NOTES

1 I use the literal definition of gangsterismo as “gangsterism”: the presence of gangsters or the characteristics of gangsters. But I also use gangsterismo as a historical term to describe the corrupt and turbulent politics in Cuba between strongman Fulgencio Batista’s rise to power in the “Sergeants’ Revolt” of 1933 to the triumph of the Cuban revolution in 1959. See Lengua Española: Diccionario General (Barcelona: VOX, 1997).

2 Documents cited below are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection: CIA Cable, “AMHAWK Solicited Funds Las Vegas Gamblers,” August 25, 1960, Box 15, Folder 18; Memorandum by E. W. Londregan, Jr., “Manuel Antonio de Varona: A Biographic Sketch,” October 27, 1960, Printed Microfilm, Box 16, Folder 7; Notes from Varona’s Security File, JFK Task Force, Box 19, Folder 25–31; Memorandum, “Background of Manuel Antonio de Varona” by RID/AN, March 22, 1962, Printed Microfilm, Box 17, Folder 7; Department of State, “Biographic Information: Manuel Antonio Varona,” June 1960, Printed Microfilm, Box 17, Folder 7. For Varona’s background, see Charles D. Ameringer, The Cuban Democratic Experience: The Auténtico Years, 1944–1952 (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000), 74, 116, 179, 181. For a photograph of Varona, see “Cuban Anti-Castro Chief by Day Selling Cars in Jersey at Night,” New York Times, August 22, 1964. For photographs and background of Meyer Lansky, see Robert Lacey, Little Man: Meyer Lansky and the Gangster Life (Boston: Little, Brown, 1991), 2, 8, 11, 67–68, 90, 197–98, 232, 494.

3 Memorandum from FBI Director to DCI, “Manuel Antonio Varona,” December 21, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Antonio Varona, Box 1. The following documents are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection: CIA Memorandum by Jerry G. Brown to Deputy Chief, Security Research Staff, “Moss, Edward K.,” May 14, 1973, JFK Task Force, Box 106, Folder 623652; CIA Cable from Mexico JMASH, “AMHAWK Solicited Funds Las Vegas Gamblers,” August 25, 1960, Box 15, Folder 7; CIA Index Card on Dino Cellini, Printed Microfilm, Box 33, Folder 17; CIA Memorandum from Contact Division, “Negotiations for Fund Raising and Public Relations in Behalf of MRR,” JFK Task Force, Box 44, Folder Edward K. Moss; J. S. Earman, “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro,” May 22, 1967, Box 4, Folder 23JFK1.

4 Documents cited below are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection: Memorandum from CI/Operational to Chief, WH/3/Cuba, “Operational Approval in Case of AMHAWK,” January 20, 1958 and August 28, 1959, Printed Microfilm, Box 16, Folder 7; Office of Security, “Varona Security File Notes,” March 7, 1978, JFK Task Force Box 19, Folders 25–31; Memorandum from Robert Cunningham to FBI, October 22, 1957, JFK Task Force, Box 116, Folder 1; Earman, “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro,” May 23, 1967, 29–30; HSCA Staff Notes, March 6, 1978 and March 10, 1978, Box 48, Folder 14; CIA Memorandum by G. Droller to C/WE/CPS, “Tony Varona,” July 7, 1961, Printed Microfilm, Box 17, Folder 8. Memorandum from Director, FBI to Attorney General, “Manuel Antonio Varona,” January 23, 1961 and FBI Report from SAC, Miami to Director, FBI, “Manuel Antonio de Varona Loredo,” July 24, 1964 are in JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Antonio Varona, Box 1.

5 Earman, “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro,” 14–20, 29, 31; FBI Report, “Anthony James Balletti, et al,” May 22, 1961, JFKAC, Pike Committee Records, Box 1; Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, Interim Report of the Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities [Church Committee] (New York: Norton, 1975), 71.

6 Rockefeller Commission Memorandum to File by David Belin, “Interview with William King Harvey,” April 10, 1975 and “Excerpt of Interview with William Harvey, 1976” are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 21, Folder Box 29 - Folder 43; Memorandum for the Record by Graves B. Erskine, January 10, 1961 and FBI Memorandum from A. H. Belmont to S. B. Donahoe, “Manuel Antonio Varona,” January 16, 1961 are in HSCA Subject: Antonio Varona, Box 1; Memorandum from Director, FBI to Attorney General, January 23, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Antonio Varona, Box 1.

