The following list is not intended to be exhaustive; rather, it contains figures of importance
throughout the story I tell here. For an understanding of the term witting, see the CIA
Glossary, available at CIA.gov, which defines an asset as “a person with a formal relationship
characterized by a witting agreement and a degree of commitment and control
and who provides information or services.”
Manuel Aragon, Jr. Air Force, 1951–55; ISRS graduate, 1957; staff, NSA Latin American specialist, 1959–60; traveled to Cuba for NSA, 1959; NSA Latin American specialist, 1960–61; NSA delegate to ISCs in Lima, 1959, Klosters, 1960, Quebec, 1962. Witting.
Robert J. Aragon In military intelligence reserve; ISRS graduate, 1959; NSA Latin American specialist, September–December, 1959; January 1960–September 1962; NSA delegate to ISC in Lima, 1959; Quebec, 1962; held FYSA-funded position in Santiago, Chile. Witting.
David Baad COSEC press relations, 1958–59; editor, COSEC publication The Student, 1959–61; staff, CIA-funded WAY, 1962–63; FYSA staff; career agent. Witting.
Robert Backoff Special assistant, NSA International Commission, 1962–63; NSA representative in Paris, 1963–65. Witting.
Harald C. Bakken President, NSA, 1956–57; director, FSLP, 1958–59; director, ISRS, 1960 and 1961. Witting. (Deceased, 1998.)
Leonard Bebchick ISRS graduate, 1953; president, NSA, 1953–54; NSA delegate to ISC in Istanbul, 1954; director, ISRS, 1955; co-director, the IRS counteroffensive to the Vienna World Youth Festival, 1958–59. Witting.
Thomas Braden Staff officer, CIA International Organizations, 1950–54. (Deceased, 2009.)
Sam W. Brown ISRS graduate, 1965; chair, NSA National Supervisory Board, 1966–67. Not witting.
Sally Cassidy Ridgely Manor trainee, 1946; U.S. Catholic bishops’ representative in Paris to monitor European student activities, briefed Vatican officials, and reported to Martin McLaughlin, 1946–47; exercised proxy vote for McLaughlin at IUS Council meeting, 1947; advised American Catholics on strategy for NSA Constitutional Convention, 1947. Witting status unknown or unverified. (Deceased, 2012.)
Douglass S. Cater OSS, Russian Section, 1943–45; delegate, Prague 25, 1946; founder, HIACOM, 1946; member, National Student Organization Continuations Committee, 1946–47; spearheaded HIACOM international projects, 1947; journalist, Reporter magazine, 1950–64; special assistant to the secretary, U.S. Army, 1951; consultant to director, Mutual Security Agency, 1952; consultant to Department of State, 1961; author of secret report, now declassified, “Coordination and Overall Supervision of All U.S. Resources in the Propaganda-Political Warfare Field”; Special Assistant to President Lyndon Baines Johnson, 1964–1968. Witting status unknown or unverified. (Deceased, 1995.)
Erskine Childers Vice president, NSA International Affairs, 1949–50; opposed State Department interference in NSA affairs. Not witting. (Deceased, 1996.)
Melvin Conant Staff, HIACOM, 1951; undertook Southeast Asia tour for NSA and HIACOM, 1951. Witting status unknown or unverified. (Deceased, 2003.)
Ralph Della Cava ISRS graduate, 1954; NSA Latin American specialist, 1956–59; accompanied Hungarian students on U.S. tour for NSA, 1956; special assignment with Hungarian UFHS, 1957. Witting.
William Dentzer President, NSA, 1951–52; associate secretary, COSEC, 1952–53; NSA delegate to ISCs in Edinburgh, 1952, Copenhagen, 1953, Istanbul, 1954; chair, CIA-funded Research and Investigation Commission, 1954–55; career CIA agent in Youth and Student Affairs. Witting.
Lucille Dubois Directed NSA Latin American Subcommission, University of Miami, Cora Gables, 1956–59. Not witting.
Allen Dulles OSS, 1942–45; member, CFR, 1927–69; deputy director, CIA Plans division, 1950–52; director, CIA, 1953–61. (Deceased, 1969.)
Peter Eckstein ISRS graduate, 1957; took part in NSA–Soviet editors exchange, 1958; assistant director, ISRS, 1958–59; staff, NSA International Commission, 1959–60; editor, COSEC publication The Student, 1962–63. Witting status unknown or unverified.
James Edwards President, NSA, 1953–54; NSA representative in Paris, 1954–55; NSA delegate to ISCs in Istanbul, 1954, Birmingham, 1955, Ceylon, 1956, Lima, 1959, Klosters, 1960; associate secretary, COSEC, 1956–57; director, ISRS 1958; Witting. (Deceased, 2000.)
