1. Interviews with Stephen Robbins, Emeryville, Calif., March 30, 2005, and, Sacramento, Calif., May 31, 2005.
2. Interview with Robbins, March 30, 2005.
3. Telephone interview with Paul Becker, Toronto, Canada, August 14, 2006.
4. Interviews with Robbins.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Eden Lipson, notes on conversation with Shaul in 1967, courtesy of Lipson.
9. Interviews with Robbins.
10. W/NSA, Box 22 (Shaul Dayfile), May 27, 1963, Shaul to Abrams.
11. Interview with Edward Garvey, Madison, Wisc., October 17, 2005.
12. Avrea Ingram died on February 13, 1957, shortly after he returned to New York to work for FYSA. His body was found in the Gramercy Park Hotel and ruled death by strangulation. Though at the time it was assumed to be a suicide, witting staff now believe the cause was autoerotic asphyxiation. Dan Idzik, who was scheduled to have dinner with Ingram the night before he died, is among those who believe that Ingram was not alone. Interview with Daniel Idzik, Otis, Mass., August 29, 2005.
13. Stuart H. Loory, “Mystery Death Hides CIA Ties,” Los Angeles Times, February 26, 1967.
14. Interview with Idzik.
15. H/NSA, Box 160 (UGEMA Post-Independence), November 26, 1962, Emmerson to Hoffman re Don Smith travel.
16. Ibid.
17. H/NSA, Box 26 (Emmerson), October 17, 1962, Smith to Emmerson re cutbacks.
18. Ibid.
19. See H/NSA, Box 14 (COSEC Corres.). What is striking is the absence of concern expressed by Emmerson in letters to Smith over Reiner’s financial threats, presumably because he partly suggested the strategy; see above, note 15.
20. Ibid., October 15, 1962, Emmerson to Olson.
21. H/NSA, Box 78 (NEC Memos), November 22, 1963, Alex Korns memo on Backoff’s overseas post.
22. H/NSA, Box 32 (Smith), January 19, 1964, Smith to Gallo, citing irreparable academic costs.
23. Ibid., January 24, 1964, Mary Beth Norton to Alex Korns.
24. Ibid., January 19, 1964, Smith to Gallo. The appointees were older than Smith: William C. McClaskey graduated from Brown University in 1961 (Brown Alumni Monthly, July 1968); Robert T. Francis graduated from Williams College in 1960 (http://www.zsrlaw.com/attorneys-government-affairs-staff/robert-francis).
25. John A. Andrew III, The Other Side of the Sixties: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of Conservative Politics (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1997), 171; see also Fred Turner, “National Student Association Described as Left-Leaning,” Buffalo Evening News, June 11, 1963.
26. Andrew, Other Side of the Sixties, 171.
27. FOIA (FBI), May 21, 1963, Fulton Lewis, Jr., Washington Report.
28. Telephone interview with Howard Abrams, Detroit, Mich., June 1, 2006.
29. H/NSA, Box 35 (Miscellany ’61–’62), October 25 and December 1, 1962, Robbins letters to NEC chair Marc Roberts, expressing dissatisfaction with the NSA executive committee and oversight of NSA.
30. Ibid., February 12, 1963, Dennis Shaul to Marc Roberts.
31. W/NSA, Box 22 (Shaul Dayfile), May 27, 1963, Shaul to Abrams.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Interviews with Robbins.
35. W/NSA, Box 22 (Shaul Dayfile), July 5, 1963. Shaul letters to enlist the aid of former NSA elders Martin McLaughlin and Richard Murphy to approach Kennedy.
36. W/NSA, Box 22 (Shaul Dayfile), July 24, 1963, Shaul to Paul Booth, SDS.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid. August 2, 1963, Shaul to Meece, Young Republican National Federation.
39. Ibid.
40. FOIA (FBI), August 31, 1963, Shaul speech, NSA Congress News; also in W/NSA, Box 10.
41. Telephone interview with Mary Beth Norton, Ithaca, N.Y., October 18, 1999.
42. FOIA (FBI), 27/36, September 26, 1963, confidential report to FBI Director Hoover.
43. H/NSA, Box 36, March 15, 1962, Alex Korns, “A History of the International Student Conference 1950–1960,” senior thesis, Harvard University, marked “confidential.”
44. Interview with Robbins, May 31, 2005.
45. H/NSA, Box 77 (International Affairs Bureau Reports), October 2, 1963, Robbins to Korns.
46. See, for example, Stephen Walt, The Origins of Alliances (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987), and Hanna Batatu, Old Social Classes and Revolutionary Movements (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978).
47. Roby Barrett, “Intervention in Iraq, 1958–1959,” Middle East Institute Policy Brief 11 (April 2008), 1–14.
48. Adel Darwish and Gregory Alexander, Unholy Babylon: The Secret History of Saddam’s War (New York: St. Martin’s, 1991), 22–23.
49. Lloyd C. Gardner, Three Kings: The Rise of an American Empire in the Middle East (New York: New Press, 2009), 290.
50. Patrick Coburn and Alexander Coburn, Saddam Hussein: An American Obsession (New York: Verso, 2000), 74.
51. Roger Morris, “A Tyrant 40 Years in the Making,” New York Times, March 14, 2003.
52. H/NSA, Box 14 (Emmerson), January 21, 1963, Don Smith to Emmerson.
53. Ibid. See also Report on Iraqi Walid Khadduri, then at Michigan State University, which includes a discussion of the NSA’s role prior to the February coup.
54. Ibid. Report on smuggled documents.
55. FOIA (State), A-1005, April 27, 1963, U.S. Embassy in Baghdad re Iraqi Student Congress.
56. Ibid.
57. Bob Feldman, “A People’s History of Iraq: 1950 to November 1963,” at Toward Freedom, www.towardfreedom.com.
58. H/NSA, Box 16 (COSEC), March 12, 1963, Smith to Emmerson re Walid Khadduri.
59. Ibid.
60. Said K. Aburish, A Brutal Friendship: The West and the Arab Elite (New York: St. Martin’s, 1998).
61. Quoted in Richard Sale, “Exclusive: Saddam Key in Early CIA Plot,” UPI, April 10, 2003. See www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2003/04/10/Exclusive-Saddam-key-in-early-CIA-plot/UPI-65571050017416/.
62. Morris, “Tyrant 40 Years in the Making.”
63. H/NSA, Box 30 (Korns), October 9, 1963, Korns to Robbins.
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid., Box 39 (Algeria), June 2, 1963, Tony Smith report describing a purloined IUS report on the Iraqi situation to Ed Garvey, Paris.
67. H/NSA, Box 30 (Korns), October 9, 1963, Korns to Robbins.
68. Ibid., October 25, 1963. Robbins to Korns.
69. Copy of resolution, courtesy of Stephen Robbins.
70. Interviews with Robbins.
71. See, for example, Box 25 (Olson), December 23, 1963, Olson to Korns re splitting strategy for next ISC, including the denial of travel grants, visas, and stringent enforcement of unpaid dues. It is unclear how Robbins knew about the strategy; he may have guessed or inferred it.
72. H/NSA, Box 77 (NEC Reports), October 2, 1963, Robbins to Korns.
73. Ibid.
74. H/NSA, Box 69 (Field Reports), April 6–9, 1964, Korns pre-ISC report on Chilean student union (UFUCH).
75. H/NSA, Box 30 (Korns), October 9, 1963, Korns to Robbins.
76. Ibid.
77. Ibid.
78. Interviews with Robbins.
79. Ibid.
80. H/NSA, Box 30 (Korns), February, 10, 1963, Korns to Hazelrigg.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
83. Interview with Robbins, March 30, 2005.
84. Interviews with Robbins.
85. Letter from Gregory Gallo and Alexander Korns to Frank Murphy, Chancellor, UCLA, May 14, 1964; copy courtesy of Stephen Robbins.
86. M. J. Gasiorowski, U.S. Foreign Policy and the Shah: Building a Client State in Iran (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991).
87. H/NSA, Box 220 (Iran ’61–’62), August 2, 1961, unidentified author, Memorandum of conversation with ISAUS president Ali Mohammed S. Fatemi. Fatemi claimed there were roughly 110 SAVAK agents attached to the Iranian Embassy and focused on the Iranian students.