7 Final Report of the Assassination Records Review Board (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1998), xxiii, 91–93, 103, 145–48, 160–64; Kathryn S. Olmstead, Challenging the Secret Government: The Post-Watergate Investigations of the CIA and FBI (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).

8 Louis A. Perez, Jr., The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 10–12, 98; Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring, La Guerra libertadora Cubana de los treinta años, 1868–1898 (Habana: Oficina de la Ciudad de la Habana, 1952), 378, 382–86; Louis A. Perez, Jr., Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 116.

9 Perez, War of 1898, 98; Louis A. Perez, Jr., Cuba in the American Imagination: Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 191, 195–96; Hugh Thomas, Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom (New York: Da Capo, 1998), 436, 459–61, 472; Speech by Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring, Historia de Cuba Republicana y sus antecedentes favorables y adversos a la independencia: XIII Congreso Nacional de Historia (72) (Habana: Cuadernos de Historia Habanera, 1960), 42; Thomas G. Paterson, “U.S. Intervention in the Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War,” Magazine of History, Spring 1998, 8–9; Perez, Ties of Singular Intimacy, 97, 113; Louis A. Perez, Jr., Cuba Between Empires, 1878–1902 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1983), 317–18, 322–27; Louis A. Perez, Jr., Cuba Under the Platt Amendment, 1902–1934 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1986), xvii, 57; Jules Benjamin, The United States and the Origins of the Cuban Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 63–64, 68.

10 Perez, Ties of Singular Intimacy, ix.

11 Philip Bonsal, Cuba, Castro, and the United States (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971), 255, 257; Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 34–35; Perez, Ties of Singular Intimacy, 138–39, 150–52; Perez, Cuba Under the Platt Amendment, 139–44; Perez, Between Reform and Revolution, 217; Louis A. Perez, Jr., On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 35–36, 136–38, 153–61, 406–11; Philip S. Foner, The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1972), xvi; Herminio Portell Vila, Historia de Cuba en sus relaciones con los Estados Unidos y España, Tomo IV (Habana: J. Montero, 1941), 7, 9; Herminio Portell Vila, Historia de Cuba en sus relaciones con los Estados Unidos y Espana, Tomo III (Habana: J. Montero, 1939), 9; Thomas, Cuba, 38, 46, 472–74; Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring, Marti, Antiimperialista (Habana: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, 1961), 117.

12 Franklin W. Knight, The Caribbean: The Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 238; Tom Gjelten, Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba (New York: Viking, 2008), 94–96; Perez, Cuba Under the Platt Amendment, 91–94, 103; Thomas, Cuba, 481, 489, 504, 525–26, 533.

13 Thomas, Cuba, 582–83, 625; Perez, Cuba Under the Platt Amendment, 261, 271–72, 277, 279, 283–84; Robert Whitney, State and Revolution in Cuba: Mass Mobilization and Political Change, 1920–1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 53, 56–57, 66–67; James D. Rudolph, editor, Cuba: A Country Study (Washington, D.C.: American University Foreign Area Studies, 1985), 27–31.

14 Robert Lacey, Little Man: Meyer Lansky and the Gangster Life (Boston: Little, Brown, 1991), 51–52, 75–77, 96–98; Hank Messick, Lansky (New York: Putnam, 1971), 67–69, 221; T. J. English, Havana Nocturne: How the Mob Owned Cuba and Then Lost It to the Revolution (New York: William Morrow, 2007), 19, 104; Dennis Eisenberg, Uri Dan, and Eli Landau, Meyer Lansky: Mogul of the Mob (New York: Paddington Press, 1979), 173; Norberto Fuentes, “La Mafia en Cuba,” Cuba Internacional, August 1979; Scott M. Deitche, Cigar City: A Complete History of the Tampa Underworld (Fort Lee, N.J.: Barricade, 2003), 10–13.