Luigi Einaudi ISRS graduate, 1955; oversaw Latin American affairs for NSA, 1955–56; member, ISC delegation to Central and South America, 1957; NSA delegate to ISCs in Birmingham, 1955, Ceylon, 1956. Witting.
Herbert Eisenberg Vice president, NSA International Affairs, 1950–51. Witting status unknown or unverified.
William Ellis NICC delegate with Prague 25, 1946; vice president, IUS, 1946; NSA delegate to ISC in Istanbul, 1954; worked as occasional FYSA-funded consultant to NSA, 1953–54. Witting status unknown or unverified.
Donald K. Emmerson ISRS graduate, 1961; vice president NSA International Affairs, 1961–62; NSA delegate to ISC in Quebec, 1962; associate secretary, COSEC, 1963–64; leader of Radical Middle Caucus at NSA Congress, 1965. Witting.
Michael Enwall ISRS graduate, 1965; NSA Middle East desk, 1965–66. My former husband. Witting.
Thomas L. Farmer In military intelligence; directed NSA German survey project, 1949; drafted proposal for German Seminar, 1949; co-director, German Seminar, 1950; member, Military Intelligence Reserve Unit, Boston; joined CIA as assistant to Allen Dulles, circa 1951; later worked for Frank Wisner and Thomas Braden. Witting.
Frank Fisher Vice chair, HIACOM, 1946; chair, HIACOM, 1947; adviser to NSA, 1946–52; traveled as NSA representative to Southeast Asia, 1952. Witting status unknown or unverified.
Roger Fisher Harvard law professor; lawyer for Philip Sherburne, 1967.
Edward Gable Assistant to president, NSA, 1952–53; assistant director, FSLP, 1956–57; director, FSLP, 1957–February 1958; CIA career. Witting.
Gregory Gallo ISRS graduate, 1962; president, NSA, 1963–64. Witting.
Curtis Gans ISRS graduate, 1959; NSA National Affairs vice president, 1959–60; staffed Liberal Caucus, NSA Congress, 1961. Not witting.
Edward Garvey ISRS graduate, 1961; president, NSA, 1961–62; delegate to ISCs in Quebec, 1962; Christchurch, 1964; Nairobi, 1966. NSA representative in Paris, 1962–63; CIA headquarters staff, 1964–65; secretary general, COSEC, 1965–66. Witting.
Charles Goldmark ISRS graduate, 1965; assistant to the NSA International Commission, 1965; vice president, NSA International Affairs, 1965–66; NSA delegate to ISC, in Nairobi; associate secretary, COSEC, 1966–67. Witting. (Deceased, 1986.)
James P. Grant In military intelligence; conducted NSA Southeast survey, 1950; developed HIACOM projects, 1950–51; Adviser to witting NSA staff, 1951–54. Witting status unknown or unverified. (Deceased, 1995.)
Clive Gray ISRS graduate, 1954; vice president, NSA International Affairs, 1955–56; NSA delegate to ISCs in Birmingham, 1955, Ceylon, 1956, Ibadan, 1957, Lima, 1959; NSA representative in Vienna to organize Hungarian refugees, 1956; NSA representative in India, 1957–58. Witting.
Josef Grohman In Czech resistance during World War II; chair, World Student Congress, Prague, 1946; president, IUS, 1946–52; resigned from IUS under Soviet pressure, 1952. (Deceased, 1995.)
Eugene Groves President, NSA, 1966–67. Witting.
James T. (Ted) Harris President, NSA, 1948–49; conducted Middle East survey for NSA, 1952; director, ISRS, 1953; NSA delegate to ISC in Istanbul, 1954; director, FLSP, 1955–56. Witting. (Deceased, 1989.)
George Hazelrigg ISRS graduate, 1959; FSLP, 1962–63; NSA representative in Paris, 1963–64; CIA career staff. Witting.
Richard Helms OSS, 1942–45; CIA career staff, 1947–73; Chief, CIA Plans division, 1963–66; director, CIA, 1966–73; negotiated NSA-CIA “divorce decree.” (Deceased, 2002.)
Donald Hoffman ISRS graduate, 1959; president, NSA, 1959–60; NSA representative in Paris, 1960–61; worked with CIA, 1961–67. Witting. (Deceased, 2012.)
Kenneth Holland Assistant director, Office of International Information and Cultural Affairs, U.S. Department of State, 1946–48; U.S. representative to UNESCO, 1948–50; president, Institute for International Education, 1950–73; member, CFR Study Group 5152, 1949–52; board member, FYSA, 1952–67; represented IIE on board of FSLP, 1956–63. Cooperated with CIA. (Deceased, 1996.)
