A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in the print edition. Clicking on a page number will take you to the ebook location that corresponds to the beginning of that page in the print edition. For a comprehensive list of locations of any word or phrase, use your reading system’s search function.
Page numbers in italics refer to maps.
AAA (Asociación de Amigos Aureliano, action group), 240, 261, 284
Acusador, El, 159
Agostini, Jorge, assassination of, 261
Agramonte, Roberto, 156, 214, 219–20, 335
Agramonte, Roberto, Jr., in meeting with FC, 325
Agrarian Reform Law, 411–12
Aguilera, Pedro, 262
Alcalde, Oscar, 165, 168, 183, 205, 218
Alemán, José Manuel, 87, 120, 137, 138
Cayo Confites expedition and, 98–99
Alles Soberón, Agustín, 258
Alliance for Progress, 410–11
Almeida, Juan, 183, 249, 255, 304–5, 315, 351
FC’s orders to, 368–69
Ameijeiras, Efigenio, 315
Árbenz, Jacobo, xvii
Arcos Bergnes, Gustavo, 206
Argentina, 109
Argiz Fernández, Antonia (FC’s grandmother), 1, 2
Argota, María Luisa (Angel’s first wife):
marriage of Angel and, 23
separation of Angel and, 24, 25
Artemisa, Cuba, 108
Aspiazo, Jorge, 141
as FC’s law partner, 134–35
Aspiazo-Castro-Resende, 133–34, 140
Association of Secondary School of Students, 108
Auténtico Party, 118–19, 120, 156, 181, 241, 267, 306, 324, 335, 375
Ávila, Rafael, 102
Banes, Cuba, 123–25
Bárcena, Rafael García, 164, 165, 166, 267
Movimiento Nacional Revolucionaro, 267
Barquín López, Ramón, 283, 328, 392, 400
Barroso, Enrique, 325
baseball, FC and, 68–69, 78, 85–86
basketball, FC’s love of, 52–53, 68, 86, 89
Batista, Fulgencio, 38–39, 72, 124, 125
accused of ordering Moncada executions, 184
Céspedes Medal awarded to Trujillo by, 247
FC’s attacks on, 93
FC’s lawsuit against, 157–58, 185, 196
in flight to Santo Domingo, 399, 402
Moncada amnesty and, 248–49, 250, 254
in 1940 election, 72–73
in 1952 coup against Prío, 150–51, 153–55
in 1954 election, 248
1956 coup plot against, 283
presidency of, 154
in renewed threats against FC and rebels, 260–61
in Sergeants’ Revolt, 34–35
tanquistas plot against, 284–85
U.S. proposals for resignation of, 392
in visit to Isle of Pines prison, 227
Batista regime, 204–5
British aid to, 386–87
brutality of, 248, 261, 267, 275, 283, 284, 348, 354–55, 398, 407
censorship under, 150, 154, 156, 248, 261–62
Constitution suspended by, 154, 157
crackdown on dissidents by, 154
FC’s death at Las Coloradas reported by, 316
in indiscriminate attacks on opposition, 354
proposed civic dialogue with, 267, 269, 272, 275, 276, 283
U.S. discomfort with violence of, 348, 349
U.S. military aid to, 347, 348–49
U.S. suspension of arms shipments to, 360, 388
Batista regime, opposition to, 267–68, 272, 275, 283–84, 324, 335
by judges, 354–55
by professional and civic groups, 354–55
see also specific groups
Bayamo, attack on, 166, 168, 171, 175, 198
Bay of Pigs invasion, xvi, 398, 410, 412
Bell of Demajagua, 105–8
Benavides Santos, Enrique, 135, 138–39
Berle, Adolf, 347–48
Bermúdez, Carlos, 288–89
Bernardo, Brother (teacher), 61–63
Betancourt, Flores, 177–78
Betancourt, Rómulo, 109, 111, 113
Birán Castro, see Finca Manacas
Bogotá, Colombia, 108–9, 112–13
Student Conference at, 114–15
Bohemia, 111, 147, 150, 246, 253, 260, 277, 279, 290, 325, 333, 346
amnesty petition in, 250
article on Isle of Pines prisoners in, 243
post-prison photographs of FC in, 258–59
Bolívar, Simón, xvi, xvii, 250
FC in, 190–92
Bonito, Luis, 262
Bordón, Víctor, 386
Braddock, Daniel, 349
Brussels Pact, 109
Buch, Luis, 336
Buch, Tony, 343–44
Buehlman, Victor, 321
Bureau for the Repression of Communist Activities (BRAC), 346
Bureau of Police Investigations, 89
Bustillo, Carlos, 178
Camp Columbia, xxiv, 164, 166, 310, 382, 396
Cano, Panchito, 146, 147–49, 181
photographs of Moncada massacre taken by, 149–50
command of Cuban military assumed by, 399
FC’s correspondence with, 382–83, 390, 395–96, 397
in meeting with FC, 396
in plan to join forces with FC and arrest Batista, 396
as reneging on deal with FC, 397, 402
Capital (Marx), 221–23
Caracas, Venezuela, 111
Carillo, Justo, 392
Carnegie Steel, 20
Carrasco Artiles, Nelson, 390
Carrillo Hernández, Justo, 168
Carvajal Moriyón, Juan Miguel, 108
Castellanos, Baudilio, 191, 196, 200, 207
Castillo Armas, Carlos, 245
Castro, Angela, 39, 44, 48, 64
as boarder with Feliú family, 57, 58
and FC’s wedding to Mirta, 125
Castro, Augustina, 39, 65, 187
Castro, Carmen, 162, 163, 185–86
Castro, Enma, 36, 39, 41, 42, 43, 50, 100, 125, 128, 132, 144, 169, 187, 254, 255
and FC’s affair with Revuelta, 263
FC visited in prison by, 219
in Gutiérrezes’ Mexico City home, 267
and release of FC and Raúl from Prison, 257
Castro, Fidel (August 13, 1926–November 25, 2016), 170
agricultural reform program of, 384–85
anti-Batista organizing by, 158–65; see also July 26 Movement
Batista regime’s censorship of, 261–62
in Boniato Prison, 190–92, 202
British aid to Batista denounced by, 386–87
in calls for armed resistance to Batista, 157, 164, 185
Cayo Confites lessons taken to heart by, 104
charisma of, xx, 77, 114, 162, 192, 213, 274, 292, 318
Cienfuegos arrest and trial of, 136–39
Cienfuegos student strike and, 135
civil liberties espoused by, xvi–xvii, 92, 137–38, 155, 157–58, 208, 210–11, 327, 350–51
