Index

• Activision, 101, 109
• Addiction, 99, 153, 154, 157–159, 162, 164, 206n4. See also Drugs, association with games; Drinking
• Adventure, 125, 128
• Ahl, David, 137
• Airplane!, 13, 116
• Aladdin’s Castle, 31, 32, 35, 161, 164, 166
• All in the Family, 27, 37
• Altair 8800 (MITS), 118, 128, 132
• America’s Best Family Showplace v. City of New York, 166
• AMOA (Amusement & Music Operators Association), 37, 38, 39
• Analogic (Odyssey), 96
• Andy Capp’s tavern, 9
• Angry Birds, 183
• Apple (company), 117, 118, 119
• Apple II, 8, 118, 127, 133, 142–143
• Arcades, 5, 6–8, 15, 19–44, 46, 51, 75–77, 84, 95, 98, 99, 116, 144, 153, 155, 157–167, 171, 179–180, 186–187. See also Class; Cleanliness (of arcades); Coin-operated amusements; Penny arcades; Regulation of coin-operated games/arcades
• Archives, 14
• Asimov, Isaac, 140–141, 170–171, 175
• Asteroids, xii, 7, 17, 19, 25, 40, 41, 44, 75, 99, 109, 170, 184, 191
• Asteroids Deluxe, 40
• Atari
  • acquisition by Warner Communication, Inc., 7, 28, 52, 55, 62, 65
  • “Atari Brings the Computer Age Home” ads, 147–151
  • Atari Video Music, 132
  • crash of 1983, role in, 9
  • “Dear Atari Anonymous” ads, 99
  • “Don’t Watch TV Tonight. Play It!” ads, 67, 147
  • 400/800, 8, 118, 119, 147–151
  • funding research, 171, 174, 177
  • Game played in Airplane!, 13
  • “Have You Played Atari Today?” commercial, 73
  • vs. Intellivision, 66
  • Steve Jobs’s employer, 117
  • reporting record for playing Asteroids, 41
  • spending on television commercials, 96
  • therapeutic uses of, 176
  • VCS/2600, xii, 7, 44, 46, 69, 75, 77, 86, 93, 116, 118

• Baer, Ralph, 6, 53, 62, 65, 95
• Baffle Ball, 25, 26
• Baker, Mark, 193
• Bally/Bally Midway, 26, 27, 164, 188, 195–197
• Ballyhoo, 25, 26
• Bally Professional Arcade, 118
• Basements, 81, 82, 85, 87, 92, 96
• Basketball (Atari), 75, 116, 149
• Battlezone, 9
• BB guns, 83, 96
• Beany Bopper, 110
• Beatles, the, 183, 192
• Bell, Daniel, 168
• Berserk, 75, 97, 99
• Betamax (Sony), 58–59
• Better Homes and Gardens, 26
• Billboard, 34
• Bingo, 26
• Blackjack (Atari VCS game), 93
• Blackjack (TRS-80 game), 137
• Blip, 69, 71, 198
• Board games, 3, 51, 66, 76, 78, 80, 83, 89, 91, 93, 95, 96
• Bobby Orr (pinball machine), 28
• Bolter, Jay David, 2
• Bond Analysis, 150
• Bosconian, 196
• Bowmar Brain, 136
• Boy culture, 4, 16, 42, 77, 97–114, 180–182, 191–193, 198–199. See also Masculinity; Youth; Teenagers
• Brand, Stewart, 118, 131–132
• Breakout, 65, 102–103, 133. See also Super Breakout
• Brooks, B. David, 176
• Brown Box (Baer), 6, 53
• Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 168
• Buckner & Garcia, 183
• Buck Rogers (pinball machine), 28
• Bullets or Ballots, 26
• Bushnell, Nolan, 62, 65, 228n4
• Byte, 14, 127, 132