15 Lacey, Little Man, 2; Messick, Lansky, 195; Eisenberg, Dan, and Landau, Meyer Lansky, 174–75; English, Havana Nocturne, 15–16.

16 Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and Temptation in Cuba (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997), 92, 97–98, 100; Hugh Thomas, Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom (New York: Da Capo, 1998), 646.

17 Jorge I. Dominguez, “The Batista Regime in Cuba” in H. E. Chehabi and Juan J. Lunz, eds., Sultanistic Regimes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 114; Jaime Suchlicki, Historical Dictionary of Cuba (Metuchen, N. J.: Scarecrow Press, 1988), 23–24; John Dorschener and Roberto Fabricio, The Winds of December (New York: Coward, McCann & Geohagen, 1980), 63; Lacey, Little Man, 16, 21, 23, 248–49, 395; Frank Ragano and Selwyn Raab, Mob Lawyer (New York: Scribner’s, 1994), 29, 43. Selwyn Raab, Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America’s Most Powerful Mafia Empires (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2005), 8, 87, 322.

18 Whitney, State and Revolution in Cuba, 58, 60; Jules R. Benjamin, The United States and the Origins of the Cuban Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 80–82; Perez, Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution, 252–53; Wayne Smith, Portrait of Cuba (Atlanta: Turner Publishing, 1991), 57; Memorandum from Mr. Wieland to Mr. Rubottom, “Brief Paper on Communism: Keeping Cuban Communism in Perspective,” May 21, 1959, Department of State Records, RG 59, Lot Files, Box 5, Folder - Communism.

19 Luis E. Aguilar, Cuba 1933: Prologue to Revolution (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1972), 54, 59, 64, 98–99; “Machado Honored by Bankers Here,” New York Times, April 29, 1927.

20 Jules R. Benjamin, The United States and Cuba: Hegemony and Dependence, 1880–1934 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977), 148; Whitney, State and Revolution in Cuba, 55–56, 81–82; Perez, Between Reform and Revolution, 258; Ameringer, Cuban Democratic Experience, 2; Aguilar, Cuba 1933, 60, 100; Thomas, Cuba, 568, 596–98, 607, 628.

21 R. Hart Phillips, “The Fall of Machado,” in Aviva Chomsky, Barry Carr, and Pamela Smorkaloff, editors, The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003), 274–80; Perez, Between Reform and Revolution, 266–67; Smith, Portrait of Cuba, 58; Thomas, Cuba, 625.

22 Whitney, State and Revolution in Cuba, 101–02, 106–07, 120, 122; Louis A. Perez, Jr., Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 193–201; Perez, Between Reform and Revolution, 277; Thomas, Cuba, 582.

23 Telegram from Ambassador Welles to the Secretary of State, October 4, 1933, FRUS, 1933, Vol. V, The American Republics (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1952), 469–72; Welles testimony, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Communist Threat to the United States Through the Caribbean, Part 9, 86^th Congress, 1^st Session (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1959), 700; Perez, Ties of Singular Intimacy, 195–96; Philip Bonsal, Cuba, Castro, and the United States (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971), 262–64; Benjamin, United States and Cuba, 151, 161–62, 167–68; Benjamin, Origins of the Cuban Revolution, 88; R. Hart Phillips, Cuba: Isle of Paradox (New York: McDowell, Obolensky, 1959), 77; Thomas, Cuba, 638, 737.

24 Smith, Portrait of Cuba, 58, 60; Irwin F. Gelman, Roosevelt and Batista: Good Neighbor Diplomacy in Cuba, 1933–1945 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1973), 5; Whitney, State and Revolution in Cuba, 11, 118–19, 122, 124–32, 149; Benjamin, Origins of the Cuban Revolution, 87–88, 90; Perez, Between Reform and Revolution, 268–70; Bonsal, Cuba, Castro, and the United States, 262–63, 265; Benjamin, United States and Cuba, 149–50, 184, 187; Thomas, Cuba, 696.

25 Perez, Between Reform and Revolution, 268–70; Perez, Ties of Singular Intimacy, 194–96; Bonsal, Cuba, Castro, and the United States, 240, 265; Norman LaCharite, Case Studies in Insurgency and Revolutionary Warfare: Cuba 1953–1959 (Washington, D.C.: Special Operations Research Office, American University, 1963), 4; Benjamin, United States and Cuba, 183.