contradictory personality of, xx, 83–84, 121
in conversion to communism, 344–45
Cuban missile crisis and, 412–13
in departure for Mexico, 262–63
on educational reform, 47
in escape to Sierra Maestra, 314–15
expeditionary force and, see July 26 Movement expedition
first cases of, 134
as forced into Soviet alliance by U.S. machinations, 412, 413, 414
global self-determinism and social justice as goals of, 100, 105
in Havana, 73–74
improbable survival of, xix–xx
intellectual curiosity of, 50, 216–17, 225
in Isle of Pines prison, see Isle of Pines prison, Castro in
joining civil-military junta rejected, 392–93, 396
Kant studied by, 225–27
lawsuit against Batista filed by, 157–58, 185, 196
leadership skills of, 70, 114, 116–17, 121, 364
legal acumen of, 210
liberal constitutionalist platform of, 208–9, 211
liberal nationalist agenda of, xvi, xvii
Liberation Junta denounced by, 336–37
marriage of Mirta and, see Díaz-Balart, Mirta
Marx studied by, 221–23, 230–32
Mexican exile of, see Mexico, Castro in
in Moncada Barracks attack, see Moncada Barracks attack
in Moncada trial, see Moncada trial
need for further public consciousness raising accepted by, 328–29, 330
need for secrecy understood by, 165
in negotiations for release of enemy captives, 381
1959 U.S. trip of, 408–9
in Ortodoxo Party, see Ortodoxo Party
outsider feelings of, xviii–xix, 53–54
in overtures to army commanders, 352–54
and País’s murder, 331
País’s suggestion of second exile rejected by, 317
Parque Céspedes speech of, 400–404
peasants warned of coming fighting by, 365–66
and Pedro Emilio Castro’s election campaign, 73
photographic memory of, 66–67, 77, 209–10, 364, 368
popular embrace of, 257
in post-Moncada flight and capture, 182–83
in post-Moncada press interview, 190
post-Revolution reconciliation and rule of law promised by, 403–4
prison-release press conference of, 256–57
pro bono wage case taken by, 160–61
public relations campaign of, 365
Ramírez in peace negotiations with, 349–50
reconciliation with Llano urged by, 339–40
in release from prison, 255–56
Revuelta and, see Revuelta, Naty
Rodríguez murder case and, 155–56
self-aggrandizement of, xix, xx
self-confidence of, 49, 80–81, 117, 209–10, 274, 317
in Sierra Maestra, see Sierra Maestra rebels
Sierra Maestra Manifesto issued by, 327–28
social rights championed by, 208, 210–11, 222, 230
on Soviet imperialism, 345
“To the People of Cienfuegos” broadside of, 137–38
U.S. attention to activities of, 345–47
U.S. loans sought by, 411
U.S. public enthusiasm for, 409–10
Castro, Fidel, childhood and adolescence of:
appearance of, 76
appendicitis of, 65
athletic ability of, 50, 68–69, 76, 78, 80
baccalaureate entrance passed by, 71
basketball as love of, 52–53
as boarder with Feliú family, 59–60
as boarder with Mazorra family, 64, 65
Brother Bernardo and, 61–63
bullies and liars hated by, 50, 68
at Colegio de Belén, 73–74, 80–81
at Colegio de Dolores, 52–53, 63–64
at Colegio de La Salle, 59–63
curiosity of, 49, 64, 65, 216–17
emotional insecurity of, 53–54
at Finca Manacas, xvii–xviii, 27–28, 45, 48–51
in friendships with children of laborers and peasants, xviii, 32
horsemanship of, 27
nature as love of, 28–29, 69, 72, 80
regular recess detentions of, 70
religious ritual disdained by, 79–80
school prizes won by, 82–83
shyness of, 77–78
Castro, Fidel, college years of:
accused of Manolo Castro murder, 110–11
arrests of, 96–97
athletics as first focus of, 85–86, 89, 90
at Bogotá Student Conference, 114–16
in Bogotazo riots, 115–16, 117
in Cayo Confites expedition, 99–100, 103
Colón cemetery speech of, 91–93, 94, 95
death threats against, 118, 122
Demajagua Bell affair and, 106–8
in Gómez shooting, 93–95
as Havana University law student, 85–86, 96
as indifferent student, 90
plans to study in U.S. abandoned by, 127
in renewed determination to finish law school, 128, 132–33
student politics taken up by, 86, 90–91
30 September rally speech of, 118, 122, 128
in trip to Bogotá conference, 111–12
Castro, Fidel Ángel “Fidelito” (FC’s son), xx, 132, 192, 238
custody battle over, 251
FC visited in prison by, 219, 259
Castro, Juanita, 26, 39, 54, 100, 123, 125, 128, 132, 187, 298
in aftermath of Moncada attack, 188–89
on Gutiérrezes’ support of FC, 266–67
and release of FC and Raúl from prison, 255, 256, 257
Castro, Lidia, 24, 156, 251, 254, 263
false accusations against, 262
FC visited in prison by, 219
in Gutiérrezes’ Mexico City home, 267
Cayo Confites expedition and, 99
elected FEU president, 96
murder of, 110–11
Castro, Manuel (grandfather), 1–2, 5
Castro, Martín, 25
Castro, Pedro Emilio, in 1940 election, 72, 73
as boarder with Feliú family, 55, 58, 59
and FC’s wedding to Mirta, 125
Castro, Raúl, 39, 54, 63, 125, 197, 351, 387, 396
Angel’s last letter to, 297–98
arrest of, 289
as boarder with Felix family, 59
capture of U.S. marines by, 377–78
in escape to Sierra Maestra, 314–15
executions overseen by, 407
false accusations against, 262
FC’s growing closeness to, 131
at Havana University, 130–31
in Isle of Pines prison, 253
in Moncada attack, 171, 178–79, 180, 188
in Moncada trial, 197, 202, 205
police-sanctioned beating of, 169–70
post-Moncada arrest and imprisonment of, 181–82, 189
