; post–World War II division of, 23; reunification of, 308; Soviet withdrawal from, 26; unification of, 386–426; U.S.-Soviet liberation of, 22; victimization of, 388
“Korea discount,” 416–17
Korea Project, 419, 424
Korean Airlines Flight 007: Russian attack on, 353, 357
Korean Airlines Flight 858: bombing of, 86, 118, 231, 279
Korean Central News Agency (KCNA), 61, 75, 85–86, 96, 239, 240, 273
Korean People’s Army (KPA) (DPRK): anniversaries of, 55; Arab Spring and, 440, 452; buildup/modernization of, 26–27, 112, 115–16, 126, 216–17; China ties with, 268; Chinese withdrawal from DPRK and, 26; civil unrest and, 209; Cold War and, 26–27, 31–32, 53–58; conscription for, 92, 116, 440; at DMZ, 12, 53, 116, 213, 219, 220; executions and, 107, 452; food/famine and, 158, 190, 191, 194, 199; founding of, 67, 72; function of, 92; ideology and, 116–17, 147, 154; illicit activities and, 131; inflation and, 159; influence of, 92; Kim Jong-il and, 60, 88–89, 91–92, 452; Kim Jong-un and, 98, 103, 454; Korean War and, 73; Kumgang Mountain tourism project and, 390; Moonshine policy and, 151; politicalization of, 217; POWs and, 2; reform and, 145; ROK forces compared with, 53–54, 116, 215–22; Russia-DPRK relations and, 28, 31–32, 122, 360; Russia withdrawal from Korea and, 26; size of, 27, 53, 116, 215, 221; social stratification and, 166, 169, 186; special forces unit of, 27, 53–54, 116, 191, 212, 220, 222; spending for, 53–54, 190, 215; “Two-Front War” doctrine of, 27; unification and, 422, 423; West Sea barrage project and, 119; Wolmido movie about, 85. See also deterrence; “military-first” ideology
Korean War: armistice (1953) in, 23, 31, 49, 53, 112, 213, 214, 235, 274, 334, 396; bad decisions following, 112; beginning of, 47, 66, 76; casualties in, 19, 213; cease-fire in, 3; ceremonies in remembrance of, 56; China and, 66, 76–77, 303, 317–19, 321, 323, 326, 343, 429; DPRK debt from, 112; establishment of DMZ and, 213, 214; family divisions during, 208; gulags and, 172; impact on DPRK of, 23, 111; juche ideology and, 40; Kim Il-sung and, 49–50, 52, 66, 73, 76; Kim Jong-il and, 83; peace treaty for, 15, 20, 52, 281, 289, 302, 309, 396, 411; POWs/MIAs from, 2; recovery of remains of U.S. soldiers in, 281, 282–83; and ROK release of DPRK prisoners, 31; ROK-U.S. relations and, 31; Russia and, 28–29, 76–77, 317, 348; Six-Party Talks and, 2; survival of DPRK and, 429; unification and, 396, 411; U.S. bombing of DPRK during, 23, 111, 222; U.S. role in, 15, 318; U.S. trade sanctions and, 124; Wolmido movie about, 85
Kumchangri facility (DPRK), 254, 289
Kumgang Mountain tourism project, 142, 148, 149, 150, 156, 389, 390–92, 403, 407
land, 46–47, 113, 119, 123, 192–93
Lebanon, 20, 86, 185
Lee, Euna, 275, 277, 295–96
Lee Hy-Sang, 116, 124
Lee Myung-bak (ROK president): China-DPRK relations and, 334, 336; China-ROK relations and, 334, 336; deterrence and, 236, 242, 243; DPRK missile program and, 273; DPRK nuclear program and, 272; Hu Jintao meeting with, 334; human rights and, 207, 272; Japan-DPRK relations and, 383; Sunshine Policy and, 272, 340, 404, 405; unification and, 392, 404–7, 413, 415, 418; U.S. security assurances to DPRK and, 313, 314
Lefkowitz, Jay, 204, 205, 206, 207, 389
Liaoning Province (China), 152, 316, 335, 338, 339
Liberal Democratic Party, Japan, 373–74, 384
Libya, 161, 229, 240, 256, 343, 382, 431, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437, 445, 448
Liem, Channing, 398, 399
light water reactor (LWR) technology, 22, 23, 254–55, 260, 261, 264, 288, 301, 302, 367, 411
Ling, Laura, 275, 277, 295
luck, 13, 418
Luck, Gary, 213, 285
manufacturing, DPRK, 112, 140, 173, 175
Manyin, Mark, 341–42
Mao Zedong, 29, 32, 43, 48, 49, 76, 77, 249, 318, 321, 322, 323
marketization system, 13, 14, 139, 141–48, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 191, 197, 430, 447, 448, 449, 453
Marx, Karl, 38, 40–41
Marxist-Leninism, 26, 37–38, 40–41, 189, 322. See also communism
media, 14–15, 16, 21–22, 346–47, 428, 435, 451. See also specific person or organization
Megumi, Yokota: kidnapping of, 378–79, 380, 383–85
Meng Jainzhu, 315–19
Middle East, 18, 226, 386, 411, 429, 430, 431, 435, 436, 437, 441, 446, 449. See also Arab Spring; specific nation
Military Armistice Commission (MAC), 87, 88, 395
“military-first” ideology, 60, 61, 62, 91–92, 100, 106, 109, 126, 154, 410