• Cable TV, 50, 57–58, 60–61, 67, 168
• Calculating Book, The, 135
• Calculators, 7, 46, 118, 134, 135, 136
• Capt. Fantastic, 27
• Casper the Friendly Ghost, 187
• Cat and Mouse (Odyssey), 96
• Cathode ray tube (CRT), 8, 45, 66, 67, 86, 95, 124, 125, 132. See also Television
• Centereach, New York, 161, 169
• Centipede, 19, 111–112, 158, 191
• Ceruzzi, Paul, 132
• Chafin, Jerry, 175
• Channel F (Fairchild), 7, 15, 53, 75, 89
• Charlie’s Angels (pinball machine), 28
• Checkers, 93, 122, 123, 124
• Chess, 93, 94, 122, 123, 124, 125, 142
• Chopper Command, 101
• City of Mequite v. Aladdin’s Castle, Inc., 166, 221n3
• Clark, Clifford Edward, Jr., 82
• Class. See also Cultural legitimacy; Low culture; Mass media
  • arcades associated with working-class/low culture, 22, 29–30, 44, 157
  • commercial mass media associated with working class, 82–83
  • computers
• access to for middle-class children, 117, 170
• as tools of white-collar work, 121, 128, 150, 173
  • domestication of video games in the idealized middle-class home
  • history of middle-class children’s play, 100–101, 107
  • home computers, appeal to middle-class and wealthy consumers, 138, 142–143
  • playing with children in the home, appeal to middle-class parents, 83–84
  • middle-class suburbs as sites of regulation of public amusements, 161, 165
  • postindustrial society as white-collar, 168
  • recreation room as essential part of middle-class home, 85–86
  • representation of games in the middle-class home, 54, 73, 78–79, 88–97, 111
  • representation of middle-class boys as video game players, 180–182, 199
  • reproduction of status, 173
  • suburban shopping centers (malls) as middle-class spaces, 30–34
  • television associated with lesser class status, 49, 64, 72
  • video games as middle-class amusements, 4, 30–31, 35–36, 39–40, 44, 177
• Cleanliness (of arcades), 33–36
• Cloak and Dagger, 178
• Close Encounters (pinball machine), 28
• Coin-in-the-slot machine. See Slot machines
• Coin-operated amusements, 3, 4, 6, 11, 15, 16, 19–31, 33–40, 43–44, 45, 46, 75, 99, 155, 157, 160, 161, 165, 187, 188, 190, 196, 200. See also Arcades; Penny arcades; Pinball
• Cold War, 20, 47, 51, 76, 99, 101, 107, 114, 181, 184
• Coleco, 46, 76, 93–94, 188
• ColecoVision, 76
• Columbia Pictures, 28
• Combat, 102
• Coming of Post-Industrial Society, The, 168–169
• Commodore, 8, 118, 119, 144, 150. See also Commodore 64 (C64); PET (Commodore); VIC-20
• Commodore 64 (C64), 118, 145–147
• Computer Lib/Dream Machines, 129–131
• Computers, 1, 3, 6, 8, 16, 157
  • computer literacy, 169, 172, 226n58
  • in the home (home computers), 16, 115–152, 171, 180–181
  • in postindustrial society, 167–173
  • mainframes and minicomputers, 20, 46, 52, 117, 122, 125, 132, 152
  • microcomputers, 8, 120, 128, 132, 133, 140, 169
  • personal computers (PCs), 3, 8, 16, 46, 86, 118, 120, 122, 126, 127, 128
  • representation in WarGames, 180–182
• Computer Space, 6, 20
• Coney Island, 24
• Convergence, 61–62, 69
• Crash of 1983, 8–9
• Crazy Otto, 195
• Crime, 4, 15, 20, 24–28, 33, 34, 39, 75, 154, 156, 157, 158. See also, Gambling
• Cromemco, 132
• C64. See Commodore 64 (C64)
• C3PO, 134
• Cultural legitimacy, 5, 11, 15, 16, 21, 177. See also Low culture
  • of arcades/coin-operated amusements, 30, 33, 38–40, 44, 190
  • female arcade patrons, association with, 189–190
  • of games in relation to television, 56–67, 72
  • Harvard conference as an assertion of, 177
  • of pinball, 27–28

• Defender, 17, 25, 75, 98, 184, 191, 193
• Dewey, John, 170
• Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 117
• Dime museums, 22, 44. See also Penny arcades
• Disney, Disneyland, 24, 33, 35
• Dolly (pinball machine), 28
• Domestication, 76–77
• Domesticity. See Home, games played in
• Donchin, Emanuel, 174–175
• Donkey Kong, 41, 46, 166, 191
• Donovan, Tristan, 187
• Drinking, 35, 37
• Driving games, 7, 29, 37
• Drotner, Kristen, 156
• Drugs, association with games, 4, 20, 26–27, 35, 156, 158, 162–163, 176. See also Addiction; Drinking
• Dungeons & Dragons, 46, 94