in release from prison, 255
Sierra Cristal forces commanded by, 358–59, 361
transferred to FC’s prison cell, 239
at Vienna student congress, 169
Castro Argiz, Ángel (FC’s father), 132, 144
in aftermath of Moncada attack, 187–88
anticommunism of, 38–39
arrival in Cuba of, 5
Castro boys withdrawn from La Salle by, 63
character and reputation of, 25–26, 36, 42–43
childhood of, 1–2
as cockfighting aficionado, 37–38
in Daiquirí, 20–21
death of, 298
diseases contracted by, 7
El Progreso inn bought by, 22–23
as father, 42
and FC’s education, 54, 57–58, 59, 63, 83
FC’s help in restoring Finca Manacas title to, 139–40
and FC’s joining of Cayo Confites expedition, 100
and FC’s law school graduation, 133
FC’s political activities disapproved by, 169
and FC’s promise to finish college, 123
illiteracy of, 3
labor contracting business of, 22
last letter to Raúl from, 297–98
in Madrid, 2
Manacas property bought by, 24
plantation of, see Finca Manacas
political influence of, 41
in return to Cuba, 14
in return to Láncara, 12–14
self-assurance of, 4
strong work ethic of, 42–43
subcolonos and, 37
in visit to Feliú home, 57
wives of, see Argota, María Luisa; Ruz González, Lina
Cayo Confites expedition, 98–104, 105
Cuban Navy’s interception of, 103
lessons of, 104
as poorly kept secret, 101, 104
U.S. response to, 103–4
Céspedes, Carlos Manuel de, 34, 105, 106, 203, 315
Chalco, Mexico, expeditionary force training camp at, 282–83, 289–90
Chanes, Mario, 183
Chaumont, Andrés Pérez, 201, 207
Chaviano, Alberto del Río, 148–49, 166, 181, 199, 343
appointed Oriente Province commander, 260
FC interrogated by, 190
FC’s joining of civil-military junta proposed by, 392–93, 396
FC’s rebuke of lying by, 260
mendacious report on Moncada attack by, 194, 202, 260, 346
rumors of pending Moncada attack dismissed by, 170
Chibás, Eduardo, 120, 122, 137, 220, 272, 290, 396
FC and, 140–41
Sierra Maestra Manifesto issued by, 327–28
suicide of, 143
Chicago Tribune, 365
Chinea, Aquiles, 353–54
CIA, stopping FC as goal of, 391–92
in advance into central Cuba, 385–86
FC’s orders to, 367–68
Cienfuegos, Cuba, student strike at, xxi, 135–36
Civic Resistance, 294, 336, 356
Civil War in France, The (Marx), 231–32
CMKC radio station, 260
CMKR radio station, 190
cockfighting, 37–38
Colegio de Belén, 73–76
Colegio de La Salle, 59–60
Colón Cemetery, 92
Column 4:
Guevara as commander of, 332
in raid on Bueyeito garrison, 333
Commission on Cuban Affairs, U.S., 46, 79, 127, 151–52
communism:
FC’s conversion to, 344–45
of Raúl Castro, 344
Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 232
Communist Party, Cuban (PSP), xvi, 131, 250, 324
FC’s Mexican meetings with, 295–96
general strike opposed by, 356
Congress, Cuban, amnesty bill passed by, 254
Constitution, Cuban (1901), Platt Amendment and, 15
Constitution, Cuban (1940), 72, 79, 138, 155, 196, 205, 208–9, 211, 385, 394
Batista’s suspension of, 154, 157
Conte Agüero, Luis, 219, 242, 250, 257, 268
FC’s prison letters to, 239–40, 243, 246–47, 253
Contramaestre, 69
Corcho, Rigoberto, 178
Corinthia (ship), 322
Correspondencia Militar, La, 13
Corzo, Pablo, 366
Cossío del Pino, Alejo, 105, 106
Court of Auditors, 155
Crisol, El, 255
Critique of Pure Reason (Kant), 225–27
disease in, 152–53
educational reforms in, 79
former Spanish soldiers in, 18
founding of, xvii
gang warfare in, 87–89, 93–95, 97, 98
Grau-Guiteras regime in, 34–35, 72
labor shortages in, 17–18
malnutrition in, 153
political corruption in, xvii, 33, 41–42
public education in, 46–47, 55–56, 152
Sergeants’ Revolt in, 34
sugar economy of, see sugarcane industry, Cuban
Truslow Report on, 151–52
unemployed Haitians expelled by, 58–59
U.S. immigrants in, 14–15
U.S. investments in, 15, 16, 19–20, 21–22
U.S. occupation of, 13, 14, 19
Cuba, Republic of, revolutionary government of:
Agrarian Reform Law of, 411–12
economic problems of, 408–9, 411
executions by, 407–8
sabotage and terrorist attacks against, 408
Soviet aid to, 411–12
Cuba Libre movement, xvii, 10, 17, 87, 122, 203, 210, 221, 270, 382
Cuban Army:
expedition landing anticipated by, 307–8
murder of civilians by, 320, 366–67, 379, 382
Plan Fin-de-Fidel of, see Plan Fin-de-Fidel
Sierra Maestra avoided by, 332–33, 351, 356
Sierra Maestra scorched-earth campaign of, 335
see also specific units
Cuban Confederation of Workers, general strike opposed by, 356
Cuban Liberation Junta:
FC’s denunciation of, 336–37
limiting FC’s post-Batista role as goal of, 335, 340, 381, 394–95
Cuban missile crisis, 412
Cuban Revolution:
expanding role of peasants in, 329–30, 342
as FC’s one true love, 236
FC’s self-identification with, xix, xx
Revuelta’s dedication to, 216
Cuban-U.S. relations, 245, 330–31
arms shipments to Batista suspended in, 360, 377, 378, 388
Cuban subservience in, xvii, 15–16, 32, 398–99
in Cuban War of Independence, 8–9
FC’s activities followed by, 345–47
and growing discomfort with Batista’s violent regime, 348, 349
history of, xvi–xvii
military aid to Batista regime by, 347, 348–49, 359–60
Platt Amendment and, 15, 32, 34, 35
revolutionary government and, xvii, 406, 408
sidelining FC as goal of, 347–48, 381, 391, 395, 397
Teller Amendment and, 10, 11–12, 15
see also State Department, U.S.