missile program, DPRK: blame on U.S. for, 277, 298; China-DPRK relations and, 225–27, 244; Clinton administration and, 288–89, 290; deterrence and, 220, 223–31, 234, 237, 238, 241, 244, 245; DPRK “invasion” of ROK and, 212; and DPRK sales of missiles, 226–27, 228–29, 232–33; end of threat of, 417; Five Policy Principles and, 456, 457, 458; illicit activities and, 130; Japan-DPRK relations and, 348, 372, 373, 375, 378, 383; Kim Jong-un and, 104; Obama administration and, 409; real desires of DPRK and, 300–301; ROK-DPRK relations and, 226–27, 290, 363, 406; Russia-DPRK relations and, 347, 359, 363; Russian technology and, 225, 226, 230; sanctions and, 456; satellite launch and, 273; Six-Party Talks and, 261, 263; survival of DPRK and, 429; testing of, 2, 10, 11, 15, 104, 223–24, 226–27, 230, 238, 241, 245, 256, 263–68, 273, 277, 288–89, 296, 300–301, 303, 363, 372, 375, 406, 409, 416, 457, 458; U.N. and, 383; unification and, 406, 409, 411, 417, 418, 460
missionaries, 73, 182
mobile/cell phones, 8, 9, 12, 19, 106, 107, 121, 164, 421, 435, 441–42, 445, 449, 450, 454
modernization theories: Arab Spring and, 432–33
modest initiative policy, Reagan’s, 278–81, 282
Mongolia, 136, 179, 189, 351
monsoons, 110, 128–29
Moonshine policy, DPRK: bad decisions and, 147–53, 160; China and, 151–53; Kim Jong-il and, 150–53; nuclear program and, 403; reform and, 147–53; ROK and, 148, 150, 153, 160, 161; unification of Korea and, 403
Mubarak, Gamal, 18, 106
Mubarak, Hosni, 18, 106, 431, 434, 445
Myers, B. R., 38, 73
National Basketball Association, 16, 75, 80, 102
National Committee On American Foreign Policy (NCAFP); DPRK-U.S. discussions and, 427–28
National Defense Commission, DPRK, 42, 91–92, 98–99, 100
national liberation movements, 48, 50
National Security Agency, DPRK, 132, 171
National Security Council (NSC), 2, 5–6, 19, 328–29, 376, 454, 460
nationalism, 34–37, 38, 41, 45–46, 372, 425
NATO forces, 240, 448
natural disasters, 112, 192, 398
natural resources, DPRK, 7–8, 22, 24, 25, 111–12, 117, 315, 335–39, 372
negotiations: Five Policy Principles and, 457–58, 459. See also specific person, nation, or treaty/agreement
neojuche revivalism, 13–14, 58–63, 106, 108, 109, 153–61, 410, 411, 448–55, 461
New York City: DPRK motorcade in, 369–70; DPRK-U.S. dinner at 21 Club in, 427, 428
New York Times, 143, 251, 270, 274, 275, 276, 277, 290
Nixon, Richard M., 31–32, 48–49, 397
Nodong missiles, 227, 228, 229, 263, 290, 372, 373
Noland, Marcus, 125, 190, 334, 342, 402, 447
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), 30, 396
nonproliferation agreements, 16, 329, 378, 457. See also specific agreement
North Africa, 18, 431, 435, 436, 446. See also Arab Spring; specific nation
North Korea (DPRK): American public opinion about U.S. involvement in, 32–33; axis of evil and, 304; belligerence of, 52–58, 235, 236–39, 279, 387, 392; centralization of control in, 107; Chinese recognition of, 318; as closed society, 208–11; CNN documentary about, 8, 80, 164, 216, 269, 442; collapse scenario for, 306–7, 394, 409, 458, 460–61; collectivization in, 47; confidence of, 46–52, 54, 58, 241; crisis of governance in, 13–18; desperation of, 234–46; as enigma, 8–9, 15–16; fears/insecurity of, 11–12, 13, 387, 392, 399, 400; founding of, 7, 95; freezing of assets of, 264–65, 333; as “full-fledged nuclear weapons state,” 239, 246, 299, 302, 303, 304, 457; future of, 203, 208–11; geography of, 192–93, 217–18, 220–21; images of, 21–22, 393; as Impossible State, 7, 12–13, 430, 463; instability of leadership in, 14, 412–13, 416, 430–55; isolation of, 7, 60, 105–6; as model of communism/socialism, 22, 30, 33; official Web site of, 449–50; options/alternatives for, 315; predictions about, 462–63; provocations, 10–11, 236–40, 241, 245, 274, 297, 303, 306, 387, 392, 406, 407, 408, 416–17, 457–58, 459; rationality of, 234–38; real desires of, 298–305; as second-tier problem for U.S., 455–56; security for Americans in, 1–2, 3–4; self-image of, 9–10, 12, 13; as socialist paradise, 162–66, 186; stability of, 452; as state sponsor of terrorism, 233, 269, 270, 293, 312; survival of, 7, 12–15, 429–30; as terrorist state, 384; U.S. security assurances for, 11, 298–314, 367–69; world can’t be bothered with, 429–30. See also specific person or topic
North Korea Human Rights Act (2004, 2008), U.S., 203, 205
North Korean people: anger of, 448; authentic Korea and, 34–37, 38, 45–46, 59, 73–74, 177; control of information for, 4–5, 8, 18, 204, 205, 430, 441–42, 445, 446, 449–50, 461–62; diet of, 9; Five Policy Principles and, 461–62; future of DPRK and, 463; human rights abuses of, 8, 13, 207–11, 451, 461; as learning about outside world, 411; psychological dislocation of, 425; unification and, 411, 425
North Korean Workers’ Party (KWP): China-DPRK relations and, 335, 337; civil unrest and, 158; Cold War and, 41; conference of (2010), 16; corruption and, 127; as defectors in China, 322; founding of, 72, 95; illicit activities and, 131–32; juche ideology and, 41–42, 43; Kim Dae-jung funeral delegation and, 405–10; Kim Il-sung comments about China to, 322; Kim Jong-un and, 99, 239; as loyalists, 186; “military-first” politics and, 100; purging of, 322; reform and, 158; social stratification and, 186
Northeast Asian Peace and Security Regime, 269, 293