26 Smith, Portrait of Cuba, 58, 60, 63; Benjamin, Origins of the Cuban Revolution, 96, 119–20; Perez, Between Reform and Revolution, 278, 281–84; Thomas, Cuba, 733; Ameringer, Cuban Democratic Experience, 14, 16, 32; Tad Szulc, Fidel Castro: A Critical Portrait (New York: Morrow, 1986), 132; R. Hart Philips, Cuba: Island of Paradox (New York: McDowell, Obolensky, 1984), 190; CIA Report, “Cuban Intelligence and Security Forces Before 1959,” March 1963, JFKAC, Counterintelligence Source Files (Army), Box 30, Folder - Cuban Intelligence Service, 1/4; Memorandum from Mr. Wieland to Mr. Rubottom, “Brief Paper on Communism: Keeping Cuban Communism in Perspective,” May 21, 1959, Department of State Records, RG 59, Lot Files, Box 5, Folder Communism; Eisenberg, Dan, and Landau, Meyer Lansky, 227–28; Messick, Lansky, 123, 139; Perez, Ties of Singular Intimacy, 224–25.

27 Ameringer, Cuban Democratic Experience, 15, 18, 24, 36, 39, 69; Thomas, Cuba, 750; Leycester Coltman, The Real Fidel Castro (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), 25; Bonsal, Cuba, Castro, and the United States, 280.

28 This account of the scuffle between Chibás and Prío is taken from Luis Conte Aguero, Eduardo Chibás: El adalid de Cuba (Mexico City: Editorial Jus, 1955), 491–92 and Memorandum by U.S. Bureau of Narcotics agent J. Ray Olivera, March 5, 1953, Bureau of Narcotics, Box 154. See also “Luciano Leaves Cuba,” “Cuban Senators in Duel,” “Cuban Labor Minister Hurt in Duel,” New York Times, March 21, 1947, March 28, 1947, and July 14, 1947. For a different account of the incident see Ameringer, Cuban Democratic Experience, 40, 42.

29 Memorandum from J. Ray Olivera, March 5, 1953, Records of the Bureau of Narcotics, RG 170, Box 154; FBI Memorandum from SAC, Miami to Director, FBI, “Jose Braulio Alemán y Gutierrez,” January 12, 1965, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Jose Alemán, Box 1; English, Havana Nocturne, 44–45; Schwartz, Pleasure Island, 114.

30 Alfred McCoy, Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade (Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 1991), 29–33, 38; Rodney Campbell, The Luciano Project: The Secret Wartime Collaboration of the Mafia and the U.S. Navy (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977), 1–2, 9–19, 281–82; Lacey, Little Man, 115–17, 143–57; English, Havana Nocturne, 24–26.

31 Martin A. Grosch and Richard Hammer, The Last Testament of Lucky Luciano (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), 304–05, 323–24; Ameringer, Cuban Democratic Experience, 39; Lacey, Little Man, 40–42, 78; Enrique Cirules, La vida secreta de Meyer Lansky en la Habana: La mafia en Cuba (Havana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 2004), 208–09; Eduardo Saenz Rovner, La conexión Cubana: Narcotráfico, contrábando y juego en Cuba entre los años 20 y comienzos de la Revolución (Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2005), 103; English, Havana Nocturne, 7–8.