• Easy Script, 147
• Educational games/play, 63, 83, 96, 120, 125–126, 138, 140, 149, 150–151, 153, 169–171, 174–178
• Electro-mechanical games, 7, 25, 29, 38–39, 55, 184
• Electronic Football, 46
• Electronic Games, 14, 112–113
• Energy Czar, 150
• E.T. (video game), 109
• Evel Knievel (pinball machine), 28
• Eye-hand coordination, 16, 170, 176

• Family, representations of, 15–16
• Family fun centers, 15, 33, 36, 42. See also Aladdin’s Castle; Golf N Stuff (GNS)
• Family room. See Recreation room
• Fast Times at Ridgemont High, 30–31
• Female players, 17, 94, 97–99, 120, 150, 186–201
• Flippers. See Pinball
• Flynn, Bernadette, 108
• Foosball. See Table soccer (foosball)
• Football (Odyssey), 95–96
• “4th of July, Asbury Park (Sandy)
• Freiberger, Paul, 125
• Frenzy/Flip Flop, 147
• Frogger, 46, 91, 158, 191
• Fun and Games with Your Pocket Calculator, 135

• Galaga, 180, 184, 196
• Galaxian, 40, 184, 188
• Gambling, 4, 15, 21, 24–28. See also Crime
• Game of Life, The, 125, 128, 130, 132
• Gamer(s), 3–4, 10
• Gender. See Boy culture; Female players; Masculinity
• General Computer Corporation (GCC), 195–196
• Girls. See Female players
• Golf N Stuff (GNS), 31, 32, 35
• Golden Age of Video Games: The Birth of a Multi-Million Dollar Industry, The (Dillon), 5
• Gottlieb, 28
• Graph It, 150
• Grease, 28
• Greenfield, Patricia Marks, 174
• Gruen, Victor, 32
• Grusin, Richard, 2

• HAL (computer in 2001), 133, 135, 136
• Hand-eye coordination. See Eye-hand coordination
• Happy Days, 28
• Harvard University, 98, 174–178
• Haunted House (Odyssey), 96
• Hello Kitty, 187
• Hewlett-Packard, 126, 133
• Higinbotham, William, 6
• Historiography of popular culture, 14
• Hockey (Odyssey) 85
• Home, games played in, 15–16, 20, 43–44, 73–114, 171
• Home computers. See Computers
• Horizon of expectations, 13
• How to Win at Video Games, 191
• Huhtamo, Erkki, 78
• Hulk, The, 147

• I Hate Vidiots, 193–194
• IMSAI, 132
• “I’m the Slime
• Indy 800, 37
• Information society, 154, 167–173, 181–182. See also Postindustrial society
• Intellivision, 7–8, 15, 53, 55, 66, 75, 77, 81, 94, 96
• International Business Machines (IBM), 123
• International Soccer, 145, 147
• Interpretive flexibility, 2, 119, 139–140, 149, 199, 218n8
• Iwatani, Toru, 187

• Jacobson, Lisa, 83–84
• Jenkins, Henry, 107
• Jobs, Steve, 116, 133
• John, Elton, 27
• Jukebox, 19, 34, 36, 37, 38

• Kagan, Robert G., 176
• Kawaii, 187
• Kay, Alan, 131
• K.C. Munchkin, 195
• Kingdom, 151
• KISS (pinball machine), 28
• Kocurek, Carly, 178, 204n7, 225n50
• Koop, C. Everett, 20, 159, 222n19

• LaGuardia, Fiorello, 26
• Lancaster, Don, 128
• Last Starfighter, The, 178
• Levy, Steven, 132
• Little Whirl Wind, 26
• Loftus, Geoffrey, and Elizabeth Loftus, 13, 172, 175
• Low culture, 28–29, 157. See also Class; Cultural legitimacy
• Lowood, Henry, 52
• Lunar Lander, 125
• Lynch, William, 176