88. On the deportation of Iranian students, see for example, FRUS, vol. 22: Iran, Document 21, Action Memo from Talbot to Harriman, re request to RFK to enforce deportation order, May 21, 1964.
89. Interview with Ali Fatemi, Paris, October 16, 2006.
90. H/NSA, Box 220 (Iran ’63–’64), April 16, 1964, unsigned letter to Fatemi’s lawyer Lawrence Moore indicating that the NSA had helped pay some of Fatemi’s legal costs.
91. Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Robert Kennedy and His Times (Boston: Houghton-Mifflin, 1978), 436.
92. H/NSA, Box 220 (Iran ’63-’64), January 10, 1964, Ron Story memo, Student Revolutionary Preparedness Committee, based on a conversation with Fatemi.
93. Interview with Fatemi.
94. H/NSA Box 220 (Iran ’63-64), Robert Backoff, “Conversations with Faraj Ardalan: Algiers, 10–13 May, 1964.”
95. Interview with Ron Story, Amherst, Mass., August 30, 2005.
96. Interview with Fatemi.
97. Ansara Files (General International), Paul Booth speech to NSA Congress, August 27, 1964.
98. Ibid.
99. Interview with Paul Booth, Washington, D.C., March 24, 2006.
100. In 1948, Walter Uphoff, Norman’s father, of the Socialist Party ran against Joseph McCarthy for the U.S. Senate. For more information on the Uphoff family, see Walter and Mary Jo Uphoff Collected Papers, Swarthmore College Peace Collection, Swarthmore, Penn.
101. Interview with Norman Uphoff, Ithaca, N.Y., August 18, 2006.
102. Interview with Jeffrey Greenfield, New York, April 23, 2009.
1. Interview with Stephen Robbins, Emeryville, Calif., March 30, 2005.
2. Profile of Gregory M. Gallo, DLA Piper Web site, www.dlapiper.com/greg_gallo/(accessed 2/10/14).
3. Interview with Stephen Robbins, Sacramento, Calif., May 31, 2005.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Skype interview with Thomas Olson, Cairo, February 3, 2009; also conversation with Olson, New York, September 11, 2009.
9. Interview with Robbins, March 30, 2005.
10. Ibid.
11. Interview with Norman Uphoff, Ithaca, N.Y., August 18, 2006.
12. Interview with Robbins, March 30, 2005.
13. Ibid., May 31, 2005. See also H/NSA, Box 239 (Palestine), January 29, 1965, Memo written by an unidentified NSA international staff re discussions with the IUS editor of World Student News, Mazem Husseini [Mazin Al Husseini], denied a visa by New Zealand; he protested as absurd the rationale for denial that “some of the IUS delegates had criminal records.” See also H/NSA Box 10 (11th ISC Christchurch), June 22–July 1, 1964, for Alex Korns report, which includes a brief history of conferences from 1952 to 1964.
14. Interview with Robbins, March 30, 2005.
15. Interview with Robert Walters, Washington, D.C., October 24, 1998.
16. Interview with Robbins, March 30, 2005.
17. JFK, John F. Kennedy statement on Algerian independence, July 3, 1962, Speech Files.
18. Pierre Salinger, With Kennedy (New York: Avon, 1967), 249–50.
19. W/NSA, Box 99 (Ali Sahli), December 24, 1965, Norman Uphoff memo re $1,700 for the UNEA-US section.
20. H/NSA, Box 25 (Backoff), September 12, 1964, Backoff to Uphoff.
21. Ibid.
22. FRUS, Department of State, Johnson Administration, 1964–68, vol. 10: National Security Policy, Document 171 Memorandum from the President’s Special Assistant (Rostow) to President Johnson, February 18, 1967, Chronology of Briefings on Youth and Student Activities, Attachment g: Department of State, INR/IL Files, #134, Minutes of 303 Committee, December 3, 1964.
23. Ibid.
24. H/NSA, Box 157 (Algeria), January 12, 1965, Julius Glickman, confidential report on Mohamed Aberkane, Algerian Embassy, a former Algerian scholarship program participant.
25. Interviews with Robbins.
26. Interview with Robbins, March 30, 2005. The “stopped-up toilets” reference is to a tactic rumored to have been used at the 1962 Helsinki World Youth Festival.
27. Ibid., May 31, 2005.
28. Interview with Philip Sherburne, Santa Barbara, Calif., May 15–16, 2000.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Interview with Robbins, May 31, 2005.
34. Interview with Sherburne.
35. The debt figure varied from year to year. The $400,000 figure is from Fulbright, vol. 1, March 6, 1967, Sherburne testimony, 56. In a subsequent interview, Sherburne put the debt figure at $800,000. Debt figures are distinct from the 1965–66 operating deficit cited in the text.
36. Interview with Sherburne.
37. Ibid.
38. Ansara Files, S Street property deeds, executed on May 17, 1964.
39. H/NSA, Box 78 (NSB), November 25, 1965, Sherburne report to the National Supervisory Board on a grant of $15,000 from the Independence Foundation re renovations.
40. Interview with Sherburne.
41. Interview with Robbins, May 31, 2005.
42. Interviews with Robbins and Sherburne.
43. Ibid.
44. Interview with Daniel Idzik, Otis, Mass., August 29, 2005.
45. H/NSA, Box 62 (18th NSA Congress), copy of Idzik report on Vietnam, February 1965.
46. Ibid.
47. Taylor Branch, At Canaan’s Edge: America in the King Years, 1965–1968 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 243.
48. Kai Bird, The Color of Truth: McGeorge Bundy and William Bundy, Brothers in Arms (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998), 321–22. LBJ was so upset at Bundy’s actions that he asked aide Bill Moyers to fire Bundy. Moyers stalled.
49. Interview with Uphoff.
50. FOIA (CIA), #288, August 13, 1965, Desmond Fitzgerald Deputy Director for Plans, “Decision by Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey to address the US National Student Association’s National Student Congress and the possibility of an address by President Lyndon B. Johnson.”
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, Peace Now! American Society and the Ending of the Vietnam War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 54.
54. H/NSA, Box 26 (Emmerson), June 23, 1965, Uphoff to Emmerson c/o U.S. Embassy in Saigon.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid.
57. Sweet, August 22, 1965, Sweet to his parents.
58. Ibid. For more information on the Vietnam Task Force, see Chester Cooper, The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1970).
59. Telephone interview with Charles F. Sweet, Charlotte, N.C., August 25, 2006.
60. Donald Janson, “Humphrey Chides Antiwar Pickets,” New York Times, August 24, 1965; copy of speech available in the Hubert Humphrey collection at the Minnesota Historical Society History Center at mnhs.org/library.
61. This shift in student zeitgeist is documented in the film The War at Home, a 1979 documentary by directors Glenn Silber and Barry Alexander Brown that follows the antiwar movement on the Wisconsin campus and includes footage of Humphrey’s 1965 speech.
62. FOIA (CIA), #28, Liberal Caucus Bulletin, August 25, 1965.
63. William H. Chafe, Never Stop Running: Allard Lowenstein and the Struggle to Save American Liberalism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), details Lowenstein’s conflict with Moses and SNCC.
64. FOIA (CIA), #28 Congress News, August 28, 1965.
65. Ibid.
66. Telephone interview with Ricki Radlo Lieberman, New York, January 11, 2010.
67. Joseph G. Morgan, The Vietnam Lobby: The American Friends of Vietnam, 1955–1975 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).
68. FOIA #28, Liberal Bulletin.
69. Gilbert Jonas and Seymour Reisin, September 7, 1965, “Report on the National Student Association Convention,” courtesy of Eugene G. Schwartz.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Telephone conversation with Carlton Stoiber, Washington, D.C., March 25, 2005. Stoiber declined to be formally interviewed. The material in the text draws on my interview with Sherburne and my own memory of these events.
73. I was sitting onstage behind the podium taking notes during the elections. Michael Enwall was my husband at the time and Malcolm Kovacs a friend. Stoiber cast the deciding vote against Mike’s election, although he and Mike remained friendly afterward.