Cuban War of Independence, 5, 8–9, 105, 210, 384, 385
U.S. and, 8–9
Dance of Millions, 25
Darío, Rubén, 225
de la Cruz, Juan, 49–50
de la Torriente, Cosme, 267, 272
del Conde, Antonio “El Cuate”:
Batista regime’s bounty on, 302
and FC’s departure from Mexico, 303–4
FC’s first meeting with, 264–65
Granma purchased by, 300–301
in search for suitable expedition boat, 299–301
and training of expeditionary force, 281–82
Depression, Great, xviii, 36, 139
Dewey, Thomas, 127–28
Diario de Cuba, 147
Diario de la Marina, 228
Diario Nacional, 253
Díaz-Balart, Frank, 110, 123, 124, 132
Díaz-Balart, Mirta (FC’s first wife), xx, 247
in aftermath of Moncada attack, 189
Batista government sinecure of, 245–46
and birth of Fidelito, 132
courtship of FC and, 128–29
FC’s epistolary affair with Revuelta discovered by, 236–37
FC’s prison letters to, 192, 238
FC visited in prison by, 219
growing distance between FC and, 144–45
honeymoon of, 125
Movement activities of, 238, 240, 242
wedding of FC and, 123, 124–25
Díaz-Balart, Rafael, 94, 95, 97, 123, 124, 132, 254
in Batista government, 245–46
FC’s friendship with, 126, 128, 129
Díaz-Balart, Rafael José, 124
Díaz-Balart family, 123–24
enmity toward FC of, 251
Díaz Olivera, Ricardo, 192
Díaz Tamayo, Martín, 184
Discourses on Inequality (Rousseau), 232
Dominican Republic, 110
Cayo Confites expedition against, 98–104
Dominican Republican Party, 98
Doña Bárbara (Gallegos), 228
Don Quixote (Cervantes), 271
Dulles, Allen, 346, 391, 398, 406–7
Dulles, John Foster, 347, 359, 391–92
Dumois, Hipólito, 21
Echeverría, José Antonio, 253, 257, 267, 268, 275, 279
in aborted Havana attack, 305–6
FC’s Mexican meetings with, 294–95, 298, 299
Matthews’s interview with, 319
18th Battalion, Cuban, 367–68, 370
entrapment of, 372–73
in Jigüe battle, 373–75
in La Plata campaign, 365
Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon, The (Marx), 230–31
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 391–92, 397–98, 406, 412
elections, Cuban:
of 1940, 72–73
of 1944, 87
of 1948, 120
of 1954, 248
of 1958, 389
elections, U.S., of 1948, 127–28
11th Battalion, Cuban, 372
in Santo Domingo battle, 376
El Hombrio valley:
rebels’ ambush of army in, 333
Ellis, R. B., 377
El Príncipe prison, Havana, 324
rebels’ attack on, 322–23
Escalona, Victor, 175
Escuela Rural Mixta No. 15 (Finca Manacas schoolhouse), 45–46, 48, 54, 56
Estrada Palma, Tomás, 10
Federación Estudiantil Universitaria, see FEU
Federal Police, Mexican, 287
Feliú, Eufrasia, 48, 54, 56, 58
Feliú, Néstor, 55
Feliú de Hibbert, Belén, 54, 55, 57, 58
Feliú family:
Angel Castro’s payments to, 56
Castro children as boarders with, 54–60
Fernández, Conchita, 327
Fernández, Eufemio, 107
Fernández, Julio César, 35
Fernández, René, 69–70
FEU, 88, 89, 91, 95, 106, 135, 155, 256, 267
amnesty campaign and, 249
Manolo Castro elected president of, 96
Ovares elected president of, 97–98
Fidalgo, José Manuel, 266
Figueres, José, 356
Figueroa, María Antonia, 262, 294
Finca Manacas (Castro family home), xvii–xviii, 24, 27–28, 123, 139–40, 187
agricultural diversity at, 30–31, 36–37
cockfighting at, 37–38
daily life at, 40–41
entertaining at, 45
Haitian workers at, 31–32
self-sufficiency of, 30–31, 37
Four Giants of the Human Soul, The (Mira y López), 223–24
Franqui, Carlos, 65, 91, 155, 296, 310, 324, 393, 394
Fuentes, Justo, 119
Gadea, Hilda, 273–74
Gaitán, Jorge Eliécer, 115
Gallegos, Rómulo, 228
García, Armando, 338
García, Calixto, 11–12
García, Guillermo, 368–69
García Bárcena, Rafael, 267, 328
García Díaz, Andrés:
attempted murder of, 198–99
Moncada trial testimony of, 198–99
Garvey, Michael, 321
Genovevo Pérez Dámera, General, 101, 102
Goicuría Barracks, Havana, attack on, 284
Gómez, Leonel, shooting of, 93–95
Gómez, Máximo, 6, 8–9, 15, 283
Gonzáles, Pancho, 183, 288, 315
González, Isidoro, 266
González, María Antonia, 268, 286, 289
FC supported in Mexico by, 266, 268, 273
Granado, Gerardo, 178
Granma (boat), 300–303
del Condes purchase and repair of, 300–301, 302
FC’s return to Cuba aboard, 304–9
Grau presidency (1944–48), 89
Cayo Confites expedition and, 98–99, 101–2, 105
corruption in, 120
gang warfare encouraged by, 87, 118
self-interest and corruption in, 87
Great Britain, Batista regime aided by, 386–87
Great Depression, xviii, 36, 139
Gualberto Gómez, Juan, 33
Guantánamo Bay:
Cuba Air Force refueling at, 377, 378
1895 U.S. landing at, 10–11
Guaro, Cuba, 22–23
Guatemala, anti-Arbenz coup in, 244–45, 273
at Bogotá Student Conference, 114, 115, 116
Demajagua Bell affair and, 106–7
FC’s friendship with, 89–90
on FC’s natural leadership skills, 114
Guevara, Ernesto “Che,” 245, 305, 316, 399, 400
in advance into central Cuba, 385–86
arrest of, 290
Chalco training camps established by, 282–83
as Column 4 commander, see Column 4
on early days in Sierra Maestra, 321
in escape to Sierra Maestra, 314–15
in expeditionary force training, 282–83
FC rejoined in La Plata by, 369–70
FC’s complementary relationship with, 274
FC’s first meetings with, 273–74
on Las Coloradas landing, 314
Llano’s clashes with, 338–39
rebels’ resentment of, 283, 286