Frederick Delano Houghteling Delegate, NSA Constitutional Convention, 1947; staff, HIACOM, 1947–50; executive secretary, NSA, 1950; obtained covert funds for NSA summer project, 1950. Witting. (Deceased, 1986.)
Daniel Idzik ISRS graduate, 1956; executive officer NSA, 1956–57; worked with CIA while a member of the WUS staff, Geneva, 1958–60; assisted NSA-sponsored Algerian student leaders conference, 1960; conducted Vietnam survey and report, 1965. Witting.
Avrea Ingram Vice president, NSA International Affairs, 1951–53; NSA delegate to ISCs in Edinburgh, 1952, Copenhagen, 1953; staff, COSEC, 1953–56; staff, FYSA, 1956–57. Witting. (Deceased, 1957.)
Timothy Jenkins ISRS graduate, 1959; vice president, NSA National Affairs, 1960–61. Not witting.
Willard Johnson ISRS graduate, 1957; vice president, NSA Educational Affairs, 1957–58; vice president, NSA International Affairs, 1958–59; NSA delegate to ISC in Lima, 1959. Witting.
Robert Kiley Vice president, NSA National Affairs, 1957–58; president, NSA, 1958–59; associate secretary, COSEC, 1960–62; NSA delegate to ISCs in Ibadan, 1957, Lima, 1959, Klosters, 1960, Quebec, 1962; staff, CIA career, 1962–70: director, Covert Action 5, youth and students; assistant to CIA director Richard Helms. Witting.
Wilmer Kitchens Executive secretary, WSSF, 1946-ca. 64; supported travel to found a national student organization, 1946; funded NSA International Affairs Vice President Robert Smith, 1947–49; sponsored NSA projects; openly co-operated with U.S. government officials, 1946–64. Witting status unknown or unverified. (Deceased, 1981.)
Alex Korns ISRS graduate, 1960; staff assistance to NSA-sponsored Algerian student leaders conference, 1960; assistant director, ISRS, 1961; NSA representative in Paris, 1962–63; vice president, NSA International Affairs, 1963–64; NSA delegate to ISC in Christchurch, 1964. Witting.
Ram Labhaya Lakhina NSA-FSLP funded student, University of Minnesota, 1961–63; NCUSI delegate to ISC in Quebec, 1962; member, COSEC Research and Investigation Committee, 1963–64; associate secretary, COSEC, 1964–66; secretary general, COSEC, 1966–68. Witting status unknown or unverified.
Bruce Larkin ISRS graduate, 1955; vice president, NSA International Affairs, 1957–58; NSA representative in Paris, 1958–59; associate secretary, COSEC, 1959–60. Witting.
Joseph Lash Executive secretary, American Student Union, 1936–39; staff director, U.S. ISS Committee, 1941–42. (Deceased, 1987.)
Allard Lowenstein President, NSA, 1950–51. Witting status unknown or unverified. (Deceased, 1980.)
Harry Lunn President, NSA, 1954–55; NSA delegate to ISC in Birmingham, 1955; member, COSEC delegation to Southeast Asia, 1955; CIA career officer, including director, FYSA, 1965–67. (Deceased, 1998.)
Thomas Madden British, secretary general, IUS, 1946–51.
Isabel Marcus ISRS graduate, 1958; vice president, NSA International Affairs, 1959–60; NSA delegate to ISC in Klosters, 1960. Witting.
Martin M. McLaughlin Military intelligence, 1944–46; delegate, Prague 25, 1946; director, JCSA, 1946–47; helped draft NSA Constitution, 1947; selected for NSA summer delegation to Prague, 1948 (did not participate); worked for U.S. government, including CIA, 1951–73; executive secretary to Robert F. Kennedy’s Inter-agency Youth Committee, 1962; deputy assistant secretary of state for education and cultural affairs, 1964–65. Witting. (Deceased, 2007.)
Richard Medalie Vice president, NSA Educational Affairs, 1949–50; NSA representative, IUS, Dubrovnik, 1956; attended the World Youth Congresses in Moscow, 1957, and Vienna, 1959, at the request of the CIA. Witting.
Cord Meyer, Jr. Staff, CIA International Organizations division, overseeing youth and students, 1951; director, IO, 1954; chief, covert action staff, directorate of plans, 1962–1967; assistant deputy director, directorate of plans, 1967–73; station chief, London, 1973–76. (Deceased, 2001.)
Clement Henry Moore (today Clement M. Henry) ISRS graduate, 1957; NSA representative in Paris, 1957–58; NSA representative in London, 1958–59. Witting status unknown or unverified.