• Macrae, Doug, 196
• Mad, 193
• Magic Desk I, 145, 147
• Magnavox, 69, 78, 195. See also Magnavox Odyssey; Odyssey²
• Magnavox Odyssey, 2, 6–7, 13, 20, 52, 53, 55, 60, 62, 63, 65, 73, 77, 88, 89, 92, 95. See also Odyssey²
• Mailing List, 150
• Make Room for TV, 80
• Malden Amusement Company v. City of Malden, 166
• Mall. See Shopping center (mall)
• Malone, Thomas W., 175
• Manager, The, 145, 147
• Marshfield, Massachusetts, 163, 166
• Marvin, Carolyn, 154
• Masculinity, 3, 4, 11, 15, 16, 17, 22, 29, 42, 64, 67, 70, 72, 73, 75, 77, 79, 80, 83, 87, 97–114, 115, 120, 142, 149, 178, 181, 184, 186, 187, 196, 200. See also Boy culture
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 116, 124, 128
• Mass media, 1, 10, 47–52, 60–61, 67, 72, 82, 200. See also Class
• Mass society. See Mass media
• Mattel, 94. See also Intellivision
• May, Elaine Tyler, 83
• Maze Craze, 102
• McWilliams, Tom, 173
• Media panic, 16, 20, 23, 153–167, 169, 172–173, 176–177, 180, 182, 189, 222n6
• Media room, 78, 86–88. See also Recreation room
• Medium (definition of), 11
• Mega Force, 110–111
• Megatrends, 169
• Merlin (game), 7, 89, 91, 118, 121, 135–137
• Mesquite, Texas, 155, 158, 161, 166, 221n3
• Midway. See Bally/Bally Midway
• Miller, Inabeth, 176–177
• Mills, C. Wright, 48–50
• Milton Bradley, 118, 136
• Mind at Play (Loftus and Loftus), 13, 172–173
• Minow, Netwon, 47
• Mintz, Steven, 100–101, 107
• Missile Command, 7, 40, 41, 44, 75, 87, 99, 101, 109, 150, 151, 171, 184, 193
• Mitchell, Edna, 98, 171, 174
• MITS, 128
• MOA (Music Operators Association). See AMOA (Amusement & Music Operators Association)
• Moral entrepreneurs, 159–167
• Moral panic. See Media panic
• Morgan, Robin, 130
• Mortgage & Loan Analysis, 150
• Morton Grove, Illinois, 161, 164
• Ms. Pac-Man, xii, 8–9, 17, 19, 170, 184, 188, 195–199
• Murphy, Sheila C., 52, 56, 61–62
• Music Composer, 151
• Music Machine, 145
• Music Man, The, 155–156, 157, 175–176, 182, 221n4
• Mutoscope, 23. See also Peepshow

• Naisbitt, John, 169
• Namco, 186–188, 195
• National Lampoon’s Vacation, 115–116
• Nelson, George, 81–82
• Nelson, Ted, 118, 129–131, 132
• Net Effect, The, 127
• New Left, 50
• New media, 1–2, 10–11
• Nickelodeon theater, 23–24
• Nim, 123, 124
• Nimrod, 123
• 1984, 48
• Nostalgia, 24, 28, 30, 87, 156
• Noughts and Crosses. See OXO

• Obake no Q-Taro, 187
• Odyssey. See Magnavox Odyssey; Odyssey²
• Odyssey², 7, 69, 86, 118, 129, 137, 195. See also Magnavox Odyssey
• Official Preppy Handbook, The, 193
• 101 BASIC Computer Games, 137
• Orwell, George, 48
• Outlaw, 102
• Outpost, 173
• OXO, 124

• Pac-Man, 7–8, 16–17, 19, 41, 153, 183–201. See also Ms. Pac-Man; Namco; Pac-Man Cartoon Show, The; “Pac-Man Fever”; Iwatani, Toru
  • arcade cabinet art, 184
  • in an Atari commercial, 97
  • Atari VCS cartridge, 44, 99, 188
  • Coleco port, 46
  • in Fast Times at Ridgemont High, 30
  • gameplay of, 184–186
  • girls and women, appeal to, 186–194
  • as identified with a generation, 166
  • music/sound, 184
  • projected on a big-screen TV, 87
  • spinoff products and merchandise, 188–189, 192
• Pac-Man Cartoon Show, The, 192
• “Pac-Man Fever
• Paik, Nam June, 65–66
• Panic. See Media panic
• Parents (magazine), 83
• Parker Brothers, 89, 91, 93, 118, 136
• Participation TV, 66
• Participatory democracy, 50
• Participatory media, 1, 15, 49–52, 61–67, 68
• Payout games, 26
• PDP-1, 116, 124
• Peepshow, 22–24. See also Mutoscope
• Pelé, 67
• Penny arcades, 21–24, 31, 44. See also Arcades; Dime museums
• People’s Computer Company (PCC), 126, 127
• Perkins, D. N., 175
• Personal computers (PCs). See Computers
• PET (Commodore), 8, 118
• Piaget, Jean, 170
• Pilgrim in the Microworld (Sudnow), 13, 65
• Pinball, xii, 2–3, 7, 15, 19, 21, 32, 188. See also Arcades; Coin-operated amusements
  • in bars, 37
  • as biggest coin-operated earner in the 1970s, 37–39
  • and intellectuals, appreciation by, 28
  • marketing for use in the home, 28
  • payout vs. for amusement only versions, 26
  • popularity in the 1970s, 27–29
  • regulation of, 26, 160
  • rise in the 1930s, 25–26
  • in relation to TV/video games, 36–37, 41
  • solid state vs. electro-mechanical, 38
  • in store catalogs, 93
  • Tommy, representation in, 27–28
• “Pinball Wizard
• Pin games. See Pinball
• Playboy (pinball machine), 28, 86
• Playing Games with Computers, 125
• Playland, 24, 44
• PlayMeter (trade journal), 190, 191
• Plimpton, George, 66
• Plug-In Drug, The, 164
• Pong, xii, 2, 6–7, 9, 20, 37, 46, 52, 53, 55, 65, 66, 73, 75, 88, 96, 102, 116, 179, 183
• Pool, 4, 19, 34, 78, 93
• Popeye, 187
• Popular imagination, 3, 4, 8, 11–12
• Port Huron Statement, 50
• Postindustrial society, 16, 168–169, 204n7. See also Information society
• Power Elite, The, 48–49
• Purple Rose of Cairo, The, 178