74. Interview with Robbins, May 31, 2005.
75. Ibid.
76. Telephone interview with Michael Enwall, Lyons, Colo., August 30, 2006.
77. I recall that Stoiber actually cast two votes, his and a proxy vote.
78. Interview with Sherburne.
1. H/NSA, Box 78 (Reports), November 26–28, 1965, Sherburne to National Supervisory Board.
2. Ansara Files, S Street property deeds.
3. Nancy Moran, “Student Unit Moves into a Rent-Free, Plush Office Here,” Washington Post, October 10, 1965.
4. Interview with Philip Sherburne, Santa Barbara, Calif., May 15–16, 2000.
5. Fulbright, vol. 1, March 6, 1967, Wood testimony, 8.
6. Fulbright, vol. 1, March 6, 1967, Sherburne testimony, 60–61. Sherburne and Lunn had agreed to approximately $320,000 in FYSA awards for FY1965–66, a little more than half the NSA budget.
7. Interview with Sherburne.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Interview with Robert Kiley, Cambridge, Mass., January 22, 2008.
11. Interview with Sherburne.
12. Telephone conversation with Carlton Stoiber, Washington, D.C., March 25, 2005. Stoiber declined to be formally interviewed.
13. H/NSA, Box 12 (COSEC 52–65), December 6, 1965, Gil Kulick (a nonwitting African specialist on the NSA staff), letter to Ed Garvey discussing Stoiber’s inaction.
14. Greg Delin (not witting), of the Asia desk, signed the letter of support. Telephone interview with Greg Delin, Chicago, Ill., January 5, 2005.
15. Interview with Sherburne.
16. Ibid.
17. Those who held Gable’s NSA position and continued to work with the CIA include Richard Miller (1960-61) and Tom Olson (1962-63). Miller and Olson also worked for FYSA.
18. Interview with Sherburne.
19. “Drifter Found Guilty of Killing Seattle Family,” New York Times, June 6, 1986.
20. Robert Aragon, for example, worked for FYSA and opened an office in Santiago, Chile. Reported in “Playing It Straight: Who Did What and Why for CIA?” the editors, New Republic, March 4, 1967.
21. H/NSA, Box 25 (IC Corres.), December 8 and 10, 1962, Joe Love interview and assessment of Fred Berger.
22. Ibid., January 11, 1966, Berger, letter to David Langsam, a friend from Columbia University, spelling out his politics.
23. Ibid. In the same letter, Berger regretted that an alliance was no longer possible.
24. Ibid., October 25, 1965, Berger to Diana Dillon, Manhattanville College, who was setting up a teach-in on the invasion.
25. H/NSA, Box 195 (DR), November 7, 1965, Dennis Foianini memo to Carlton Stoiber, with confidential background on Berger trip. See also Box 27, October 28, 1965, confidential proposal to Stoiber.
26. FRUS, Department of State, Johnson Administration, 1964–68, vol. 32: Dominican Republic, Document 129, Memorandum of Conversation between CIA officials and the White House, September 1, 1965.
27. Tim Weiner, Enemies: A History of the FBI (New York: Random House, 2012), 495n23, cites a lengthy memo from Desmond Fitzgerald claiming President Johnson wanted Balaguer to win.
28. Juan Bosch, The Unfinished Experience: Democracy in the Dominican Republic (New York: Pall Mall, 1966).
29. Giancarlo Soler Torrijos, In the Shadow of the United States (Boca Raton, Fla.: Brown Walker Press, 2008), 75.
30. H/NSA, Box 195 (DR), December 2–7, 1965, Berger preliminary report.
31. Interview with Sherburne.
32. Ibid.
33. After Berger returned, these claims circulated among witting staff, where I heard them. I also discussed them during my interview with Sherburne.
34. Fulbright, vol. 1, March 6, 1967, Sherburne testimony, 71–73. Sherburne also testified that the Agency man in the American embassy with whom Berger met knew which individuals Berger had contacted and the substance of their conversations.
35. Interview with Kiley.
36. W/NSA, Box 22 (Uphoff), December 17, 1965, Charles Goldmark, letter to Bob Francis in Paris, misfiled under Uphoff.
37. Interview with Sherburne.
38. Interview with Kiley.
39. Interview with Sherburne.
40. W/NSA, Box 22 (Uphoff), December 17, 1965, Goldmark to Francis.
41. W/NSA, Box 21 (Sherburne), January 5, 1966, Sherburne to Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey. See also January 7, 1966, Sherburne to Wes Barthelmes in Senator Robert F. Kennedy’s office; January 5, 1966, Sherburne to The Honorable Lyndon B. Johnson.
42. Interview with Sherburne.
43. Ibid. See also W/NSA, Box 21 (Sherburne Dayfile), March 2, 1966, Sherburne letter of thanks to Vice President Humphrey.
44. Interview with Sherburne.
45. Fulbright, vol. 2, March 16, 1967, Eugene Groves testimony, 156–58.
46. Fulbright, vol. 1, March 6, 1967, Sherburne testimony, 66.
47. Ansara Files (Financial), January 17, 1966, Lunn to Sherburne.
48. Interview with Sherburne.
49. Interview with Kiley.
50. Fulbright, vol. 1, March 6, 1967, Sherburne testimony, 67.
51. Deficit figures vary. See H/NSA, Box 78 (NEC), March 17, 1964, President Greg Gallo, memo to the executive committee; Gallo had referred to a $50,000 deficit during his year, but here he cited successful fundraising that retired it. Sherburne used the $70,000 figure for 1965–66 in Fulbright, vol. 1, March 6, 1967, Sherburne testimony, 67.
52. By July 1966, Sherburne had whittled the deficit down even farther, to $19,108.33. Ansara Files: Copy of Ten-Month Financial Statement ending July 31, 1966.
53. I discussed the deficits and cumulative debt in my interviews with Stephen Robbins, Emeryville, March 30, 2005, and Sacramento, Calif., May 31, 2005, and with Sherburne.
54. Interview with Sherburne.
55. Cord Meyer, Jr., Facing Reality: From World Federalism to the CIA (New York: Harper and Row, 1980), 105.
56. W/NSA, Box 21 (Sherburne), February 11, 1966, Sherburne to Harry Lunn, which contains a list of travel and technical assistance projects.
57. Fulbright, vol. 1, March 6, 1967, Sherburne testimony, 72–73. Sherburne testified that there was conflict within the CIA over Berger’s trip. The CIA station in Madrid encouraged Berger to attend the meeting in Barcelona, whereas Kiley tried to prevent his attendance. I also discussed this issue in my interview with Sherburne.
58. H/NSA, Box 229 (’61–’65), Frederick E. Berger, “Special Report from a Spanish Monastery,” The Student (Washington, D.C.: USNSA, 1966), 22.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. See articles by Tad Szulc in the New York Times, March 11, 12, 13, 1966.
63. Interview with Kiley, who dismissed Sherburne’s suspicions about Berger in Spain; interview with Sherburne.
64. H/NSA, Box 25 (IC Corres.), April 5, 1966, Berger letter to Dennis Foianini, a former Latin American specialist on the NSA international staff.
65. Interview with Sherburne.
66. Ibid.
67. W/NSA, Box 22, March 19, 1966, Goldmark to Eugene Groves.
68. Kovacs discussed the CIA issue numerous times with me and my former husband. In 1967, Kovacs—who was committed to ending the CIA relationship with the NSA—participated in discussions with Sherburne, his successor, Eugene Groves, and Bob Kiley.
69. Interview with Sherburne.
70. Ansara Files (General International), Michael Wood memo to Ramparts editors; interview with Sherburne. Sherburne’s and Wood’s accounts agree on most particulars.
71. Fulbright, vol. 1, March 6, 1967, Wood testimony on dissatisfaction and threatened resignation (7); on the nature of international staff fundraising proposals (25).
72. Interview with Sherburne.
73. Fulbright, vol. 1, March 6, 1967, Wood testimony, 8.
74. Ibid.
75. Interview with Sherburne.
76. Ibid.
77. Fulbright, vol. 1, March 6, 1967, Wood testimony, 8.
78. Ibid.
79. Interview with Sherburne.
80. Ibid.
81. Ibid.
82. Telephone interview with Charles F. Sweet, Charlotte, N.C., August 25, 2006.
83. Sweet, March 25, 1965, Sweet to parents, describing his trip with the “NSA boys.”
84. Ibid. Sweet arrived in Saigon in 1964 about the time that students were teaming up with Buddhist monks to overthrow General Nguyen Khanh, head of the South Vietnamese government.