Louis Nemzer Chief, Social and Educational Affairs Branch in the Bureau of Intelligence and Research in the U.S. Department of State, 1947–49; briefed Catholics in NSA, 1947–48; oversaw intelligence studies of international youth and students’ organizations, 1948–49. (Deceased, 1976.)
Thomas Olson ISRS graduate, 1962; assistant to NSA International Affairs vice president, 1962–63; NSA representative in Paris, 1963–64; delegate to ISCs in Christchurch, 1964, Nairobi, 1966; associate secretary, COSEC, 1964–66; staff, FYSA, 1966–67. Witting.
Olof Palme Member and president, Swedish Federation of Students, 1951–52; participant in NSA German survey project, 1949. rejected U.S. government overtures to direct COSEC, 1952; Relationship with Swedish intelligence. (Deceased, 1986.)
William Roe Polk Conducted NSA survey of Middle East students, 1950; desk officer, HIACOM, 1950–51. Witting status unknown or unverified.
Richard Rettig President, NSA, 1960–61; NSA representative in Paris, 1961–62. Witting.
Stephen Robbins Chair, NSA National Supervisory Board, 1963–64; president, NSA, 1964–65. Witting.
Helen Jean Rogers Member of JCSA Chicago group, 1946–47; secretary-treasurer, NSA, 1948–49; NSA specialist on Latin America, 1950–1952; adviser to NSA International Affairs vice president, 1952–55; delegate to ISC in Copenhagen, 1953; conducted survey of Indian students, 1956; Witting status unknown or unverified. (Deceased, 1998.)
Edward Schwartz Vice president, NSA National Affairs, 1966–67; president, NSA, 1967–68; learned about the NSA’s CIA involvement from nonwitting source.
James Scott ISRS graduate, 1958; NSA representative in Paris, 1959–60; vice president, NSA International Affairs, 1960–61; delegate to ISC in Christchurch, 1964. Witting.
Dennis Shaul Co-director, IRS, at Helsinki World Youth Festival, 1962; president, NSA, 1962–63. Witting.
Philip Sherburne ISRS graduate, 1964; vice president, NSA National Affairs, 1964–65; president, NSA, 1965–66. Witting.
Paul Sigmund Assistant to Avrea Ingram, 1952–54; director, ISRS, 1954; vice president, NSA International Affairs, 1954–55; NSA representative in Paris, 1955–56; NSA delegate to ISCs in Birmingham, 1955, Ceylon, 1956. Witting. (Deceased, 2014.)
John J. Simons Secretary-treasurer, National Student Organization Continuations Committee, 1946–47; director, Simons Fund, 1949–52; associate director, FYSA, 1952–61; CIA career officer. (Deceased, 2002.)
James W. Smith Delegate, Prague 25, 1946; president, National Student Organization Continuations Committee, 1946–47; NSA appointee to temporarily replace Bill Ellis in the IUS Secretariat, 1947; resigned IUS position, 1948. Not witting.
Robert Solwin Smith ISS delegate, 1947; vice president, NSA International Affairs, 1947–48; NSA representative to U.S. Committee for UNESCO, 1947–48; staff, ISS/World University Service in Geneva, April 1950-May 1951; Witting status unknown or unverified. (Deceased, 2013.)
Tony Smith NSA overseas representative, 1962–64; CIA Career officer. Witting.
Richard Stearns ISRS graduate, 1964, NSA representative in the Middle East, 1965–66; directed NSA Arab seminar, 1965; vice president, NSA International Affairs, 1965–66; Witting.
Gloria Steinem Co-director, CIA-funded Independent Research Service, sending delegation to World Youth Festival in Vienna, 1958–59; co-director, IRS, World Youth Festival, Helsinki, 1961–62. Witting.
Carlton Stoiber ISRS graduate, 1964; vice president, NSA International Affairs, 1965. Witting.
John M. Thompson President, BNUS, 1951–52; administrative secretary, COSEC, 1952–57. Cooperated with British Intelligence. (Deceased.)
Norman Uphoff ISRS graduate, 1963; vice president, NSA International Affairs, 1964–65; Witting.
William Welsh President, NSA, 1947–48; Not witting.
Frank G. Wisner OSS, 1942–45; director, Office of Policy Coordination, 1948–52; deputy director, CIA Plans division, 1952–58. (Deceased, 1965.)
Michael Wood Development director, NSA, 1965–66; exposed NSA-CIA relationship to Ramparts, 1966.
Crawford Young NSA delegate, ISC in Birmingham, 1955; NSA representative in England, 1955–56; assistant press officer, COSEC, 1956; NSA representative in Paris, 1956–57; associate secretary, COSEC, 1957–58; chair, Research and Investigation Commission, 1960–61. Witting.