Santa Clara captured by, 396–97
self-confidence of, 274
in shared command with Revolutionary Directory, 393
on use of execution and punishment, 334
Guitart, Renato, 165, 168, 169, 170, 177
Gutiérrez, Alfonso “Fofó,” FC supported in Mexico by, 266–67
Gutiérrez Barrios, Fernando, 287, 288, 289–90
Gutiérrez Planes, José, 165
Haitians:
at Finca Manacas, 31–32
unemployed, expulsion from Cuba of, 58–59
Hart, Armando, 262, 273, 285, 296, 320, 324, 338, 339
arrest of, 343–44
in clashes with Sierra leadership, 338
Liberation Junta opposed by, 336
Havana, Cuba, xxiv, 14, 18, 74
FC’s adolescence in, 73–74
gang warfare in, 102
October, 1955, opposition rally in, 275–76
post-independence prosperity in, 16
Havana, University of, 85–86, 212–13
commemoration of murdered medical students at, 86, 87, 91–93
gang warfare at, 88–89, 93–95, 97, 98, 118–19
outsized political influence of, 88
Havana Convention (1928), 98
Heraldo, El, 159
Hermida, Ramón, 246
Hernández, Emilio, 182
Hernández, Melba, 162, 172, 180, 184, 262
as FC’s Movement lieutenant, 234–36, 238, 239, 240–42, 270, 272, 277, 284–85
FC’s note to Moncada judges delivered by, 200
Moncada sentence of, 205
release from prison of, 234
“History Will Absolve Me” (Castro), 206, 223, 235, 236, 246, 294, 384
smuggled out of prison, 242
Ho Chi Minh, xvii
Ibarra, Laureano, 331
Isle of Pines prison:
Batista’s visit to, 227
Bohemia article on, 243
classes at, 217–18
daily routine at, 217
prisoner government at, 218
prisoners’ library at, 217, 220
release of Moncada rebels from, 255
Isle of Pines prison, Castro in, 215–18
end of solitary confinement of, 239
family visits with, 219
as focus of Bohemia article, 243
prisoners’ classes overseen by, 218
reading program of, xiii–xiv, 220–24, 225–27, 228, 230–33
rebuilding Movement as focus of, 219, 234–36, 238–42
solitary confinement of, 227
J’Accuse! (Zola), 138
Janney, Samuel, 10
Jean-Christophe (Rolland), 220–21
Jigüe, Battle of, 362, 373–75, 382
Jiménez, Eva, 156
July 26 Movement, 164, 214, 266, 277, 283–84, 290
defeat of, as U.S. goal, 347–48
expanding influence of, 340
in failed general strike, 355–57, 401
FC named commander in chief and secretary general of, 357
FC’s concern for rebuilding of, 219, 234–36, 238–42
FC’s Mexican letters to, 269–70
fundraising by, 165–66, 276–77
growing popularity of, 276
growing split between Sierra and Llano leadership in, 333–34, 337–38
meeting between Sierra and Llano leadership in, 317
Mier and, 159
Mirta in, 238
National Executive of, 394
new general strike called by, 399–400
1958 election and, 389
organization of, 262
in Pact of Caracas, 375–76
peace terms offered by, 350
platform of, 270, 271, 278, 318
precise programs lacked by, 327
provisional government role announced by, 394–95
Revolutionary Directory and, 294–95, 299, 306, 324, 386, 393
rival opposition groups and, 272–73, 280
size of, 401
tanquistas and, 284–85
urban underground of, see Llano
July 26 Movement expedition:
Cuban military’s ambush of, 314
in departure from Mexico, 303–4
in Granma voyage, 304–8
in Las Coloradas landing, 308–9, 310, 314
Juventud Rebelde, 100
Kant, Immanuel, 225–27
Cuban missile crisis and, 412–13
Keys of the Kingdom (Cronin), 221
Khrushchev, Nikita, Cuban missile crisis and, 412–13
Kirkpatrick, Lyman, 347
La Plata River valley, 362
FC’s command post in, 332, 358, 364, 367
Las Coloradas, 313
Cuba, rebels landing at, 308–9, 310, 314
Las Mercedes, 362
Battle of, 382
Las Villas Province:
1958 election in, 389
rebels in, 386
Latin America:
economic problems of, 411
growing hostility toward U.S. in, 379
Latin American Student Association, 110
Leiro, Humberto Ruiz, 96
Lenin, V. I., 232
Lesnik, Max, 268
FC and, 120
and FC’s 121–22
on FC’s alliance with Soviets, 413
on FC’s campaigning skill, 142–44
on FC’s character, 121
Liberated Territory of Cuba, 350, 358
criminal and civil code of, 380, 386
expansion of, 395
FC as chief executive of, 389
FC’s micromanagement of, 384
Liberating Action, 168
Llano (urban wing of Movement), 327
failed general strike as disaster for, 357
FC’s desire for reconciliation with, 339–40
FC’s tension with, 326
growing split between Sierra rebels and, 337–38
Guevara’s clashes with, 338–39
in meeting with Sierra rebels, 317
País as leader of, 325–26
revolutionary activities of, 326–27
Llorente, Amando, FC and, 80–81
Lockwood, Lee, 344–45
Look, 394
López, Ñico, 285
Louis Napoleon, emperor of France, 231
Maceo, Antonio, 203
Maceo (ship), 102–3
Machado, Ángel, 190
Machado, Gerardo, 210
dictatorial regime of, 55–56, 58
FC’s attacks on, 93
McKinley, William, 9
Madrid, Spain, 2–3
Maestre, Armando, 183
Maine, USS, explosion of, 9
Mal Tiempo, Battle of (1895), 7
Malvinas (Falkland Islands), 110
“Manifesto of Montecristi” (Martí), 204
“Manifesto to the Cuban People from Fidel Castro and the Combatants” (Castro), 256
Manuel Márquez, Juan, 289, 309
Marinello, Juan, 206
Marines, U.S.:
at Guantánamo Bay naval base, 387
Raúl Castro’s capture of, 377–78
Marín, Federico, 96
Márquez, Juan Manuel, 261
Marrero, Pedro, 177–78
murder of, 180
Marshall, George, 113
Marshall Plan, 113