85. Sweet, May 10, 1965, Sweet to family.
86. Ibid.
87. Telephone interview with Sweet.
88. Interview with Sherburne.
89. Telephone interview with Sweet.
90. Ibid.
91. Ibid.
92. Paget Files. Philip Sherburne, Malcolm Kovacs, and Gregory Delin, “United States National Student Association Delegation to Vietnam: A Report to the Constituency,” March 21–April 5, 1966.
93. Ibid. Sherburne sent the report to Vietnamese students through Charles Sweet: see W/NSA, Box 21 (Sherburne), June 21, 1966.
94. Interview with Sherburne.
95. W/NSA, Box 21 (Sherburne), October 20, 1965, Sherburne to Richard Stearns.
96. Ibid.
97. Ibid., October 20, 1965, Sherburne draft letter to Attorney General Katzenbach. The NSA joined with other organizations to protest the attorney general’s remarks. See Robert J. Richard, “Katzenbach Is Assailed on Critics of VietNam,” New York Times, October 24, 1965.
98. John Dumbrell, President Lyndon Johnson and Soviet Communism (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2004), p. 116. Johnson called antiwar U.S. Senators “crackpots, who have been just plain taken in,” and asserted that “the Russians are behind the whole thing.” See also Robert Dallek, Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 314, on LBJ’s use of intelligence agencies to go after antiwar activists.
99. See Régis Debray, Revolution in the Revolution? Armed Struggle and Political Struggle in Latin America, trans. Bobbye S. Ortiz (Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1967); Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Constance Farrington (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1963).
100. W/NSA, Box 21 (Sherburne), June 21, 1966, Sherburne to Sweet.
101. Interview with Sherburne.
102. I typed the letter of request for an appointment with Vice President Humphrey while working as a secretarial temp at a Washington, D.C., law firm.
103. Interview with Sherburne.
104. Telephone interview with Ted Van Dyke, Los Angeles, October 19, 1998. Van Dyke subsequently wrote about these events in Heroes, Hacks and Food: A Memoir from the Political Inside (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2007), 117–18.
105. FRUS, Department of State, Johnson Administration, 1964–68, vol. 33: Organization and Management of Foreign Policy, Document 219, Letter from President Johnson to Vice President Humphrey, January 22, 1965.
106. Interview with Sherburne. My then-husband, on the NSA Middle East desk, told me about Humphrey’s reaction sometime in July 1966.
107. Interview with Sherburne.
108. Interview with Van Dyke. See also the list of Humphrey contacts in W/NSA, Box 22 (Sherburne Daybook), September 23, 1966, Sherburne memo to Eugene Groves: David Rockefeller, United States Steel, First National City Bank, Ford Motor Company, Chicago and Northwestern Railway, and Walter Reuther (UAW). Only the president of Chicago and Northwestern Railway made a contribution, which Groves later attributed to his friendship with the executive’s son.
109. Van Dyke, Heroes, Hacks and Fools, 118.
110. Interview with Kiley.
111. H/NSA, Box 62 (20th NSA Congress), August 1967, President’s Report, 1. Groves’s speech, written for the 1967 NSA Congress held August 13–26 at the University of Maryland, states that Sherburne told him “shortly before the 19th congress.” See also Fulbright, vol. 2, March 16, 1967, Groves testimony, 134–35, re discussions with Sherburne after the 1966 Congress.
112. Interview with Edward Schwartz, Philadelphia, May 2, 2000.
113. Ibid.
114. H/NSA, Box 62 (20th NSA Congress), August 1967, President’s Report, 3.
115. Ibid.
116. Ibid.
117. One person who obtained the information from an intermediary, and not from Wood, was Edward Schwartz from Oberlin: interview with Schwartz.
1. Interview with Philip Sherburne, Santa Barbara, Calif., May 15–16, 2000.
2. Interview with Robert Kiley, Cambridge, Mass., January 22, 2008.
3. Interview with Edward Garvey, Madison, Wisc., October 17, 2005.
4. Interview with Jyoti Shankar Singh, New York City, August 22, 2006.
5. Interview with Ram Labhaya Lakhina, Leiden, the Netherlands, October 9 and 12, 2004.
6. Interview with Garvey, October, 17, 2005.
7. IISH ISC (File: CIA Connection), copy of October 13, 1966, Wilfred Rutz letter to the Supervision Commission re the Twelfth ISC in Nairobi.
8. H/NSA, Box 78 (Memos), January 1966, Fred Berger to Goldmark and Sherburne.
9. H/NSA, Box 77 (IAB), February 10, 1964, Alex Korns, Confidential Report No. 2. Press release language included in report to the International Advisory Board.
10. H/NSA, Box 25 (IC Corres.), January 10, 1966, Berger to Garvey.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid. (Backoff), June 15, 1964, Backoff to Korns and Scott.
14. Ibid., April 18, 1964, Backoff memo on Middle East ISC delegations.
15. H/NSA, Box 233 (Middle East), February 7, 1964, Backoff reported Lebanon’s action in a report on a proposed Middle Eastern Confederation of Students.
16. Ibid., February 19, 1961, Lee to Scott.
17. H/NSA, Box 238 (Palestine), January 4, 1961, Lee to Scott.
18. Ibid.
19. H/NSA, Box 233, February 19, 1961, Lee to Scott.
20. Ibid.
21. H/NSA, Box 238, January 4, 1961, Lee to Scott.
22. H/NSA, Box 239 (Palestine), n.d., USNSA cable to Hassan Hammam.
23. Interview with Tony Smith, New York, November 7 and 9, 2007.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. H/NSA, Box 233 (Middle East), March 9, 1964, Backoff to Frank Crump, NSA travel office.
28. Laurie Brand, Palestinians in the Arab World: Institution Building and the Search for State (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988), 73, 75.
29. H/NSA, Box 25 (Backoff), March 1, 1965, Backoff to Uphoff re March 31–April 4, 1965, Palestine seminar.
30. H/NSA, Box 30 (Kovacs), May 29, 1965, Robert Witherspoon, memo to Confidential Files re conversation with Israeli Simha Salpeter.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid. Uphoff’s remarks were printed in the newspaper Al Akhbar on April 4, 1965.
33. Ibid. Salpeter obtained a copy of Al Akhbar from Israeli friends in Paris.
34. Interview with Norman Uphoff, Ithaca, N.Y., August 2006.
35. H/NSA, Box 233 (Middle East), August 10, 1965, Richard Stearns, letter to Robert Witherspoon, re Stearns’s father’s conversation with Simon Segal of the American Jewish Committee, who, based on information from Israeli students, was worried about the upcoming NSA Congress. See also August 12, 1965, Witherspoon, letter of reassurance to Segal.
36. H/NSA, Box 30 (Kovacs), May 29, 1965, Witherspoon memo to confidential files.
37. H/NSA, Box 233 (Middle East), September 10, 1965, Robert Witherspoon, memo on North Africa and Middle East strategy at NSA Congress.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. H/NSA, Box 233 (Middle East), September 10, 1965, Witherspoon memo.
42. H/NSA, Box 25 (Backoff), March 1, 1965, Backoff to Uphoff.
43. H/NSA, Box 33 (Witherspoon), February 4, 1966, Goldmark to Witherspoon.
44. Ibid.
45. H/NSA, Box 25 (IC Correspondence), April 4, 1966, Fred Berger to Dennis Foianini. The delegates were Witherspoon, Richard Stearns (of Stanford University), Michael Enwall (Middle East Desk), and Steven Arons (Civil Rights Desk).
46. H/NSA, Box 30 (Korns), February 10, 1964, Korns, overview to the International Advisory Board, describing Asia as “the strongest region outside Europe for ISC.”
47. H/NSA, Box 10 (11th ISC), undated newspaper clipping from ISC in Christchurch, “No Visas for IUS.” By inference, the Kenyan government did not prevent IUS delegates from reaching the conference.
48. H/NSA, Box 10 (12th ISC), List of attendees who attended the Nairobi, Kenya, ISC, August 17–27, 1966.
49. H/NSA, Box 33 (Witherspoon), March 21, 1965, Witherspoon, in a memo to files, reports on a dinner with Gerhart and Alex Korns. Gerhart was characterized as “very impressive” and an “excellent contact.” Gerhart had taught for a year in Tanzania in 1964–65. In 1966, he was about to spend an academic year at Makerere University in Uganda.