Northern Command, U.S., 227–28
Northern Policy (Nordpolitik), ROK, 121, 139, 282, 326, 352–53, 399, 400
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) (1985), 88, 229, 238, 246, 250–51, 252, 253, 255, 256, 260, 261, 288, 343, 364
nuclear program, DPRK: all-out war option and, 253; Arab Spring and, 448; blame on U.S. for, 275–98, 299–300, 333–34, 367, 409; Bush (George H.W.) administration and, 281, 282; Bush (George W.) administration and, 2, 22–23, 367, 408; China and, 11, 291–92, 317, 329–34, 336, 339, 344, 345, 419, 460; Clinton administration and, 22; crises concerning, 252–74; deterrence and, 215, 218, 219, 223, 224, 228, 230, 234, 237, 238–43, 245, 246; dismantling of, 294, 458; DPRK declaration of nuclear holdings and, 270–71, 285, 294; DPRK economy and, 365–66; and DPRK as “full-fledged nuclear weapons state,” 239, 246, 299, 302, 303, 304, 457; and DPRK as “horizonal proliferation threat,” 249, 457; and end of DPRK threat, 417; Five Policy Principles and, 456, 457, 461; game changers in, 268–70; “Grand Bargain” proposal concerning, 404; human rights and, 205, 212, 293; ideology and, 13, 60; illicit activities and, 130; insecurity of regime and, 304; inspections of, 251–52, 253, 284, 285–86, 287, 289, 294, 302, 305, 307, 367; Japan-DPRK relations and, 374, 375, 378, 382, 383; Kim Il-sung and, 88, 249, 250, 253; Kim Jong-il and, 60, 61, 88, 106, 109, 252, 271, 330, 410; Kim Jong-un and, 103, 109, 239; light-water reactors (LWRs) and, 22, 23, 254–55, 260, 261, 264, 288, 301, 302, 367, 411; media images of DPRK and, 22; “mega-deal” concerning, 458; military-first ideology and, 106; Moonshine policy and, 403; mutual nuclear arms reduction and, 302; Obama administration and, 408; origins of, 249–52; plutonium-based, 89, 250, 251–53, 255, 256, 260, 267, 270, 271, 277, 281, 285, 293, 298, 301, 344, 400, 456; provocations by DPRK, 10–11, 274, 297, 303, 306, 387, 392, 457–58, 459; real desires of DPRK and, 298–305; reform and, 146, 147–48, 403; Richardson trip and, 2, 6; ROK-DPRK relations and, 22–23, 161, 240–41, 246, 251, 254–60, 262, 268, 269, 272–73, 274, 333, 358, 366, 383, 387, 392, 400, 403–6, 408, 411; Russia-DPRK relations and, 249, 250, 335, 355, 358, 359, 363–66; Russian proposals for multilateral conferences concerning, 363–66; sanctions and, 252, 254, 257, 258, 263–68, 273–74, 344, 456–57; self-defense justification for, 11–12; self-sufficiency and, 103; Six-Party Talks and, 22–23, 239–40, 255–64, 269, 291, 292, 293, 333, 363, 364, 366, 367–69, 382, 408; survival of DPRK and, 13, 429; terrorism and, 233; as threat to North Korean people, 461; U.N. and, 383, 404; unification and, 387, 392, 400, 403, 404, 405, 406, 408, 409, 411, 412, 416, 417, 418, 419, 424, 460; uranium-based, 10, 228, 238, 249, 255, 256, 260, 261, 269, 271, 274, 275, 291, 293, 296, 363, 378, 400, 456; U.S.-DPRK bilateral meetings about, 428; U.S.-DPRK relations and, 10, 15, 89, 125, 139, 146, 170, 203, 205, 206, 212, 291–92, 305–10; U.S. security assurances to DPRK and, 11, 307–17; violations of nuclear agreements, 365. See also Agreed Framework; energy: nuclear; International Atomic Energy Agency; Joint Denuclearization Declaration (1992), ROK-DPRK; Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (1985); nuclear program, DPRK—testing for; Yongbyon nuclear complex
nuclear program, DPRK—testing for: Bush administration and, 293; China-DPRK relations and, 11, 317, 329–34, 336, 344, 345, 419; deterrence and, 239, 245; DPRK as full-fledged nuclear state and, 239; DPRK provocations and, 10, 15, 245, 267; DPRK underground, 88, 267; as game changer, 268–70; Japan-DPRK relations and, 383; “Korea discount” and, 416; Obama administration and, 10, 270–74, 296, 297, 409; origins of DPRK nuclear program and, 250; real desires of DPRK and, 299, 300–301, 303, 305; ROK-DPRK relations and, 161, 392, 400, 406; ROK-Russia relations and, 358; Russia-DPRK relations and, 363, 366–67; sanctions and, 125, 267, 268, 457; U.N. resolutions, 267–68, 362, 383; unification and, 416; U.S. conundrum and, 306
Obama, Barack: appointment of special envoy to DPRK by, 10, 206–7; China-U.S. relations and, 460; Clinton–Kim Jong-il meeting and, 296; conundrum facing, 305–10; deterrence and, 230; DPRK missile program and, 104, 277; DPRK nuclear program and, 10, 270–74, 277, 408; human rights and, 297, 451; Iran and, 295; journalists detainment and, 296; letter to Kim Jong-il from, 10, 296; Ling and Lee abduction case and, 277; New York Times support for, 275; sanctions and, 303, 305, 456; Six-Party Talks and, 294–95, 296, 312, 408; “strategic patience” policy of, 274, 275, 294–98, 306; unification and, 408, 409; and U.S. as the problem, 275–76; U.S. security assurances to DPRK and, 312–17; views about ROK of, 20
Olympic games (1988), 86, 87, 118–22, 279–80, 324, 353, 400