• Radio Shack, 118, 140–141
• Race, 93
• Race/ethnicity, 28, 29, 33, 34, 54, 73, 76, 78, 93, 96, 112, 142, 149, 177, 180
• Raising Consumers, 83
• Ramada (inns), 36
• Recreation room, 76, 78, 80–85, 88, 93, 95. See also Media room
• Regulation of coin-operated games/arcades, 20, 25, 42, 160–167
• RePlay (trade journal), 15, 39, 42
• Replay: The History of Video Games (Donovan), 6
• Rifle games, 23, 25, 96, 184. See also Shooting games
• Rock and roll, 20, 27–28, 38
• Rocket, 26
• Roulette (Odyssey), 95–96
• Russell, Steve, 124, 128

• Samuel, Arthur, 123
• Sears catalog, 12, 53–55, 92–93
• Sears Christmas Wish Book, see Sears catalog
• Second Self, The (Turkle), 13
• Sex, association with games, 4, 26–27, 107, 158
  • sexualized image of Ms. Pac-Man, 193–199
  • sexualized women on pinball backglass, 29
• Shannon, Claude, 122
• Shatner, William, 144
• Sherlock, Jr., 178–179
• Shooting Gallery (Odyssey), 96
• Shooting games, 7, 9–10, 23, 25, 29, 40, 63, 88, 94, 96, 98, 101, 109, 132, 159, 163, 183, 189, 191. See also Rifle games
• Shopping center (mall), 30–34, 36, 158, 207n37
• Silent Movie, 116
• Simon (game), 7, 118, 121, 135–136, 137
• Simon Says (Odyssey), 96
• Sisterhood Is Powerful, 130
• Slot machines, 22–27. See also Coin-operated amusements
• Snyder, Tom, 132
• Sol, 118, 132
• Solar Fox, 147
• Sources (of video game history), 12–14
• Space Assault, 140
• Space Invaders, 7–8, 17, 19, 21, 25
  • appeal as computer game, 140, 144
  • in Atari commercials, 97, 107, 109, 150, 151
  • Atari VCS cartridge, 44, 99
  • vs. Centipede, 111, 191
  • as classic game, 183
  • Cold War themes of, 101
  • in Fast Times at Ridgemont High, 30
  • vs. Galaga/Galaxian, 180, 188
  • as harmful game, 163
  • as first enormous hit videogame, 40, 41, 42, 75
  • as identified with a generation, 166
  • vs. Pac-Man, 184, 186
  • projected on a big-screen TV, 87
• Space Invaders Deluxe, 40
• Space Invaders wrist, 158
• Spacewar!, 6, 46, 116, 124–125, 128, 130, 131–133
• “SPACEWAR: Fanatic Life and Symbolic Death among the Computer Bums” (Rolling Stone article), 131–132
• Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, 178–180, 182
• Spigel, Lynn, 13, 80
• Sportland. See Playland
• Sports games, 7, 25–26, 29, 37, 38, 45, 46, 53, 55, 57, 63, 69, 76, 85, 88, 92, 93, 94–96, 101, 102, 108, 145, 147, 188
• Springsteen, Bruce, 29–30, 34
• Square Pegs, 199
• Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL), 131
• StarMaster, 109
• Star Raiders, 150, 151
• Star Trek (computer game), 125, 128, 133
• Star Trek (pinball machine), 28
• Star Trek (television series), 144
• Star Wars (motion picture), 101, 134, 184, 188
• States (Odyssey), 96
• States & Capitals, 151
• Stock Analysis, 150
• Story of Atari Breakout, The, 102–103
• Streeter, Thomas, 61, 127
• Students for a Democratic Society, 50
• Sturken, Marita, 66
• Suburbs/suburbanization, 3, 4, 15, 19, 21, 30–34, 36, 38, 42, 44, 54, 73, 76, 77–78, 80–82, 84–85, 96, 100, 113, 115, 142, 149, 157, 161, 164–165, 173, 199, 200
• Sudnow, David, 13, 65
• Super Breakout, xii, 102–103, 151
• Superman (media franchise), 28
• Superman (pinball machine), 28
• Surgeon General of the United States. See Koop, C. Everett
• Sutton-Smith, Brian, 99–100
• Swaine, Michael, 125