50. H/NSA, Box 10 (12th ISC), July 26, 1966, Chuck Goldmark, letter to John Gerhart.
51. Interview with Garvey, October 17, 2005.
52. Ibid.
53. Interviews with Lakhina and Garvey (October 17, 2005).
54. Interview with Lakhina.
55. Interview with Garvey, October 17, 2005.
56. Skype interview with Thomas Olson, Cairo, February 3, 2009; the issue was discussed more fully during conversation with Olson, New York, September 11, 2009.
57. Interview with Duncan Kennedy, Cambridge, Mass., September 7, 2005.
58. Ibid.
59. Ansara Files: Martin Abein and Edward Bomhoff, Interview with Ronald J. J. Bell, August 18, 1967, Appendix VI, International Student Conference Report (Amsterdam: Dutch Student Trade Union, 1968).
60. Telephone interview with Fernando Duran, San José, Costa Rica, January 21, 2009.
61. As of 2010, Nouri A. R. Hussain held the position of secretary general of the Cairo-based Afro-Asian Peoples’ Solidarity Conference. See the organizations Web page at UNESCO: http://ngo-db.unesco.org/r/or/en/1100062827.
62. H/NSA, Box 10 (12th ISC), detailed report on Nairobi ISC, August 17–27, 1966, including Hussain’s speech. Presumably the NSA abstained from voting.
63. Robert McDonald, “The Arrogance of Ability: A Report on the Twelfth International Student Conference,” New African 5, no. 10 (December 1966): 211–12, available at Digital Innovation South Africa at http://www.disa.ukzn.ac.za/newafrican/content/new-african-volume-5-number-10-december-1966. McDonald hailed the IUS-ISC resolution on cooperation as the major achievement of the meeting.
64. FOIA (State), secret airgram, October 25, 1966, American Embassy, Saigon to Sec/State described the ISC in Nairobi in detail, including Khanh’s charge that the Iranian delegate deliberately identified the group with the NLF.
65. Ibid. The airgram summarized, “The Vietnamese delegations [another had been sent to the 1966 NSA Congress and the World Assembly of Youth] failed to perform effectively,” and noted that the Mission Youth Committee was “reviewing the entire question of Vietnamese participation at international youth and students gatherings.”
66. Interview with Duran.
67. FOIA (State), secret airgram, October 25, 1966. Khanh described the suggestion by the French.
68. Interview with Kiley.
69. H/NSA, Box 9 (12th ISC), copy of Goldmark’s report on the 12th ISC, 17–27 August, Nairobi, Kenya, 10.
70. Fulbright, vol. 2, March 16, 1967, Eugene Groves testimony, 135, 136.
71. Ibid., 136.
72. H/NSA, Box 62 (20th NSA Congress), August 1967, President’s Report, 3. Groves’s speech was delivered to the 1967 NSA Congress held August 13–26 at the University of Maryland.
73. Groves quoted in Donald Janson, “Student Congress Emphasizes Political Activism,” New York Times, September 4, 1965.
74. H/NSA, Box 62 (20th NSA Congress), August 1967, President’s Report, 3.
75. Ibid., 2.
76. W/NSA (Groves), n.d. Groves’s file contains a nine-page mimeographed report, “NSA and the CIA: On People and Power (Second Thoughts After the Storm),” in which he describes his feelings before and after the disclosures; quotation on p. 8.
77. Fulbright, vol. 2, March 16, 1967, Groves testimony, 136–37.
78. H/NSA, Box 62 (20th NSA Congress), August 1967, President’s Report, 6.
79. Ibid.
80. Interview with Richard Stearns, Cambridge, Mass., February 1, 1993.
81. H/NSA Box 62 (20th NSA Congress), August 1967, President’s Report, 6.
82. Interview with Stearns. For details of Stearns’s security oath, see also Fulbright, vol. 2, March 16, 1967, Stearns testimony, 242. Stearns testified that the oath was given under false pretenses, as a condition of a grant from the Agency for International Development.
83. Interview with Stearns.
84. Ibid.
85. H/NSA Box 62 (20th NSA Congress), August 1967, President’s Report, 4–5.
86. Ibid.
87. Fulbright, vol. 2, March 16, 1967, Groves testimony, 136.
88. H/NSA, Box 62 (20th NSA congress), August 1967, President’s Report, 7.
89. Interview with Edward Schwartz, Philadelphia, May 2, 2000.
90. Fulbright, vol. 2, March 16, 1967, Groves testimony, 137.
91. Interview with Schwartz.
1. Fulbright, vol. 1, March 6, 1967, Michael Wood testimony, p. 6.
2. Interview with Richard Stearns, Cambridge, Mass., February 1, 1993.
3. Interview with Edward Schwartz, Philadelphia, May 2, 2000.
4. Peter Richardson, A Bomb in Every Issue: How the Short, Unruly Life of “Ramparts” Magazine Changed America (New York: New Press, 2009).
5. Donald Duncan, “The Whole Thing Was a Lie,” Ramparts (February 1966), 12–24, quotation on p. 23.
6. Angus Mackenzie, Secrets: The CIA’s War at Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 17.
7. Ibid., 16.
8. John Ernst, Forging a Fateful Alliance: Michigan State University and the Vietnam War (Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1998). My appreciation to Stanley Sheinbaum for sending me a copy.
9. Mackenzie, Secrets, 17.
10. Ibid., 19.
11. David Wise and Thomas B. Ross, The Invisible Government (New York: Random House, 1964).
12. David Wise, The American Police State: The Government Against the People (New York: Random House, 1976), 199–200. See also David Binder’s interview with Wise in “Washington Talk: Intelligence; Measuring the Years in Terms of CIA Directors,” New York Times, August 10, 1988.
13. Joseph Burkholder Smith, Portrait of a Cold Warrior (New York: Putnam, 1976), 432.
14. “Patman Attacks ‘Secret’ C.I.A. Link,” New York Times, September 1, 1964. Foundations identified by Congressman Patman included Gotham, Michigan, Andrew Hamilton, Borden, Price, Edsel, Beacon, and Kentfield.
15. FRUS, 1964–68, vol. 10: National Security Policy, Document 49, Memorandum for the Record by Director of Central Intelligence, September 1, 1964. McCone had gone to the president about Patman’s disclosures, which he attributed to “over aggressiveness” by congressional staff. He emphasized the “great damage” that had been done.
16. Harrison Salisbury, Without Fear or Favor: An Uncompromising Look at the New York Times (New York: Times Books, 1980), 514.
17. Ibid., 516–517.
18. Ibid., 517.
19. Ibid., 519–20.
20. Ibid., 521.
21. Reported by a Times team led by Tom Wicker, the articles were published on April 25, 26, 27, 28, and 29, 1966. Salisbury, Without Fear or Favor, 522–28, describes in detail CIA director John McCone’s review of the articles prior to publication and his requests for changes.
22. Salisbury, Without Fear or Favor, 527.
23. Evan Thomas, The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared; the Early Years of the CIA (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995). Wisner is one of the four men profiled.
24. Meyer, Box 5, Diary, March 21, 1963.
25. Nina Burleigh, A Very Private Woman: The Life and Unsolved Murder of Presidential Mistress Mary Meyer (New York: Bantam, 1998).
26. Salisbury, Without Fear or Favor, 525; see also Burleigh, Very Private Woman, 204.
27. In addition to my own recollection I draw on my telephone interview with Michael Enwall, Lyons, Colo., August 30, 2006.
28. Interview with Stearns.
29. Interview with Judith Coburn, Albany, Calif., December 3, 1999. The conversation that follows is from this interview.
30. Interview with Michael Ansara, Cambridge, Mass., January 20, 2000. The conversation that follows is from this interview.
31. Interview with Lee Webb, New York City, November 1, 2000.
32. Interview with Coburn. The conversation that follows is from this interview.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid. For Coffin’s work with the CIA, see Warren Goldstein, William Sloane Coffin, Jr.: A Holy Impatience (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), 71–82.
38. Interview with Coburn.
39. Ibid.
40. Interview with Ansara. The narrative that follows of Ansara’s pursuit of the story is all from this interview.
41. Warren Hinckle, If You Have a Lemon, Make Lemonade (New York: Norton, 1973), 174. See also Richardson, Bomb in Every Issue, 74–81.