Martí, José, 5, 99, 203, 248, 346, 413
Martínez, Orlando, 228–29
Martínez Ararás, Raúl, 165
Marx, Karl, 230–32
Masferrer, Rolando, 91, 156, 351
Cayo Confites expedition and, 102, 104
FC’s attacks on, 110–11
Matthews, Herbert:
Echeverría interviewed by, 319
FC interviewed by, 317–19
Maugham, Somerset, 228
Mazorra, Martín and Carmen, 65
Medellín, Colombia, 112
Medina brothers, 314, 372, 374
Medrano, “Kid,” 270
Mejías del Castillo, Ramón “Pichirilo,” 103
Mejías Valdivieso, Juan Francisco, 192
Mella, Julio Antonio, 88
Mendieta, Carlos, 34
Mendieta Hechavarría, Francisco, 195–96, 207
Meneses, Enrique, 350
Menoyo, Eloy Gutiérrez, 386
Mexico, Castro in, 264–75
in call for Ortodoxo Party to join armed insurrection, 272
Che Guevara and, see Guevara, Ernesto “Che”
communist connection denied by, 290
courier network in, 268
del Conde and, see del Conde, Antonio
and discontent at rebel camps, 286
in expedition’s return to Cuba, 303–9
Federal Police arrest of and imprisonment of, 287–93
in fundraising trip to U.S., 277
Granma chosen for return to Cuba, 301–2
low profile maintained by, 268
manifestos issued by, 270–71
María González and, see González, María Antonia
in meetings with opposition leaders, 293–94
and recruiting and training of expeditionary force, 280–83
rules for safe houses promulgated by, 280–81
SIM surveillance of, 269
U.S. surveillance of, 346–47
Miami, Fla., FC’s visit to, 125–26
Miami Herald, 279
background of, 158
FC’s friendship with, 158–60
on FC’s personality, 159
Mill, John Stuart, 222–23
Mira y López, Emilio, 252
Miret, Pedro, 179, 218, 369, 371
Miró Cardona, José, 380–81, 408
MNR (Movimiento Nacional Revolucionario), 267
Moncada Barracks attack, 146–50, 174
amnesty campaign for, 248–49, 253
Carnival as cover for, 147, 171
Civil Hospital occupied in, 178–80
defections from, 175
FC in, 177–79
FC in planning of, 172–73, 175
FC named as leader of, 149
massacre of captured rebels in, 179–80, 189, 198–99
Palace of Justice occupied in, 180
Villa Blanca as staging area for, 172, 182
Moncada Manifesto, 171
Moncada trial, 206
Chaviano’s report read in, 194
defense in, 196
FC permitted to act as own defense counsel in, 207–8
FC’s note to judges in, 200–201
FC’s response to charges in, 195–96
FC’s sentence in, 207
and FC’s supposed illness, 199–200
García Díaz’s testimony in, 198–99
Mendieta’s closing arguments in, 202–3
Mendieta’s questioning of FC in, 195–96
Nieto as presiding judge in, 194, 196, 200, 202
Raúl Castro in, 202
Montané, Jesús, 165, 249, 262, 297
Montané-Bosque committee, 253
Montano, Eduardo, 183
Montejo, César, 105
Montesquieu, xvi
Montreal Pact, 167
Mora, Alberto, 335
Morán, Lucas, 345
Movement, the, see July 26 Movement
MSR (Movimiento Socialista Revolucionario), 96, 102
Cayo Confites expedition and, 100
FC’s brief membership in, 119
in Gómez shooting, 93–95
Mujeres Martíanas, 275–76
murder of, 181
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, xvii
National Directorate of Civilian Resistance, 326–27
National Police, FC arrested by, 96–97
National Police Academy, 89
National Security Council, 397–98
New Deal, xiii
New York, N.Y.:
FC and Mirta’s stay in, 126–27
FC’s fundraising in, 277–78
New York Herald, 8
New York Journal, 9
New York Times, 410
Matthews’s Castro articles published in, 318–19
Nicaragua, 109
Nieto Piñeiro-Osorio, Adolfo, 192, 194, 196, 199, 201, 202
Ninth International Conference of American Studies (Bogotá), 113
U.S. agenda at, 113–14
Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa massif, 20
Nixon, Richard, 379
on FC’s character, 409
Noa, Carmelo, 177–78
Norweb, Henry, 101
Nuevo, Alberto, 160
Nuñez, Pastorita, 163
Ocaña, Ernesto, 148
in Montreal Pact, 167
Opposition Front, 72
Orfila Massacre, 105
Organization of American States, 113, 411
Oriente Province, xxii, 18, 313
agriculture and mineral diversity of, 20
Batista regime’s reprisal campaign in, 320
battle for, 395
dispossession of small farmers in, 21–22
1958 election in, 389
polio epidemic in, 56
sugarcane industry in, 21–22
support for revolution in, 320
symbolic and cultural importance of, 166–67
U.S. land ownership in, 19–20
Oriente Provincial Assembly, 140
Oriente Radio Network, 239
armed insurrection endorsed by, 272–73
and Chibás’s suicide, 143
civil resistance against Batista favored by, 157
FC in 1951 delegate election of, 141–42
FC’s membership in, 140–41
FC’s opposition to alliances with other parties, 141
FC’s post-Moncada renewal of ties to, 239–40
and opposition to Batista, 267, 272
post-Moncada arrests of, 181
at Bogotá Student Conference, 115, 116
elected FEU president, 97–98
on FC’s college years, 91
Pacto de las Pandillas (Pact of the Gangs), 122, 128
País, Frank, 267, 279, 316, 324
assassination of, 381
FC’s letters to, 328–31
FC’s Mexican meetings with, 298–99
FC’s relationship with, 328
FC urged to return to exile by, 317
July 26 Movement joined by, 299
as leader of Llano, 325–26
as leader of Oriente rebels, 298–99
Movement leadership streamlined by, 326
and Movement’s lack of precise program, 327
need for further organizing and consciousness-raising emphasized by, 330
Péréz’s meeting with, 316