Operation Orchard, Israeli, 247–49
Operational Plan 5027 (OPLAN) (U.S.-ROK), 218, 244
opium, 132, 133
Orascom Group, 106, 121, 442
Pak Chŏng-il, 182–83
Pakistan, 17, 52, 226, 228, 302, 303
Park Chung-hee (ROK president), 26, 31, 32–34, 35, 45, 46, 47, 51, 55, 56, 58, 143, 398, 399
Park Han-shik, 38, 60, 92
patience: Five Policy Principles and, 455–56
Peng Dehuai, 76, 323
People’s Liberation Army, 268, 316, 330–31, 335
Perry, William, 89, 285, 286, 289, 375
Politburo, DPRK, 41, 86, 87, 89, 100, 131
politics/political institutions: Arab Spring and, 14, 449; crisis of governance in DPRK and, 13; future of DPRK and, 463
poplar tree ax murders (1976), 57, 58, 86, 213
population control: unification and, 422–23
Powell, Colin, 290, 310, 311, 414
“powerful and prosperous nation” (kangsŏng tae’guk), 7, 13, 59, 62, 63
Presley, Elvis, 15, 376–77
prison camps, 9, 136, 443. See also gulags
prisoners of war, 2, 57, 208, 233, 405
Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI), 229, 273, 274, 306, 456
public distribution system (PDS), DPRK, 9, 14, 93, 127, 141–48, 155, 159, 190–91, 192, 196, 447
Putin, Vladimir, 80, 259, 357, 358, 359–62, 367
Pyongyang Declaration (2002), Japan-DPRK, 255, 377–78
Pyongyang (North Korea): Albright description of, 289–90; cars in, 164–65; Cha trips to, 2–7, 441, 463; city-dwellers as privileged in, 163; description of, 162; deterrence and, 222; Richardson group visit to, 1–7; underground facilities in, 222
Pyongyang University of Science and Technology (PUST), 441, 442, 450
Qaddafi, Muammar, 17, 240, 431, 434, 445, 448
Qian Qichen, 281, 325
Radio Free Asia, 204, 415, 441
railroads, 12, 359, 361, 392, 420–21
RAND Corporation, 53, 402
Reagan, Ronald, 15, 124, 278–81, 282, 323, 357
Red Cross, International, 128, 397, 398
reeducation, 171–72, 175, 182
reform, DPRK: bad decisions and, 137–54, 155–61; China-DPRK relations and, 338; China as model for, 60, 153–54; Cold War and, 24–25; Defense Reform 304 and, 245; dilemma concerning, 304–5; and DPRK as closed society, 208–11; DPRK economy and, 139–61, 417, 443, 447, 454; as failure, 154; foreign assistance and, 144, 145, 146–47, 156; future of, 137–39, 161; government backtracking and, 158–59; halfhearted, 139–41; human rights as key barometer of, 207; impact on society of, 155–61; of July 2002, 141–48; Kim Jong-il and, 139, 143, 144, 147; Kim Jong-un and, 105–8, 109, 160, 409–10; Moonshine policy and, 147–53; motivation for, 144; neojuche revivalism and, 59–63; nuclear program and, 403; obstacles to, 105–8, 109; optimism about, 147, 160; political control and, 138–39, 140, 141, 143, 154, 159, 161; ROK-DPRK relations and, 139, 155, 160, 161, 387, 394, 403; unification and, 387, 394, 403, 410–11; U.S.-DPRK relations, 146, 147, 154
refoulement, 178–86, 204, 210, 328, 451
refugees/defectors, DPRK, 9–10, 14, 75, 95, 134; adjustment to new life for, 444–45; affection for Kim family by, 9–10, 210, 429, 443; anti-DPRK sentiment among, 210; Arab Spring and, 443–45; Bush meetings with, 166–70; in China, 172, 177, 178–86, 187, 191, 307, 322, 328, 339, 340, 342, 393–94, 416, 451, 460, 461; dissident movements and, 443–45; families of, 186, 211; during famine, 187–88, 191, 199; foreign embassies and, 181; human rights abuses and, 170, 173–74, 177, 178–86, 199–200, 211; income of, 447; refoulement of, 178–86, 203, 211, 328, 451; in ROK, 179, 182, 200, 204, 208, 210, 425, 439, 443, 444–45; ROK-DPRK relations and, 393–94; in Russia, 359; unification and, 393–94, 415, 416, 422, 425, 460; in U.S., 166–70, 179, 203–4, 206, 210, 451, 461; women as, 444. See also specific person
regime-type theories, 432, 436–37, 442–43, 446, 451–52
“relative crisis indifference” syndrome, U.S., 430, 455–56
Rhee, Syngman, 27, 30–31, 34, 35, 47, 70, 71, 395
Ri Yŏng-ho, 100, 239
Rice, Condoleezza, 5, 262, 268, 310, 311, 329, 333, 414, 427, 428, 446
rich nation, strong army (kangsŏng), 60, 61, 147, 302–3
Richardson, Bill, 2, 3, 53
Rodong Sinmun newspaper, 48, 61, 96
Roh Moo-hyun (ROK president), 146, 147, 160, 201, 258, 259, 268, 307, 311, 333, 355, 357, 387, 392–93, 406
Roh Tae-woo, 276, 282, 325, 333, 352, 353, 356, 374, 399
Romania, 30, 40, 105, 134, 185, 356
Rumsfeld, Donald, 34, 85–86