• Table soccer (foosball), 37, 93
• Tank Plus, 93
• Target, 132
• Target Fun, 93
• Teenagers, 20, 29, 31, 42, 73, 75, 99, 149, 153, 158, 161–165, 173, 179–181, 187, 196, 199, 200, 207n37. See also Youth
• Telelink I, 150, 151
• Television, xi, 3, 5, 7, 10–11, 15, 45–72, 75, 76, 78, 80, 84, 146–147, 159, 163–164. See also Cathode ray tube (CRT)
• Telstar, 94
• Tempest, xii, 184, 193
• Tennis (Odyssey), 55, 63, 92, 95–96
• Tennis for Two, 6
• Tetris, 183
• Texas Instruments, 118
• Tic-tac-toe, 122, 124, 136, 151, 181. See also OXO
• Tic-Tac-Toe (Atari cartridge), 151
• Time Zone, 34, 39
• TI-99 4/a, 118
• Tomorrow, 132
• Tomorrow’s House, 81–82
• Tommy, 27–28
• Touch Typing, 150, 151
• Townsend, Pete, 27
• Tron (motion picture), 178–179
• Tron (video game), 183
• TRS-80, 8, 118, 119, 137, 140–141
• Tunnel Runner, 109
• Turkle, Sherry, 13, 42, 163, 170, 171, 183
• “TV as Creative Medium
• TV Dazzler, 132–133
• T.V. Tennis, 55
• TV Typewriter, 128–129, 132
• Twin Galaxies Arcade, 41
• 2001: A Space Odyssey, 102, 133–134, 135, 138
• Typewriter, 128, 133, 138, 139

• Ultimate History of Video Games, The (Kent), 5

• VIC-20 (Commodore), 8, 118
• Video, 45, 210n2
• Video art, 45, 50, 65–66
• Video Games (book), 192
• Video Games and Human Development: A Research Agenda for the ’80s (Harvard conference), 98, 174–178
• Video Man (cartoon character)
• Video Revolutions: On the History of a Medium, 11
• Videotape, 45, 50, 57–60, 67, 86
• Vidiot, 192–193
• Violence, 20, 70, 77, 98–99, 107, 108, 159, 163–164, 174, 177, 186, 187, 189, 206n4
• Viorst, Milton, 50

• WarGames, 13, 178–179, 180–182
• Warner Communications, Inc., 7, 28, 75, 147, 150
• War of the Worlds, The (1938 radio drama), 48
• War of the Worlds, The (1953 motion picture), 111, 184
• Westport, Connecticut, 165
• What’s My Line?, 13, 52
• What to Do after You Hit Return, or P.C.C.’s First Book of Computer Games, 126, 137
• Whiteness. See Race/ethnicity
• Who, the, 27
• Whole Earth Catalog, 126, 130, 131
• Williams, Dmitri, 156
• Wilson, Jason, 65–66
• Winn, Marie, 164
• Wizard, 27
• Women. See Female players
• Wozniak, Steve, 116, 133

• Xerox, 131, 175

• Young & Rubicam, 148
• Youth, 4, 11, 16, 42, 67, 77, 98, 120, 153–182, 187, 189. See also Boy culture; Teenagers
  • arcades as sites of youth culture, 19, 21, 29–30, 158
  • autonomous youth culture in the 1920s, 83
  • corrupted by new media, 10–11
  • typical identity of video game player as, 70, 72, 73, 153
• YouTube, 14

• Zappa, Frank, 49
• Zaxxon, 19, 184