42. Hinckle, If You Have a Lemon, 172. Wood worked with other Ramparts staff before he met Hinckle.
43. Ibid., 173.
44. Interview with Fred Goff, Oakland, Calif., July 9, 2000.
45. Sacha Volman had worked with the NSA before the ISC in Quebec; see Chapter 18, above. See also Eric Thomas Chester, Rag-Tags, Scum, Riff-Raff, and Commies (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2001).
46. Interview with Goff.
47. Interview with Michael Locker, New York City, July 14, 2000.
48. Ibid.
49. Interview with Goff.
50. Interview with Locker.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. Interviews with Goff and Locker.
57. Interview with Locker.
58. Interviews with Locker and Goff.
59. Interview with Coburn.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
63. Interview with Lee Webb.
64. Interview with John Frappier, Pacifica, Calif., December 11, 2000.
65. Interview with Coburn.
66. Ibid.
67. Interview with Schwartz.
68. Fulbright, vol. 2, March 16, 1967, Eugene Groves testimony, 147–48.
69. Interview with Philip Sherburne, Santa Barbara, Calif., May 16, 2000.
70. Ibid.
71. Interview with Steven Arons, Amherst, Mass., September 5, 2005.
72. Interview with Adam Hochschild, Berkeley, Calif., February 10, 2000. The Chinese New Year began on February 7, 1967.
73. Interviews with Robert Kiley, Cambridge, Mass., January 22, 2008, and Tony Smith, New York, November 7 and 9, 2007.
74. Interview with Kiley.
75. CIA memorandum, Subject: IRS Briefing on Ramparts, February 2, 1967, Book 3: Supplemental Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, 422–23: United States Senate Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Operations (Church Committee), 1975.
76. Thomas, Very Best Men, 330.
77. Ibid.
78. Ibid.
1. Interview with Tom DeVries, Mariposa, Calif., August 12, 2000. Groves remembers the occasion similarly; see H/NSA, Box 62 (20th NSA Congress), August 1967, President’s Report, prepared for the NSA Congress at the University of Maryland.
2. Interview with DeVries.
3. Ibid.
4. Telephone interview with Ken Stevens, New York City, August 24, 2000.
5. W/NSA, Box 21 (Schwartz), January 16, 1967, Schwartz, letter to Mal Kovacs on his Berkeley activities. See also January 31, 1967, Schwartz, second letter to Kovacs after he returned from California with more detail on his activities.
6. Interview with Edward Schwartz, Philadelphia, May 2, 2000.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid. See also Warren Hinckle, If You Have a Lemon, Make Lemonade (New York: Norton, 1973), 178.
9. Interview with Schwartz.
10. Ansara Files: Michael Wood, n.d., memo on fundraising assistance in “Sequence of Research Activities.”
11. Interview with Schwartz.
12. The officers were not aware that some sources responding to Sherburne’s solicitations also received CIA funds, such as the Asia Foundation. FRUS, Department of State, Johnson Administration, 1964–68, vol. 10: National Security Policy, Document 132, Memorandum from the Central Intelligence Agency to the 303 Committee, June 22, 1966 defines the Asia Foundation as a CIA “proprietary,” and discusses improvement in funding procedures; available at www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/johnsonlb/x/9062.htm.
13. Interview with Schwartz.
14. Interview with Philip Sherburne, Santa Barbara, Calif., May 16, 2000.
15. Interview with Roger Fisher, Cambridge, Mass., January 27, 2003.
16. Fulbright, vol. 2, March 16, 1967, Roger Fisher letter of March 15, 1967, attached to declassified Fulbright hearing record.
17. Ibid.
18. Interview with Roger Fisher. Fisher identified Cord Meyer by indirection and not by name.
19. Ibid. Interview with Frank Fisher, Austin, Tex., May 14, 2009. Frank confirmed his brother’s encounter with Meyer and the threat.
20. Fulbright, vol. 2, March 16, 1967, Fisher letter.
21. Interview with Roger Fisher.
22. Interview with Sherburne.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. Obituary of Richard J. Murphy, Washington Post, August 19, 2006.
26. Interview with Sherburne.
27. Interview with Steven Arons, Amherst, Mass., September 5, 2005.
28. Interviews with Arons and Sherburne.
29. Interview with Sherburne.
30. Interview with Schwartz.
31. Interview with Robert Kiley, Cambridge, Mass., January 22, 2008.
32. H/NSA, Box 62 (20th NSA congress), August 1967, President’s Report, recounts this information. Stearns’s roommate, Steven Bookshester, heard the phone ring and witnessed Stearns’s reaction: “He turned absolutely white, white as a ghost”; interview with Steven Bookshester, Washington, D.C., October 22, 1991.
33. Interview with Schwartz.
34. Fulbright, vol. 2, March 16, 1967, Eugene Groves testimony, 145–47. See also H/NSA, Box 62 (20th NSA Congress), August 1967, President’s Report. Groves made similar points.
35. Interview with Sherburne.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Interview with Kiley.
41. Interview with Arons.
42. Ibid. See also Fulbright, vol. 2, March 16, 1967, Groves testimony, 157–58.
43. Interview with Kiley.
44. Interview with Sherburne.
45. Telephone interview with Stevens.
46. H/NSA, Box 62 (20th NSA Congress), August 1967, President’s Report, 6.
47. Interview with Roger Fisher.
48. William W. Turner, Rearview Mirror: Looking Back at the FBI, the CIA and Other Tails (Roseville, Calif.: Penmarin, 2001).
49. Interview with Sherburne.
50. Interview with Richard Stearns, Cambridge, Mass., February 1, 1993.
51. Fulbright, vol. 2, March 16, 1967, Groves testimony, 160.
52. H/NSA, Box 62 (20th NSA Congress), August 1967, President’s Report, 6.
53. IISH ISC, Box 1232, contains extensive material on the aftermath of Ramparts, including the ISC investigation and transcript of Lakhina’s remarks.
54. Hinckle, If You Have a Lemon, 179.
55. Interview with Sam W. Brown, Jr., Berkeley, Calif., November 10, 1992.
56. Telephone interview with Steve Parliament, River Falls, Wisc., June 22, 2003.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
1. Richard Helms, A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency (New York: Random House, 2003), 343.
2. Ibid., 345.
3. Ibid.
4. Helms testimony, September 12, 1975, United States Senate Select Committee to Study Government Operations with Respect to Intelligence Operations (Church Committee), vol. 10: The Domestic Impact of Foreign Clandestine Operations, 182.
5. Interview with Robert Kiley, Cambridge, Mass., January 22, 2008.
6. Angus Mackenzie, Secrets: The CIA’s War at Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 22.
7. Interview with Tony Smith, New York, November 7 and 9, 2007.
8. Ibid.
9. Ramparts ad, announcing March issue in the New York Times and Washington Post, February 14, 1967.
10. Interview with Edward Schwartz, Philadelphia, May 2, 2000.
11. Telephone conversation with Susan A. McCloud, Carmel, Calif., March 19, 2004.
12. Michael Warner, “Sophisticated Spies: CIA’s Links to Liberal Anti-Communists, 1949–1967,” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 9, no. 4 (Winter 1996–97): 425.
13. Richard Harwood, “LBJ Called Unaware of Subsidy,” Washington Post, February 17, 1967.
14. The claim might have been true, however; see R. Jack Smith, Interview with Richard Helms, June 3, 1982, Richard Helms Collection, CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence, 25, available at the CIA Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room, www.foia.cia.gov.
15. LBJ, E-transcript, David G. McComb, Interview with S. Douglass Cater, no. 2, April 29, 1969, 4. For further information on Cater, see Who’s Who, vol. 72–73, p. 526.
16. Elke Van Cassel, “In Search of a Clear and Overarching American Policy: The Reporter Magazine (1949–1968),” in The U.S. Government, Citizens Groups, and the Cold War: The State-Private Network, ed. Helen Laville and Hugh Wilford (Oxford: Routledge, 2005), 116–40. It is also noteworthy that The Reporter stopped publishing shortly after the 1967 disclosures. In addition, according to a conversation with Elke Van Cassel, all of its financial records have been destroyed.
17. NARA, 511.00/9-2861, September 28, 1961, U. Alexis Johnson to Under Secretary Chester Bowles, re proposed hiring of Cater; see also NARA, 511.00/10-1661, October 16, 1961, Luke Battle to Secretary of State, Reports and Operations, re Cater reported for duty.