Russia: abandonment of DPRK by, 122–24, 351–59; aid for DPRK from, 21, 23, 27–28, 41, 44, 63, 72, 111, 112, 113–14, 119, 120, 122–24, 172, 190, 193, 326, 348, 354–55, 400; Arab Spring in DPRK and, 449; border of, 347; China-DPRK relations and, 345, 365; China relations with, 28–30, 39, 76–77, 315, 320–21, 326, 351, 352, 359; Cold War and, 315, 348; collapse of, 30, 139, 190, 303, 356, 408; dilemmas facing, 347, 363; dissidents in U.S. from, 205; division of Korean Peninsula and, 7; DPRK debt and, 117; DPRK economy and, 122–24, 348, 350–51, 365–66; DPRK illicit activities and, 132, 133, 135, 136; DPRK military ties with, 31–32, 360; DPRK missile program and, 225, 226, 230, 359, 363; DPRK nuclear program and, 246, 258–59, 263–68, 269, 335, 355, 358, 359, 363–67, 383, 411; DPRK refugees in, 359; DPRK relations with, 249, 250, 304, 320–21, 326, 345–69; DPRK trade with, 25, 112, 122–23, 124, 128, 190, 348, 355, 400; DPRK value to, 348, 351, 358–59; famine in DPRK and, 190, 193; famine in, 189; gas pipelines of, 359, 411; Japan-DPRK relations and, 383; Japan relations with, 348, 359; juche ideology and, 39, 41, 62–63; Kim Il-sung and, 66, 68, 69–72, 76–77, 79, 105, 108, 112, 315, 321, 348; Kim Jong-il and, 82, 344, 356, 359, 359–61, 363; Korean nationalist narrative and, 37; Korean War and, 28–29, 76–77, 317; liberation of Korea and, 22; mafia in, 132; marginalization of, 363–66; nuclear program of, 88, 249, 250; occupation of DPRK by, 71, 348; Olympic games and, 118–19, 279, 353; perestroika in, 351–59; PSI and, 456; real desires of DPRK and, 298; rebuilding of DPRK and, 23–24; recognition of DPRK by, 348; ROK-DPRK relations and, 243; ROK relations with, 20, 87, 122, 282, 315, 326, 352–54, 355, 356–57, 366, 399, 400; role in international negotiations with DPRK of, 346–69; Six-Party Talks and, 258–59, 295, 298, 304–5, 346–47, 359, 361, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367–69; special economic zones and, 139, 359; troops in DPRK, 40, 348; U.N. role of, 347; unification and, 399, 400, 411; U.S. relations with, 117, 246, 298, 302, 359, 359, 360, 363; U.S. security assurances for DPRK and, 304–5, 367–69; USS Pueblo incident and, 54–55; as victim of DPRK collateral damage, 363–66. See also Cold War; specific person or topic
Ryongch’ŏn rail station: explosion at (2004), 96, 442, 450, 453
Ryugyŏng Hotel, 120–21
Salisbury, Harrison, 25–26
Samsung Electronics, 19–20, 80, 390
sanctions on DPRK: circumvention of, 456; Clinton and, 124, 289; DPRK survival and, 7; financial, 244, 267, 297, 408, 456; Five Policy Principles and, 456–57, 462; foreign assistance and, 462; on luxury goods, 454; as means of containment not denuclearization, 456; nuclear program and, 252, 254, 257, 258, 267–68, 273–74, 344, 456–57; Obama administration and, 303, 305, 456; Six-Party Talks and, 293; U.N., 3, 6, 229, 236, 237, 244, 252, 267–68, 273–74, 275, 286, 296, 303, 306, 335, 343, 454, 456; unification and, 415; U.S., 15, 124–25, 408
satellites, 230–31, 273, 359, 361
Scud missiles, 26, 116, 212, 226, 227, 228, 229, 232, 267, 372
second-strike capability, DPRK, 241, 246
“Secret Speech,” Khrushchev’s, 28–30
security assurances, U.S.-DPRK, 298–314, 367–69
self-reliance/sufficiency (chaju), 30, 45, 46, 72, 103, 112, 113, 116–17, 192–93. See also juche ideology
Senate Foreign Relations Committee, U.S.: Lugar comments at, 299–300; Powell testimony before, 310
Senate, U.S.: Rice confirmation comments about DPRK to, 427, 428
Seoul (South Korea): deterrence and, 219–20, 233
September 11, 2001, 255, 278
Seven-Year Plan (1961–67), 115
Shevardnadze, Eduard, 352, 354
Shinzo, Abe, 83, 345–46, 370–71, 380, 382
Sigal, Leon, 274, 276–77
Sihanouk, Samdech Norodom, 48, 50
Six-Party Talks: BDA incident and, 264–66; bilateral meetings at, 347; Bush (George W.) and, 291, 293–94, 298, 301, 311, 312; China and, 11, 316, 317, 347, 362, 368–69; China-DPRK relations and, 316, 317; China-U.S. meetings at, 347; closing statements in, 263–64; criticism of U.S. and, 275; DPRK fear of U.S. invasion and, 11–12; DPRK missiles and, 261, 263; DPRK nuclear program and, 22–23, 239–40, 255–64, 269–71, 291, 292, 293, 333, 359, 363, 364, 366, 367–69, 382, 408; DPRK reform policies and, 153–54; DPRK terrorist links and, 232; DPRK withdrawal from, 273, 302, 427; first (July 2005) round of, 255–64, 275; gas pipelines and Trans-Siberian Railway issues at, 359; goal of, 260, 293–94; human rights and, 170, 204, 261, 263; Japan-DPRK relations and, 382–83, 384–85; Joint Statement (2005) of, 260, 261–62, 263–64, 266, 268, 269, 272, 293, 295–96, 298, 301, 311, 457; Joint Statement (2007), 260, 293, 297; Kim Jong-il and, 65, 362, 364; Korean War and, 2; media and, 345–47; members of, 258–59, 362; New York City motorcade for DPRK delegation and, 369–70; Obama administration and, 274, 295, 296, 312, 408; POWs/MIA issues and, 2; real desires of DPRK and, 301, 302; results of, 259–60; Richardson trip to DPRK and, 2; Russia and, 346–47, 359, 361, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367–69; Russia-DPRK relations and, 361, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367–69; Team Spirit exercises and, 281; U.S. conundrum and, 305, 306; U.S.-DPRK meetings at, 347–48, 369–70; U.S. flexibility and, 294, 306; U.S. security assurances to DPRK and, 304–5, 310, 311, 312, 367–69
slavery, 186, 211
social media: Arab Spring and, 441, 449–50
social stratification, 185–86, 190–91, 193, 194