32 There is a controversy over the date of Sinatra’s performance at the Hotel Nacional. Luciano recalled that Sinatra sang in December 1946. Some crime writers believe the performance was in February 1947. The records of congressional investigators and the FBI contain photographs of Sinatra with Luciano in February 1947. But there is a photograph of Sinatra in the company of gangsters Joe and Rocco Fischetti in Sloppy Joe’s bar in Havana in December 1946. The Fischetti brothers introduced Sinatra to Havana. For the photograph at Sloppy Joe’s, see Peter Moruzzi, Havana Before Castro: When Cuba was a Tropical Playground (Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith, 2008), 84–85. See also English, Havana Nocturne, 39–40; Anthony Summers and Robbyn Swan, Sinatra: The Life (New York: Knopf, 2005), 130–34, 443; Kitty Kelley, His Way: The Unauthorized Biography of Frank Sinatra (New York: Bantam, 1986), 121–24, 159–60, 366, 473; Grosch and Hammer, Last Testament, 284, 306–07, 312; Frederic Sondern, Jr., Brotherhood of Evil: The Mafia (New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1959), 167–69; Estes Kefauver, Crime in America (Garden City, N.J.: Doubleday, 1951), passim; FBI FOIA Releases of Frank Sinatra: Sinatra 2b.pdf, 13–15 and Sinatra4a.pdf, 22, 38 and Sinatra4b.pdf, 92 and Sinatra5.pdf, 126 and Sinatra09.pdf, 68, 70; Frank Ragano and Selwyn Raab, Mob Lawyer (New York: Scribner’s, 1994), 188.

33 Grosch and Hammer, Last Testament, 312; Kelley, His Way, 122–23.

34 Messick, Lansky, 135–36; Grosch and Hammer, Last Testament, 311, 313; Eisenberg, Dan, and Landau, Meyer Lansky, 232–33; Charles Siragusa, The Trail of the Poppy: Behind the Mask of the Mafia (Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice Hall, 1966), 193; Tony Sciacca, Luciano: The Man Who Modernized the American Mafia (New York: Pinnacle Books, 1975), 197; Enrique Cirules, The Mafia in Havana: A Caribbean Mob Story (Melbourne, Australia: Ocean Press, 2004), 38; English, Havana Nocturne, 335–36.

35 Grosch and Hammer, Last Testament, 315–19; Lacey, Little Man 186–96; English, Havana Nocturne, 33–34, 36–38; Gus Russo, The Outfit: The Role of Chicago’s Underworld in the Shaping of Modern America (New York: Bloomsbury, 2001), 293–98.

36 Harry J. Anslinger, The Murderers: The Story of the Narcotics Gangs (New York: Farrar, Straus and Cudahy, 1961), 106; Sondern, Brotherhood of Evil, 115–16; Lacey, Little Man, 216, 218. Raab, Five Families, 89–91.

37 McCoy, Politics of Heroin, 38, 40; Eisenberg, Dan, and Landeau, Meyer Lansky, 234; Memorandum from Commissioner of Narcotics Henry Giordano to David Acheson, March 7, 1966, Bureau of Dangerous Drugs, Subject Files, Box 154, Folder Cuba, 1963–67; Rachael Ehrenfeld, Evil Money (New York: HarperBusiness, 1992), xix, 5.

38 “A Tangled Web: CIA Complicity in International Drug Trafficking,” May 7, 1998, Congressional Record (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1998), 8404–05; Cirules, La vida secreta de Meyer Lansky, 140; FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “Mafia - Havana Division,” October 11, 1955, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 3; FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “American Gambling Activities in Cuba,” December 29, 1958, HSCA Subject: Martin Fox, Box 1; English, Havana Nocturne, 101–02.

39 Eisenberg, Dan, and Landau, Meyer Lansky, 234; Grosch and Hammer, Last Testament, 323–24; Siragusa, Trail of the Poppy, 192–93; Sciacca, Luciano, 192, 197; Cirules, Mafia in Havana, 50–51; Tom Kuntz and Phil Kuntz, editors, The Sinatra Files: The Secret FBI Dossier (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2000), 93, 95, 99, 244.

40 Anslinger, Murderers, 106.

41 Grosch and Hammer, Last Testament, 324; Memorandum of Conversation between Secretary of State George C. Marshall and Ambassador Guillermo Belt, “Luciano - Narcotics Case,” February 26, 1947, National Archives, Microfilm, LM 118, Roll 7.

42 Messick, Lansky, 137; Grosch and Hammer, Last Testament, 327; Cirules, Mafia in Havana, 33, 53; Ragano, Mob Lawyer, 47; Report by Claude A. Follmer, “Special Cuban Assignment,” 70, Records of the Bureau of Narcotics, RG 170, Box 154; English, Havana Nocturne, 106–07; Saenz Rovner, La conexión Cubana, 103; Joseph L. Scarpaci, Roberto Segre, and Mario Coyula, Havana: Two Faces of the Antillean Metropolis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 98.