in Santiago de Cuba attack, 305–6, 309–10
support-building efforts of, 326
Palace of Justice, Santiago de Cuba, 173, 174, 180, 192
Palma Mocha River, 367–68, 370
Palm Gardens, New York City, FC’s fundraising address at, 277–78
Panama, FC’s 1948 visit to, 113
Panama Canal Zone, 112
Pantepec River, 304
Pardo Llada, José, 143, 235, 250
in Montreal Pact, 167
Paris Commune (1871), 232
Paris Match, 350
Patac, José María, 70
Pawley, William D., 391–92
Paz, Ramón, 369
18th Battalion’s advanced blocked by, 370–71
FC’s orders to, 371
Sierra Maestra Manifesto issued by, 327–28
Pazos, Javier, 343–44
peasants:
army’s scorched-earth campaign against, 335
expanding role in Revolution of, 342
FC’s relationship with, 342
land ownership and, 384–85
Sierra Maestra rebels supported by, 321–22, 329, 361
Pelayo, Aida, 163
arrest of, 276
October 1955, speech of, 275–76
Pena, Félix, 310
Perdomo Ramos, Paulino, 160
Pérez Almaguer, Waldo, 184
Pérez Borroto, Manuel, 139
Pérez, Faustino, 268, 296–97, 305, 309, 394
and failed general strike, 355–57
Liberation Junta opposed by, 336
in meetings with País, 316
Pérez, Ramón, 315
Pérez Leiva, Faustino, 135–36
Pérez Serantes, Enrique, archbishop of Santiago, 183, 198, 391, 396
Perón, Juan, 109–10
Perrand, Engracia, 47–49
Piedra y Piedra, Carlos Modesto, 399
Piña, Luis, 183
Pinar del Río Province, xxi, 80
Pinares de Mayarí, Cuba, 28
Piñeiro del Cueto, Carlos, 182
Pino, Onelio, 308
Pino, Orquídea, FC supported in Mexico by, 266–67
Pino del Agua, Cuba, 352
Pino Santos, Fidel, 74, 139–40
Angel’s friendship with, 39
Plan Fin-de-Fidel (1958 military offensive), 314
Sierra Cristal campaign of, 361
Plan Fin-de-Fidel (1958 military offensive), La Plata campaign of, 364–65
in advance on FC’s command post, 367–77
aerial and artillery bombardments in, 377
18th Battalion in, 367–68, 372–73
Jigüe battle in, 373–75
Santo Domingo battle in, 376
Platt Amendment, 32
abrogation of, 35
Poll Cabrera, Gerardo, 207
Porra, 34
Prensa, La, 291
Presna Libre, 97
Preston, Andrew, 21
Prío Socarrás, Carlos, 267, 290, 350, 359
accused of leading Moncada attack, 194
Batista opposition and, 241, 267
FC’s decision to accept funding from, 296–97
FC’s Texas meeting with, 297
in Montreal Pact, 167
in Pact of Caracas with July 26 Movement, 375–76
in return to Cuba, 275
Prío Socarrás, Carlos, presidency of, 143
Chibás’s accusations against, 120
corruption in, 150
coup against, 153–55
pact between gangs and, 119
Quevedo, Miguel, 246
Radio Rebelde, 374
Ramírez, León (Nené), 394
on FC’s Colegio de Belén days, 80
Razor’s Edge, The (Maugham), 228
Reciprocity Treaty (1903), 32
Rego Rubido, José María, 397, 399
Resende, Rafael, 134
Revolutionary Directory, 306, 335, 386, 393
assassination and terrorist tactics of, 328
in failed attack on Presidential Palace, 323–24
July 26 Movement and, 299, 324, 386, 393
1956 general strike opposed by, 356
in Pact of Caracas, 375–76
successful labor strike of, 279–80
Revolution of 1933, 353
author’s meetings with, xiv–xv
consummation of FC’s love affair with, 263
FC’s child by, 275
FC’s epistolary love affair with, 216, 252
FC’s first meeting with, 213
FC’s friendship with, 214
FC’s prison correspondence with, 47, 218, 223, 227, 233, 239, 259
house key given to FC by, 214
letter to Lina Ruz from, 215
and Mirta’s discovery of FC’s epistolary affair, 236–37
Moncada attack and, 214–15
Reyes, Nancy, 341
Rio Pact, 98
Rodríguez, Armando, 315
Rodríguez, Carlos, murder of, 161
Rodríguez, Ceferino, 352–53
Rodríguez, Horacio, 367
Rodríguez, Lester, 235, 285, 335
Rodríguez, René, 315
Rodríguez Rodríguez, Pedro Pasqual “Paquito,” 36, 216–17
on Angel’s character, 42–44
in Communist Party, 38–39
FC’s friendship with, 50
Rojas, Marta, 181, 194–95, 250
Rolland, Romain, 229
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 250
FC’s childhood letter to, 67
Roosevelt, Theodore, 15
Roque, Felix, 308
Rough Riders, 11
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 232
Rubottom, Roy, 377
Ruiz Cortines, Adolfo, 291, 293
Ruz González, Lina (FC’s mother), 132, 144
in aftermath of Moncada attack, 187–90
and Angel’s death, 298
Angel’s relationship and marriage with, 24–25
character of, 44–45
company store run by, 44
at FC’s Colegio de Beleú graduation, 82–83
and FC’s education, 57–58, 63, 83
and FC’s marriage to Mirta, 123
Feliú family and, 58
Finca Manacas household managed by, 44
ill and injured workers cared for by, 40
and release of FC and Raúl from prison, 257–58
Revuelta’s letter to, 215
in visit with FC at Cayo Confites expedition, 100
workers’ protected by, 44
Ryan, Charles, 321–22
St. George, Andrew, 394
Salabarría, Mario, 91, 102, 138
Salas Cañizares, Rafael, 331
appointed police chief by Batista, 156
convicted for Rodríguez murder, 155–56
Salgueiro (teacher), 70–71
Sánchez, Celia, 316, 327, 332, 350, 367
FC’s letters to, 331, 340, 363–64
Sánchez, Universo, 288–89, 315
Sánchez Arango, Aureliano, 137, 240, 261
Sánchez Mosquera, Ángel, 376
San Juan Hill, 11
Santa Clara, Cuba, xxi
Guevara’s capture of, 396–97
Santa Coloma, Boris Luis, 180
Santamaría, Abel, 164, 180, 394
execution of, 184