“socialization” of globe, 413–15, 418
“soft authoritarianism,” 436, 437, 442
Somali pirates: attack on DPRK vessel by, 14–15
Song Hye-rim, 84, 97
South Korea (ROK): anti-Americanism in, 51; assistance to DPRK from, 13, 125, 126, 127, 145, 147, 148, 161, 201, 202, 208, 211, 236, 240–41, 272, 292, 314, 340, 388, 389–93, 403, 404, 405; Bush (George H.W.) administration and, 281, 282, 285; Bush (George W.) administration and, 19, 20, 292; Carter proposals concerning, 33; change in ROK attitudes and, 242, 243; China-DPRK relations and, 317, 320, 324–25, 345, 429; China relations with, 243, 244, 304, 317, 324–28, 330, 331, 334–35, 399, 460; civil defense exercises in, 287; civil rights in, 33; criminal organizations in, 132; as democracy, 20, 60–61, 356; deterrence and, 215, 227, 231–32, 234, 235, 236, 240–41, 242, 243, 244, 246; DPRK assistance to, 398, 399; DPRK compared with, 463; DPRK confidence and, 47, 48; DPRK criticisms of, 45, 46; DPRK ideology and, 40, 59; DPRK kidnappings in, 185, 208, 232; DPRK peace settlement with, 20; DPRK provocations against, 274, 387, 392, 406, 407, 408; DPRK refugees in, 10, 179, 182, 200, 204, 208, 210, 425, 439, 443, 444–45, 460; DPRK survival and, 429; DPRK tunnels infiltrating, 56; DPRK views about, 34, 74, 161, 209; DPRK’s threats against, 6, 12; economy of, 7, 12, 19–20, 31, 53, 87, 208, 388, 393–94, 400, 401, 405; financial crisis in, 394, 402; German unification as model for, 400–401; growth and development in, 117; hacking into DPRK Web site by, 450; industry in, 19–20, 22, 24, 31, 117; Japan and, 20, 371, 375, 376, 382, 383; Japan-DPRK relations and, 373; joint ventures between DPRK and, 148–49, 160, 389–93; Kennedy administration and, 31, 47; Kim family fall and, 307; Kim Il-sung and, 51–52; Kim Jong-il and, 85, 87–88, 345; Kim Jong-un and, 103–4; lack of criticism of DPRK by, 208; land reform and, 46–47; military coups in, 452; nationalism and, 34–37; natural disasters in, 398; Nixon administration and, 31–32; nuclear program of, 33–34; plans for collapse of Kim family and, 307; political upset/corruption in, 33, 40, 47, 51; prisoners of war and, 208; Reagan’s modest initiative policy and, 279; rivalry in, 86–88; and ROK release of DPRK prisoners, 31; Russia and, 20, 87, 243, 282, 315, 326, 352–54, 355, 356, 357–58, 366, 399, 400; Russia-DPRK relations and, 267, 326, 365, 366; security commitments and, 30–31; Six-Party Talks and, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 265–66, 292, 295, 304–5, 347, 368; as soft authoritarian model, 442; terrorism and, 231–32; trade and, 141, 146–47; true historic seat of Korean ethnicity and, 35–36; U.N. membership of, 283, 325, 352, 396; underground radicalism in, 40; unification and, 40, 45, 47, 51–52, 147, 161, 386–426, 458, 460; U.S.-DPRK 1994 nuclear agreement and, 139; U.S.-DPRK relations and, 89, 297; U.S. occupation of, 37; U.S. relations with, 19, 20, 27, 30–32, 37, 44, 45, 46, 47, 58, 307, 358, 395, 418, 458; U.S. security assurances to DPRK and, 304–5, 368; U.S. takeover of, 71; U.S. troops in, 30, 32, 33, 52, 215, 281, 283, 284, 286, 287, 396; U.S. unification discussions with, 403–5, 407–8; U.S. views about, 20; “Yusin” system in, 33. See also specific person, nation, or topic
South Korean police/military force: in Afghanistan and Iraq, 20; Arab Spring and, 440–41; communists in, 47; creation of, 37; deterrence and, 215–22, 242; Korean nationalist narrative and, 37; KPA compared with, 27, 53–54, 116, 215–22; on peacekeeping missions, 20; reorientation of, 242, 243; ROK-DPRK relations and, 393; Russian joint operations with, 358; size of, 116, 215; spending for, 53, 215; unification and, 422, 423; U.S.-ROK relations and, 27; weakness of, 27; Yeonpyeong Island shelling and, 440–41; Yŏsu rebellion and, 47. See also deterrence
Southeast Asia, 48, 132, 134
special administrative and industrial zones, 142–48
special economic zones (SEZs), 139–41, 359
special envoys, U.S., 10, 204, 206–7, 272, 451, 461
Stalin, Josef, 29, 39, 70, 72, 76, 77, 79, 105, 318, 321, 372
State Department, U.S.: DPRK illicit drug activities report by, 134; DPRK nuclear program and, 253, 261, 262, 269; DPRK refugees in U.S. and, 203; DPRK-U.S. bilateral meetings in New York and, 428; human rights in DPRK and, 204; human trafficking report of, 136–37, 179; Kim Il-sung–Carter meeting and, 287; Kim Jong-il–Bush (George W.) relations and, 292; Kim-Kanter meeting and, 284–85; Obama “strategic patience” strategy and, 294; Reagan’s modest initiative policy and, 278, 280; Russian role in talks and, 346–47; and sanctions against DPRK, 124; and Somali pirate attack on DPRK vessel, 14–15. See also specific person
State Security Department, DPRK, 100, 452
“strategic patience” policy, Obama’s, 274, 275, 294–98