43 Eisenberg, Dan, and Landau, Meyer Lansky, 234; Grosch and Hammer, Last Testament, 323–24; Siragusa, Trail of the Poppy, 192–93; Sciacca, Luciano, 192, 197; Cirules, Mafia in Havana, 41.

44 Coltman, Real Fidel Castro, 17–18, 26; Ameringer, Cuban Democratic Experience, 22, 87, 187; Jaime Suchlicki, University Students and Revolution in Cuba, 1920–1968 (Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1969), 48–49; “Continued Killings Stir Cuban Anger,” New York Times, September 2, 1946; Suchlicki, Historical Dictionary of Cuba, 232; Thomas, Cuba, 738–39, 741–44.

45 Suchlicki, University Students, 49; Ameringer, Cuban Democratic Experience, 22, 32, 35, 53–54, 69; “Cuban Police Seize Large Arms Cache,” New York Times, September 22, 1947.

46 Ameringer, Cuban Democratic Experience, 42–43, 72–73, 79; Thomas, Cuba, 739; Louis A. Perez, Jr., On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 436–37.

47 Ameringer, Cuban Democratic Experience, 45–49, 187; Bonsal, Cuba, Castro, and the United States, 165, 283; Suchlicki, University Students, 49; Memorandum from Mr. Wieland to Mr. Rubottom, “Brief Paper on Communism: Keeping Cuban Communism in Perspective,” May 21, 1959, Department of State, Lot Files, Box 5, Folder Communism; Samuel Farber, “The Political Gangster” in Chomsky, Carr, and Somorkaloff, Cuba Reader, 287–89.

48 “Assassins Kill Cuban Official,” New York Times, September 13, 1947; Ameringer, Cuban Democratic Experience, 37; Perez, On Becoming Cuban, 297.

49 “Cuban Police Wage Factional Battle,” New York Times, September 16, 1947; Ameringer, Cuban Democratic Experience, 22, 30, 53.

50 “Cuban Gunmen Steal All Papers Relating to Charge of $174,000,000 Grau Scandal,” New York Times, July 5, 1950; “Cuban Ex-President Charged,” New York Times, February 22, 1949.

51 “New Unit Alarms Cubans,” New York Times, May 13, 1949; Ameringer, Cuban Democratic Experience, 65, 84, 87–88.

52 CIA Dispatch from Chief of Station, JMWAVE to Deputy Chief, WH/SA, “Debriefing of Sal Morgan,” July 16, 1964, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 76, Folder Traces on Santo Trafficante; Suchlicki, University Students, 49; Tad Szulc, Fidel: A Critical Portrait (New York: Morrow, 1986), 189.

53 Suchlicki, Historical Dictionary of Cuba, 232; Thomas, Cuba, 759; Ameringer, Cuban Democratic Experience, 2, 9, 61.

54 FBI Report from George E. Davis, Jr., “Carlos Prío Socarrás,” May 17, 1957, JFKAC, Counterintelligence Source Files (Army), Box 6, Folder Carlos Prío Socarrás.

55 Thomas Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 26.

56 CIA Biography of Carlos Prío Socarras, December 1957, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 61, Folder S; FBI Report by George E. Davis, “Carlos Prío Socarras,” July 1, 1952, JFKAC, Counterintelligence Sources Files (Army), Box 6, Folder Carlos Prío Socarras; FBI Memorandum by Legat, Havana, “Sans Souci Nightclub,” December 31, 1952 and FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “American Gambling Activities in Cuba,” February 3, 1953 are in JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 4.

57 FBI Report by Joseph L. Tangel, “Activities of Top Hoodlums,” September 14, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Sebastian John LaRocca, Box 4; William F. Roemer, Jr., War of the Godfathers: The Bloody Battle Between the Chicago and New York Families for Control of Las Vegas (New York: Donald I. Fine, 1990), 41–42; Frank Ragano and Selwyn Raab, Mob Lawyer (New York: Scribner’s, 1994), 29; FBI Report by Don W. Walters, “La Causa [sic] Nostra, Miami Division,” June 3, 1963, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: La Cosa Nostra, Box 2; Charles Rappleye and Ed Becker, All-American Mafioso: The Johnny Rosselli Story (New York: Doubleday, 1991), 173; Lacey, Little Man, 34–35, 37–38, 104–05.