in Moncada Barracks attack, 178–79
Santamaría, Haydée, 184, 324, 359
as FC’s Movement lieutenant, 240–42, 277
Moncada sentence of, 205
release from prison of, 234
Santiago de Cuba, xxiii 23, 52
FC’s Parque Céspedes speech in, 400–404
Moncada Barracks attack in, see Moncada Barracks attack
1953 Carnival in, 167
protest over País’s murder in, 331
as provisional capital of Cuba, 401
support for revolution in, 320
in surrender to U.S. forces, 11
Santiago de la Peña, Mexico, 301, 304
Santo Domingo, Cuba, 362
Sardiñas, Lalo, 375
Sarría Tartabull, Pedro, 183
Saturnino Lora Civil Hospital, Santiago de Cuba, 173 174, 178–80
Secret Police, Mexican, 288
Selva Yero, Carlos, 190
Serano, Israel Rodríguez, 365–66
Servicio de Inteligencia Militar (SIM), 269, 346
17th Battalion, Cuban, 366
Shafter, William, 11–12
Sierra Cristal Mountains, xxii, 21, 30, 351
rebel forces in, 358–59
Sierra Maestra Manifesto, 335, 375
Sierra Maestra mountains, 21, 69, 313
army’s scorched-earth policy in, 335
expedition survivors’ escape to, 314–15
Sierra Maestra rebels:
arms and ammunition lacked by, 367
army’s 1958 campaign against, see Plan Fin-de-Fidel
arrival of País’s recruits in, 321
in attack on El Uvero barracks, 322–23
captured soldiers treated with dignity and released by, 341–42, 382
casualties of, 381
Column 4
in defense of La Plata command post, 370–77
Estrada Palma garrison raid of, 333
executions and punishments by, 334
in La Plata battle, 316
La Plata command post of, 332
in Las Mercedes battle, 366
in march on Santiago, 395
military’s hunt for, 321
País’s support for, 325–26
peasants’ support for, 321–22, 329, 361
in Pino del Agua battle, 352
rearming of, 315
in Santa Domingo battle, 314
schools and hospitals built by, 380, 395
size of, 322
tension between Llano and, 337–38
see also Liberated Territory of Cuba
Smith, Earl E. T.:
as Batista ally, 348, 359–60, 379, 388, 398
on Batista’s flight from Cuba, 399–400
in call for U.S. military intervention in Cuba, 378
in calls for end to U.S. military embargo, 388
FC denounced as communist by, 377
increasingly ludicrous reports of, 391
named U.S. ambassador to Cuba, 347
Snow, William Pennell, 391
Solis, Rafael Suárez, 229
Somoza, Anastasio, 110
Sorí Marín, Humberto, 383
Soto, Lionel, 107
Soviet Union, 109
economic aid to Cuba by, 411–12
FC’s alliance with, xvii
see also Cold War
Spanish army:
casualties of, 6
corruption and abuse in, 4
rampant disease in, 6
Spanish Civil War, 82
Spanish-Cuban-American War, 398
Stars Look Down, The (Cronin), 228
State and Revolution (Lenin), 232
State Department, U.S., 347–48
appeals for withdrawal of Batista support rejected by, 380–81
as concerned about Batista regime’s violence, 348
FC’s intentions as misread by, 379–80
results of 1958 Cuban election rejected by, 389
rewriting of history by, 398
stopping FC as goal of, 398
and U.S. military aid to Batista, 360, 378–79
Student Directory, 95
subcolonos (small-scale planters), 37
sugarcane industry, Cuban, 10, 24
falling prices and, 35–36
foreign ownership of, 21–22, 36, 40
layoffs in, 36
1920 crisis in, 25
overreliance on, 153
plantations in, 39–40
World War II as stimulus to, 151
Sugar Coordination Act (1937), 384
Sullivan, Ed, FC interviewed by, 405–6
Tabernilla, Francisco, 393, 402
tanquistas plot, 284–85
Tápanes, Israel, 218
Tapia, Sebastían, 112
Tasende, José Luis, 180
Teller, Henry M., 10
They’re All the Same (Son los mismos), 161–62
30 September Committee, 119
FC as member of, 121–22
Tizol, Ernesto, 165
in Moncada attack, 168–69
Moncada sentence of, 205
wrong turn in Moncada attack taken by, 178
Torres, Adolfo, 141
Total War Manifesto, 356
“To the People of Cienfuegos” (Castro), 137–38
Toussaint L’Ouverture, 56
Trejo, Rafael, police murder of, 118
Tro, Emilio, 102
Troyano, Amaury, 26
attempted overthrow of, 99, 101, 104
Céspedes Medal awarded to, 247
Truman, Harry, 127–28
Truslow Report, 151–52
22nd Battalion, Cuban:
ambush of, 372
in Santo Domingo battle, 314, 376
UIR (Unión Insurreccional Revolucionaria), 91, 102
FC’s membership in, 119–20
Union of Young Communists, 131
United Fruit Company, 22, 43, 123–24
picnics of, 128–30
United States:
anticommunist agenda of, 113–14
Cuban relations with, see Cuban-U.S. relations
FC’s 1955 fundraising trip to, 277–78
FC’s 1959 trip to, 408–9
growing Latin America hostility toward, 379
Guatemala coup supported by, 273
in war with Spain, 9–12
see also Cold War; State Department, U.S.
Urrutia Lleó, Manuel, 392
as provisional president, 401
Vanegas, Arascio:
FC’s manifestos printed by, 270–71
and training of expeditionary force, 286
Vasconcelas, Ramón, 261
Vegas de Jibacoa, Cuba, 365–66
Velásquez, Lucila, 274
Venezuela, 109
FC’s 1948 visit to, 113
Verdeja Act (1926), 35
Villa Blanca:
executions of captured rebels at, 184
as staging area for Moncada attack, 172, 182
Weyler, Valeriano, 18
Wiecha, Robert, 330
Wieland, William, 348–49
Wollam, Park, 379
World Bank, Truslow Report of, 151–52
World War II, 151
Yánez Pelletier, Jesús, 190
Yara River, 372
zafra (sugarcane harvest), 36, 40, 43
Zaydín, Ramón, 276
Zelaya, Guillén, 288
Zola, Emile, 139