students: Arab Spring and, 440, 442, 445, 450, 452; Chinese, 106; communications technology and, 442, 450; domestic disturbances by, 209, 452; DPRK, 172, 431, 440, 442, 445, 450, 452; as gulag prisoners, 172; Marxist-Leninism among, 26; ROK, 26, 40, 51, 74, 209, 414–15; underground radicalism of, 40; unification and, 414–15
Suh Dae-sook, 67, 68
suicides, 157, 197, 425, 447, 453
Sunch’ŏn Vinylon Complex, 119–20, 154
Sunshine Policy, ROK: accomplishments of, 388, 389–93, 407; assistance to DPRK and, 201, 340, 388; controversy about, 387–88; DPRK corruption and, 127; DPRK economy and, 412; DPRK nuclear program and, 258, 272, 387, 392, 403; DPRK reform and, 59, 146, 156, 387, 394, 403; duration of, 387; end of, 272, 340; failure of, 59; focus/purpose of, 59, 387, 394, 412; Japan-DPRK relations and, 375, 378; Kim Dae-jung as father of, 161; Kim Dae-jung and Kim Jong-il summit and, 388; Lee Myung-bak and, 404, 405; Moonshine policy and, 147, 148, 149, 151, 153; naming of, 387; Roh Moo-hyun and, 387; Samsung and, 80; unification and, 161, 386–94, 396, 401–3, 408, 414, 417; U.S.-ROK relations and, 292
“supernotes,” DPRK, 8, 134–35, 136, 264
Supreme People’s Assembly, DPRK, 5, 42, 44, 83, 91, 114–15, 285
Sweden, 2–3, 137, 334
Switzerland: Kim Jong-un in, 16, 100–103, 104–5
Syria, 17, 205, 226, 229, 233, 234, 247–49, 429, 433–35, 436, 437, 445
T’aech’ŏn power station, 119, 253
Taep’odong missiles, 227, 228, 237, 267, 273, 289, 300, 372, 375
Taiwan, 48, 76, 132, 134, 135, 292, 318, 320, 323
Tamil Tigers, 86, 232
Tangshan Iron and Steel, 337–38
Tan’gun, myth of, 35–36
Taro, Aso, 345, 382
Team America (movie), 16, 64–65
Team Spirit (ROK-U.S. military exercises), 281, 283, 307, 399
television, 4–5, 436, 441
terrorism: Bush (George H.W.) administration and, 281; Bush (George W.) “axis of evil” comment and, 255; deterrence and, 231–33, 237; DPRK illicit activities and, 132; DPRK nuclear program and, 233; and DPRK sales to terrorists, 256; DPRK as state sponsor of, 269, 293, 312, 384; and DPRK as U.S. priority, 456; Reagan administration and, 279; ROK-DPRK relations and, 231–32; Six-Party Talks and, 263. See also specific incident Thailand, 81, 96, 132, 179, 185
Three-Year Plan (1954–56), 23, 44, 113–14
Time magazine: Kim Jong-il as “Asian of the Year” in, 94; USS Pueblo article in, 54
Tobey, William, 256, 347
Toloraya, Georgy, 277, 356, 364
tourist, Kumgang Mountain: shooting of, 392, 407
trade, DPRK: bad decisions and, 112, 113, 122–23, 124–25, 141, 145–47; with China, 112, 124–25, 145–46, 316, 318, 319–20, 324, 327–28, 334, 335, 337–38, 339, 340; Cold War and, 25, 112; famine and, 190, 193; with Japan, 372, 383; neojuche revivalism and, 61; Reagan’s modest initiative policy and, 280–81; reform and, 140, 141; ROK-DPRK relations and, 87, 140–41, 146–47; with Russia, 112, 122–23, 124, 128, 190, 348, 350–51, 355, 357, 400; sanctions concerning, 124–25, 244, 335; U.N. resolutions concerning, 335; U.S.-DPRK nuclear agreement and, 125; U.S. security assurances to DPRK and, 312, 313
transportation: unification and, 420–21. See also railroads
Treasury Department, U.S., 264, 265–66, 333
Tunisia, 14, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 436, 440, 442, 445
21 Club (New York City), 427, 428
UNICEF, 127, 128, 198–99
unification: Arab Spring in DPRK and, 430; avoiding, 393–94; cost of, 402, 415, 417, 420, 425; cows and, 386, 391; current discussions about, 403–12; discourses about, 395–403; DPRK missiles and, 406, 409, 411, 417, 418; DPRK nuclear program and, 387, 392, 400, 403, 404, 405, 406, 408, 409, 411, 412, 416, 417, 419, 424; DPRK provocations and, 387, 392, 406, 407, 408, 416–17; DPRK reform and, 387, 394, 403, 410–11; “the end of history” and, 408; Five Policy Principles and, 458, 460–61; German unification as model for, 400–401, 423–24; as “hard landing” or “soft landing,” 419–26; human rights and, 389–90, 404, 405, 406, 408, 412; ideas not power and, 415; ideology and, 40, 46, 410, 411, 412; “in my lifetime” concept and, 417–19; instability of DPRK leadership and, 394, 409, 412–13, 416; international conferences about, 414–15, 418; international role in, 413–15, 426; Kim Il-sung and, 47, 51–52; Kim Jong-il’s death and, 408–9; Kim Jong-un and, 409–10; “Korea discount” and, 416–17; Korean War and, 396; land reform and, 46–47; Moonshine policy and, 403; new paradigm for, 412–17; openness of discussions about, 408–12, 413; opportunities and, 415–16; population control and, 422–23; as pragmatic, 412–13; preparation for, 458, 460–62; ROK-DPRK joint projects and, 389–93, 403; social aspects of, 424–25; “socialization” of globe and, 413–15, 418; Sunshine Policy and, 161, 386–94, 396, 401–3, 408, 414, 417; tasks of, 418, 419–26; tax for, 413, 418, 425; uncertainties of, 416; U.S.-ROK discussions about, 403–5, 407–8; zero-sum mentality and, 395–96, 397–98, 399, 413, 415