18. Robert Walters, “Humphrey Unhappy over CIA Incident,” Washington Evening Star, February 21, 1967.
19. Both Philip Sherburne and I remember hearing the pithy version (interview with Philip Sherburne, Santa Barbara, Calif., May 16, 2000).
20. Telephone interview with Ted Van Dyke, Los Angeles, October 19, 1998. Van Dyke’s memoir covers the same ground. See Heroes, Hacks and Fools: Memoir from the Political Inside (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997).
21. Telephone interview with Van Dyke.
22. Interview with Nicholas Katzenbach, Princeton, N.J., June 24, 2005.
23. LBJ, Box 44 National Security Files, February 13, 1967, declassified Katzenbach memorandum.
24. Interview with Jack Rosenthal, New York City, November 2, 2005.
25. Ibid.
26. LBJ, Box 44, National Security Files, February 15, 1967, declassified memo, Rosenthal to Christian.
27. Interview with John Gardner, Palo Alto, Calif., September 13, 2000.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid. Gardner spoke to Johnson on October 12, 1966.
30. Ibid.
31. Rhodri Jeffreys-Jones, The CIA and American Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), 159.
32. Ibid.
33. Richard Harwood, “CIA Reported Ending Aid to Some Groups,” Washington Post, February 22, 1967.
34. LBJ, CIA National Security Files, Ramparts-NSA-CIA Folder.
35. Reported in Richard Harwood, “LBJ Called Unaware of Subsidies,” Washington Post, February 17, 1967.
36. Edith Green, quoted in the Congressional Record, 90th Congress, vol. 113, part 31, p. 1662.
37. “The Cultural Revolution, U.S.A.,” New Guard, Summer 1967. The New Guard was a magazine published by the Young Americans for Freedom.
38. “CIA/NSA: The Central Issue,” New Guard, April 1967.
39. Cord Meyer, Jr., Facing Reality: From World Federalism to the CIA (New York: Harper and Row, 1980), 87.
40. IISH ISC, Box 1232 (CIA Connection), December 21, 1967, Sup Com interview with Lakhina.
41. H/NSA, Box 69 (Staff Reports), COSEC press statement, February 17, 1967.
42. Helms, Look over My Shoulder, 345.
43. Meyer, Facing Reality, 91.
44. Helms, Look Over My Shoulder, 345.
45. Interview with Sam Brown, Berkeley, Calif., November 10, 1992, and telephone interview with Steve Parliament, River Falls, Wisc., June 22, 2003. See also Philip R. Werdell, “Fun Birthday Surprise All for You,” Moderator, April 1967. Moderator was, according to its cover tagline, “a magazine for leading college students” published in Philadelphia.
46. Telephone interview with Jean Hoefer Toal, Columbia, S.C., September 6, 2006.
47. James A. Johnson’s fear was mentioned later by NSA president Eugene W. Groves; see H/NSA, Box 62 (20th NSA congress), August 1967, President’s Report.
48. Informal conversations over several years with Robert Kuttner, Boston.
49. Telephone interview with Toal.
50. Telephone interview with Ricki Radlo Lieberman, New York, January 11, 2010.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Ansara Files, February 17, 1967, Statement of the National Supervisory Board.
54. Gerald Grant, “CIA Used NSA Staff for Spying,” Washington Post, February 18, 1967.
55. Former NSA president William Welsh, who in 1967 served as an aide to Vice President Humphrey, conveyed this information in a conversation with me.
56. FRUS, Department of State, Johnson Administration, 1964–68, vol. 10: National Security Policy, Secret, Eyes Only, Memorandum from the President’s Special Assistant (Rostow) to the President, February 18, 1967, 171.
57. Ibid. Rostow identified a total of seven dates.
58. FRUS, Department of State, Johnson Administration, 1964–68, vol. 10:, National Security Policy, State-CIA Relations with Respect to Clandestine Activities, Memorandum from the Deputy Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Denny) to Deputy Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs (Kohler), February 15, 1967, 261.
59. LBJ, FG 11-2 (CIA), Box 193, declassified CIA memo, Coordination and Policy Approval of Covert Operations, with appendixes, February 23, 1967.
60. Ibid.
61. Grant, “CIA Used NSA Staff for Spying.”
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid.
65. Senator Kennedy’s statement was widely reported. See, e.g., Washington Evening Star and UPI (United Press International) wire service, February 21, 1967.
66. Kiley’s colleague asked that the story be off the record. In my interview with Kiley, Kiley claimed that he ran into Kennedy by accident and they discussed the situation but did not deny his role in Kennedy’s statement.
67. Meyer, Facing Reality, 89. See also page 103 for his discussions with Kennedy about the World Youth Festival.
68. Robert Walters, “12 NSA Ex-Presidents Defend CIA Subsidies,” Washington Evening Star, February 26, 1967.
69. Some NSA presidents worked with the CIA only for the year they held office.
70. James Edward, quoted in Stuart H. Loory, “Mystery Death Hides CIA Ties,” Los Angeles Times, February 26, 1967.
71. “The CIA and ‘The Kiddies,’” Newsweek, February 27, 1967. Steinem’s defense is also featured in Robert G. Kaiser, “Work of CIA with Youths at Festivals Is Defended,” Washington Post, February 18, 1967.
72. Richard Cummings, The Pied Piper (New York: Grove, 1985), 46.
73. Interview with Parliament.
74. Fulbright, hearing record, vols. 1 and 2, March 6 and 16, 1967.
75. Fulbright, vol. 1, March 6, 1967, Michael Wood testimony, 18.
76. Ibid., 20.
77. Ibid., 20-21.
78. Ibid., 15. Quips made on the record during Wood’s testimony.
79. Ibid., 16.
80. Fulbright, vol. 1, March 6, 1967, 46, off-the-record discussion.
81. J. W. Fulbright, “We Must Not Fight Fire with Fire,” New York Times Magazine, April 23, 1967.
82. Meyer, Facing Reality, 87.
83. Fulbright, “We Must Not Fight Fire with Fire.”
84. Jack Smith, Interview with Helms.
85. Interview with Rosenthal.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Meyer, Box 5, Diary, March 10, 1967.
89. Kaiser, “Work of CIA with Youths at Festivals Is Defended,” Grant, “CIA Used NSA Staff for Spying,” and Richard Harwood, “Business Leaders Are Tied to CIA’s Covert Operations.”
90. Don Irwin and Vincent J. Burke, “21 Foundations, Union Got Money from CIA,” Los Angeles Times, February 26, 1967.
91. Richard Harwood, “O What a Tangled Web the CIA Wove,” Washington Post, February 26, 1967.
92. Meany’s denials were cited in Richard Harwood, “New CIA Financial Aide,” Washington Post, May 9, 1967.
93. Tom Braden, “I’m Glad the CIA is ‘Immoral,’” Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967, 10–14.
94. Neil Sheehan, “Foundations Linked to CIA are Found to Subsidize 4 Other Youth Organizations,” New York Times, February 16, 1967.
95. In 1967, two former NSA witting staff, Reed Martin and James Fowler, worked for Gallo.
96. Tim Wheeler, “National Student Assn Quits CIA-Tied Council,” The Worker, May 14, 1967.
97. IISH ISC, Box 1232, Supervision Commission minutes, April 21–24, 1967.
98. Ibid., Garvey cable, April 14, 1967.
99. Ibid., 1967 cables from George Foulkes (n.d.), Gwyn Morgan (April 17), and Jyoti Singh (April 14).
100. Ibid., 1967 cables from John M. Thompson (April 18) and Hans Dall (April 17).
101. Ibid., Supervision Commission minutes, April 21–24, 1967.
102. Ibid. The British leaders included Ronald J. J. Bell from the National Union of Students.
103. Ibid., August 14, 1967, transcript of interview with Harry Lunn, director of the Foundation for Youth and Student Affairs.
104. Meyer, Box 1 (Correspondence), March 20, 1967, Meyer to Tad Davis.
105. Ibid., May 5, 1967, Meyer to Lew Lapham in Saigon. The text of the Katzenbach Committee findings can be found in American Foreign Policy: Current Documents, 1967 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government, Department of State), 1214–16.
106. Robert Walters, “Ex-Student Aides Say White House Dodges CIA Issues,” Washington Evening Star, March 30, 1967.
107. LBJ, White House, Central Files, Gen FG 11-1, March 23, 1967, Groves letter to Cater.
108. Ibid.
109. Ansara Files: “Statement of Former NSA Officers and Staff on NSA-CIA Controversy and the Katzenbach Report, March 29, 1967. See also Walters, “Ex-Student Aides Say White House Dodges CIA Issues.”