58 Thomas, Cuba, 1123; Juliet Barclay, Havana: Portrait of a City (London: Cassell, 1993), 151–53; Ned Sublett, Cuba and Its Music: From the First Drums to the Mambo (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2004), p 85.

59 Robin Moore, Nationalizing Blackness: Afrocubanismo and Artistic Revolution in Havana, 1920–1940 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997), 17, 64, 80, 64, 275, 279, 284–85; Judith Bettelheim, “Carnaval and Festivals in Cuba,” in John W. Nunley and Judith Bettelheim, editors, Caribbean Festival Arts: Each and Every Bit of Difference (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988), 138–40, 142, 144–45; Odilio Urfe, “Music and Dance in Cuba,” in Manuel Moreno Fraginals, Africa in Latin America: Essays on History, Culture and Socialization (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1984), 174–76; Sublette, Cuba and Its Music, 321

60 Moore, Nationalizing Blackness, 15–16; Sublette, Cuban and Its Music, 160; Philip Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969), 15, 40, 44, 46, 75, 92; Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 804; Laird Bergad, FE Iglesias Garcia, and Maria del Carmen Barcia, The Cuban Slave Market, 1790–1880 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995, 38; Thomas, Cuba, 169.

61 At the same time Rodriguez’s conjunto was perfecting its mambo, Orestes and Isarael “Cachao” Lopez of Antonio Arcana y sus Maravillas were also playing in the mambo style. Cuban music scholar David Garcia writes, “Arsenio’s and Arcano’s styles emerged concurrently.” David F. Garcia, Arsenio Rodriguez and the Transnational Flows of Latin Popular Music (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006), 47. For a sampling of the mambo pioneers, listen to Arsenio Rodriguez y sus Conjunto, Dundunbanza, 1946–1951 (Tumbao) and Arsenio Rodriguez y sus Conjunto, Vol. 2 (Ansonioa) and Antonio Arcano y sus Maravillas, Danzon Mambo, 1944–1951 (Tumbao). For a sampling of sacred Yoruba music in Cuba, listen to a CD produced by Ned Sublette, Los Muniquitos de Matanzas, Ito Ibani Echu (Qbadisc).

62 Leonardo Acosta, Cubano Be, Cubano Bop: One Hundred Years of Jazz in Cuba (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Books, 2003), 74, 86–89; Isabelle Leymarie, Cuban Fire: The Story of Salsa and Latin Jazz (New York: Contiuum, 2002), 17, 112–14, 121–25,162; Moore, Nationalizing Blackness, 94, 109–10, 223–24; Sublette, Cuba and Its Music, 54, 189, 442–43, 478–82, 507–08, 585; “The Mambo,” Time, April 9, 1951; Barbara Squier Adler, “The Mambo and the Mood,” New York Times Magazine, September 16, 1951.

63 Ameringer, Cuban Democratic Experience, 44, 65, 152, 154–55, 164–65; Thomas, Cuba, 769–70; Sublette, Cuba and Its Music, 579.

64 “Cuba: Revolution at Dawn,” Time, March 17, 1952, 36; R. Hart Phillips, Cuba: Isle of Paradox (New York: McDowell, Obolensky, 1984), 259–60; Tad Sculz, Fidel: A Critical Portrait (New York: Morrow, 1986), 209, 215; Robert E. Quirk, Fidel Castro (New York: Norton, 1993), 37–38; Wayne S. Smith, Portrait of Cuba (Atlanta: Turner Publishing, Inc., 1991), 66; Leycester Coltman, The Real Fidel Castro (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), 57–58.

65 Thomas, Cuba, 780; Memorandum by FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover to Director of Security, Department of State, “Carlos Prío Socarras,” March 26, 1954, JFKAC, Counterintelligence Source Files (Army), Box 7, Folder Carlos Prío.

66 Smith, Portrait of Cuba, 66; Thomas, Cuba, 737, 792; Louis A. Perez, Jr., Essays on Cuban Historiography and Research (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1995), 82–83.