Unification Church, 147, 390, 391
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 178, 180–81, 183, 184, 203, 210, 461
United Nations (U.N.): assistance to DPRK from, 125, 126, 146, 159, 340; Bush-Megumi issue and, 384; Cheonan incident and, 334–35; Department of Human Affairs of, 128; DPRK collapse scenario and, 307; DPRK membership in, 283, 396; DPRK missile program and, 273, 383; DPRK nuclear program and, 252, 258, 259, 261, 267–68, 273–74, 305, 335, 343, 362, 364, 366–67, 383; and elections in Korea, 71; EVERREADY Plan and, 31; famine in DPRK and, 196; “Grand Bargain” proposal of, 404; human rights resolutions in, 207; Japan-DPRK relations and, 383; Korean independence and, 70; and migrations out of DPRK, 178; PSI and, 306–7; Refugee Convention (1967) of, 178, 183, 184; ROK-DPRK relations and, 243–44; ROK as member of, 283, 325, 352, 396; Russian role in, 347; and sanctions against DPRK, 3, 6, 229, 236, 237, 244, 252, 267–68, 273–74, 275, 286, 296, 303, 306, 335, 343, 454, 456; unification and, 413
United States: assistance for DPRK from, 126, 147, 160, 201, 204, 205, 207, 236, 256, 264, 270, 289, 293, 294; blame for DPRK nuclear program on, 275–98, 333–34, 367, 409; China-DPRK relations and, 429; Chinese ambassador Cha discussion about U.S.-DPRK relations, 137–38; conundrum concerning, 305–10; deterrence and, 212, 213, 215, 217, 218–19, 221, 223–25, 227, 228, 229–30, 237–38, 239–40, 241, 242–46; DPRK bilaterial negotiations with, 10, 294, 295, 302, 369–70, 427–28; and DPRK fear of U.S. invasion, 11–12; DPRK hatred of, 161; DPRK as second-tier problem for, 429–30, 455–56; elections of 2000 in, 290; form for addressing DPRK leaders by, 288; human rights policies of, 203–7; image in DPRK of, 74; Kim Il-sung comments about imperialism of, 49–51; Kim Jong-il views about, 85–86; Korean nationalist narrative and, 37; and “obstacles” to DPRK-U.S. relations, 284; PLA delegation in, 330–31; real desires of DPRK and, 298–305; “relative crisis indifference” syndrome of, 430, 455–56; security guarantees for DPRK of, 11, 298–314, 367–69; survival of DPRK and, 429–30; withdrawal of nuclear weapons by, 283. See also specific person, organization, nation, or topic
United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 19, 201, 205
United States Forces Korea (USFK), 219
urban poor, DPRK: as source of discontent, 453, 454–55
USS James E. Williams, 14–15
USS Pueblo, 52–53, 54–55
Vietnam, 48, 49, 50, 143, 153, 179, 180, 189, 230, 351, 382, 386
Vietnam War, 21, 27, 31, 32
Voice of America, 205, 415
wages, 149, 154, 155, 156, 158, 389–90, 417, 424, 425
wealth: causes of Arab Spring and, 432–33, 437
weapons: DPRK as trafficker in, 16–17, 86, 232, 273, 335, 456, 457
Wen Jiabao, 333, 335
Woodrow Wilson Center, 30, 71
Woodward, Bob, 203, 205
workers, DPRK: Arab Spring and, 438–39, 447; bad decisions and, 114, 126–27, 145, 149, 155–56; Ch’ŏllima movement and, 44, 106, 114; famine and, 191; Kim Il-sung and, 75, 114; Kim Jong-il and, 106; Moonshine policy and, 149; reform and, 145, 155–56, 411; ROK-DPRK joint projects and, 389–90; social stratification and, 186, 191; unification and, 389–90, 424, 425. See also North Korean Workers’ Party; wages
World Bank, 8, 233, 386, 437, 442
World Festival of Youth and Students, 120–21
World Food Programme (WFP), 93, 125–26, 128, 159, 194, 197, 198, 200–203, 205, 293, 328, 339, 340, 375
World Health Organization (WHO), 128, 166
World War II: impact on Korea of, 22, 23, 26, 110–11; Japan-DPRK unfinished business from, 372; Japan in, 22, 23, 68, 69, 70, 111, 233, 343; Kim Il-sung role in, 66; nationalism and, 36; prisoners of war during, 233; Russia-Japan relations during, 348
Wuhan Iron and Steel, 337–38
Yeltsin, Boris, 356, 358, 359, 360, 362
Yemen, 229, 431, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437
Yeonpyeong Island: DPRK shelling of, 103–4, 159, 235–36, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242, 243–44, 245, 296, 335, 362, 406, 407, 416, 440; ROK exercises on, 243–44
Yi Hu-rak, 26, 34, 396–97
Yi Tong-hwi, 69, 72
Yi Yŏng-guk, 81–82
Yodŏk concentration camp, 174–75, 177
Yongbyon Nuclear Facility: Bush (George H.W.) administration concerns about, 281; Clinton administration concerns about, 89, 285–86, 300; defueling/dismantlement of, 269, 270, 271, 343; Kim Jong-il statue at, 11, 79; monitoring of, 273; nuclear crises and, 89, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 260, 269, 270, 271; origins of nuclear program and, 249, 250, 251; real desires of DPRK and, 301; ROK-DPRK relations and, 272; Russia-DPRK relations and, 363; as urananium-based facility, 274; U.S. contingency plans concerning, 6, 89, 286, 287, 291, 363, 455
youth, 199, 434–35, 438–39, 440
Yuk Yŏng-su, 56, 398
Zagoria, Donald, 427, 428
zero-sum mentality, 395–96, 397–98, 399, 413, 415
Zhou Enlai, 32, 49, 321