110. Meyer, Box 1 (Correspondence), May 25, 1967, Sherman Kent, letter to Meyer, congratulating him on his award.
111. Eden Lipson, memo of 1967 conversation with Dennis Shaul, courtesy of Eden Lipson.
1. Jo Thomas, “C.I.A. Reported on Student Group After Cutting off Financial Help,” New York Times, November 30, 1977. The report on the 1967 NSA Congress commissioned by Helms was disclosed to the Times by Morton Halperin and John Marks, who obtained numerous documents through a Freedom of Information Request.
2. Fulbright, vol. 2, March 16, 1967, Eugene Groves testimony, 151–59.
3. LBJ, FG 11–2, Leonard Bebchick to Nicholas Katzenbach, March 9, 1967.
4. Herbert Denton, “CIA Tries to Oust Student Tenants from Rent-Free Headquarters,” Washington Post, June 14, 1967; Robert Walters, “Student Group Faces Cash, Rent Troubles,” Washington Evening Star, July 10, 1967.
5. H/NSA, Box 62 (20th NSA Congress), August 1967, President’s Report.
6. Robert Walters, “CIA Transfers Title of Building to Students,” Washington Evening Star, August 11, 1967.
7. FRUS, Department of State, Johnson Administration, 1964–68, vol. 10: National Security Policy, Document 186. Secret, Eyes Only (Peter Jessup) Minutes of the Meeting of the 303 Committee, August 7, 1967.
8. FOIA (CIA), #206, August 22, 2967, Helms authorized a settlement; #200–201, papers signed on August 30, 1967, by newly elected NSA president Edward Schwartz.
9. Interview with Robert Walters, Washington, D.C., October 24, 1998.
10. Helms’s directive reported in Thomas, “C.I.A. Reported on Student Group After Cutting off Financial Help.”
11. Richard Blumenthal, “NSA Votes to Organize Resistance to the Draft,” Washington Post, August 21, 1967.
12. Thomas, “C.I.A. Reported on Student Group After Cutting off Financial Help.”
13. A summary of Helms’s June 1970 report to Kissinger, “Restless Youth,” is available at DocStoc, www.docstoc.com. A previous version of “Restless Youth” was sent by Helms to Walt W. Rostow in September 1968, available at LBJ, National Security Files (Intelligence File).
14. Richard Helms, A Look over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence Agency (New York: Random House, 2003), 344.
15. Ibid.
16. Interview with Tony Smith, New York, November 7 and 9, 2007.
17. Interview with Robert Kiley, Cambridge, Mass., January 22, 2008.
18. Angus Mackenzie, Secrets: The CIA’s War at Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 23.
19. For information on Lawrence, see Alex Kingsbury, “David Lawrence: A Profile,” U.S. News and World Report, May 16, 2008, available at www.usnews.com.
20. David Lawrence, “The CIA-Students Controversy,” Washington Sunday Star, February 16, 1967.
21. Mackenzie, Secrets, 27. A recent book, written by a CIA officer who worked inside MH/CHAOS, defends the operation: Frank J. Rafalko, MH/CHAOS: The CIA’s Campaign Against the Radical New Left and the Black Panthers (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2011). Yet Rafalko confirms that the origins of the operations reside in the search for foreign influence, citing the August 15, 1967, meeting on page 15.
22. Mackenzie, Secrets, 24.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid., 27.
25. Interviews with Kiley and Tony Smith.
26. FOIA, Declassified files from 1967 to 1975 contain many documents on the NSA; the latest date in the Vaughn Index of withheld documents is 1981, about the time the lawsuit was filed. The Index, which comprises hundreds of pages of computer printouts, will be added to the USNSA collection at the Hoover Institution at the completion of this project.
27. Sam Brown headed Youth for McCarthy before he and David Hawk, another former NSA staff member, founded the Moratorium Against the Vietnam War. For an overview of the antiwar movement, including the Moratorium and the role of Tom Hayden and others in the New Mobilization Against the Vietnam War, see Tom Wells, The War Within: America’s Battle over Vietnam, Author’s Guild Backprint.com edition, iUniverse, Inc.
28. See “Restless Youth” at DocStoc, www.docstoc.com.
29. Interview with Kiley.
30. Interview with Richard Helms, February 2, 1988, at “Oral History: Reflections of DCI Colby and Helms on the CIA’s ‘Time of Troubles,’” CIA Center for the Study of Intelligence Web site, cia.gov./library/center-for-the-story-of intelligence.
31. Interview with F. A. O. Schwarz, Jr., New York City, May 26, 2004.
32. Casual conversation with former USSA presidents Janice Fine (1981–83) and Tom Swan (1985–87).
33. I am grateful to David Sobel for numerous FOIA documents. In 1982 or 1983, as the director of the Youth Project, a philanthropy headquartered in Washington, I awarded a small grant to Sobel to obtain additional FOIA documents. Between 1998 and 2013, we had several conversations about the FOIA lawsuit, in which he described his experiences in the USNSA archives at the Hoover Institution.
34. Wayne G. Jackson, Allen Welsh Dulles as Director of Central Intelligence, 26 February 1953–29 November 1961; History Staff, CIA, printed in 1973, released with redactions, 1994. Available at NARA, Records of the Central Intelligence Agency, RG 263.2.2.
35. Cord Meyer, Facing Reality: From World Federalism to the CIA (New York: Harper and Row, 1980), 106.
36. Interview with David Baad, Saddlebrooke, Az., January 13, 2009.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid. According to Baad, an exception was Musa Bin Hitam, who held the position of associate secretary for Asia at COSEC and became deputy prime minister of Malaysia.
39. Ibid.
40. Interview with Tony Smith, New York, November 7 and 9, 2007.
41. Interview with Robert Kiley, Cambridge, Mass., January 22, 2008.
42. Ibid.
43. My thanks to Clement M. Henry (formerly Clement Moore) for a copy of his article on UGEMA, “Combat et Solidarité: Témoignages de l’UGEMA (1955–1962).”
44. Interview with Crawford Young, Madison, Wisc., October 17, 2005.
45. Interview with Baad.
46. Ibid.
47. Interview with James Scott, Palo Alto, Calif., November 10, 1998.
48. Interview with Kiley.
49. Interview with Young.
50. Interview with Zybnĕk Vokrouhlický, Prague, September 5, 2008.
51. Paget Files: Clement M. Henry article on UGEMA.
52. Interview with Tony Smith.
53. Interview with Clive Gray, Greensboro Vt., September 1 and 2, 2005.
54. Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994), 230.
55. Philip R. Werdell, “Fun Birthday Surprise All for You,” Moderator, April 1967.
56. Interviews with Bruce Larkin, Santa Cruz, Calif., April 25, 1999, and Scott.
57. Eden Lipson, memo of 1967 conversation with Dennis Shaul, courtesy of Eden Lipson.
58. Interview with Gray.
59. Michael Warner, “Sophisticated Spies,” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 9, no. 4 (Winter 1996–97): 432.
60. Interview with Tony Smith.
61. Interview with John Gardner, Palo Alto, Calif., September 13, 2000.
62. Tom Braden, “I’m Glad the CIA is ‘Immoral,’” Saturday Evening Post (May 20, 1967), 10–14.
63. Interview with Bebchick.
64. Meyer, Facing Reality, 101.
65. Stansfield Turner, Secrecy and Democracy: The CIA in Transition (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985), 76–77.
66. Warner, “Sophisticated Spies.”
67. Conversation with Thomas Olson, New York, September 11, 2009.
68. Interview with Duncan Kennedy, Cambridge, Mass., September 7, 2005.
69. Edward Garvey made this remark at an NSA-USSA alumni discussion, Madison, Wisconsin, July 1997.
70. Interview with Ali Fatemi, Paris, October 16, 2006.
71. Robbins’s statement was made during an NSA-USSA alumni discussion, Madison, Wisconsin, July 1997.
72. See Chapter 17.
73. Interview with Baad.
74. Interview with Kiley.
75. Interview with Tony Smith.
76. Interview with Leonard Bebchick, Washington, D.C., April 27, 2000.
77. Interview with Baad.