67 “Editorial Note,” March 10, 1952, Memorandum of Conversation by Ambassador Willard Beaulac, March 22, 1952, and Memorandum by Secretary of State Acheson to President Truman,” March 24, 1952 are in FRUS, 1952–1954, Vol. IV, American Republics (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1983), 867–72; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 40; Smith, Portrait of Cuba, 88.

68 Stephen G. Rabe, Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anti-Communism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 26; Thomas Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 58–59, 63.

69 Cabinet Meeting Notes, March 11, 1955, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, White House Office, Cabinet Series, Box 3, Folder C-22 (2); Rabe, Eisenhower and Latin America, 193.

70 “Notes from Oral Briefing at Room P-53 on January 31, 1955,” Richard Nixon Pre-Presidential Papers, National Archives, Laguna Nigel, California, Central America Trip, 1955, Box 1, Folder Cuba (2 of 3).

71 Letters from Nixon to Col. Antonio Blanco, February 10, 1955, General Eulogio Cantillo, February 10, 1955, General Francisco Tabernilla, February 10, 1955, and General Rafael Salas, February 10, 1955 are in Nixon Pre-Presidential Papers, Nixon Library in Yorba Linda, Central America Trip, 1955, Box 1, Folder Cuba (2 of 3).

72 Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), 412; Foreign Service Dispatch from AmEmbassy, Habana to the Department of State, “Decree Creating BRAC Appears in Official Gazette,” May 18, 1955, 737.001/5 and Department of State Instruction, “BRAC Activity,” May 13, 1955, 737.001; Paterson, Contesting Castro, 30–31, 72, 103, 127.

73 Report by U.S. Embassy, Habana, “Investments in Cuba,” May 26, 1948, 811.503/37/5-2648; Schwartz, Pleasure Island, 111–12; Ameringer, Cuban Democratic Experience, 134; Jay Mallin, “Havana,” Cabaret Quarterly, Special Report, Vol. 5, 1956, Document 0195, Cuban Information Archives, www.cuban-exile.com.

74 Schwartz, Pleasure Island, 111, 143–44, 148; Lacey, Little Man, 281–84.

75 Lester Velie, “Suckers in Paradise,” Saturday Evening Post, March 1953; “Cuba: A Game of Casino,” Time, January 20, 1958, 32; English, Havana Nocturne, 98–99; Lacey, Little Man, 285.

76 FBI Investigative Intelligence File, Broward County, Florida, June 1, 1955 to December 1, 1955, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 3.

77 Ernest Havemann, “Mobsters Move in on Troubled Havana and Split Rich Gambling Profits with Batista,” Life, March 10, 1958, 35; Philip Chapman, “Gambling Moves to Cuba,” American Weekly, November 9, 1952; Hank Messick, Lansky (New York: Putnam, 1971), 139, 162; Nicholas Gage, The Mafia Is Not an Equal Opportunity Employer (New York: McGraw Hill, 1971), 63–64; Lacey, Little Man, 173–81, 228–33.

78 Messick, Lansky, 194; Eisenberg, Dan, and Landeau, Meyer Lansky, 225–26, 254, 262; Lacey, Little Man, 189–91; Denton and Morris, Money and Power, 1947–2000 (New York: Knopf, 2001), 28, 128–29, 181, 204; Rosa Lowinger and Ofelia Fox, Tropicana Nights: The Life and Times of the Legendary Cuban Nightclub (New York: Harcourt, 2005), 281.

79 Messick, Lansky, 194–95; Lacey, Little Man, 290–91; Schwartz, Pleasure Island, 145, 152; Life, March 10, 1958, 35–36.

80 Phillips, Island of Paradox, 283; Schwartz, Pleasure Island, 153–59; Lacey, Little Man, 287; Messick, Lansky, 196; Paterson, Contesting Castro. 54.

81 “Cuba is Betting on Her New Gambling Casinos,” New York Times, November 6, 1955.

82 FBI Memorandum from Legal Attaché to Director, FBI, “The Mafia — Havana,” October 11, 1955 and FBI Investigative File, Broward County, Florida, June 1, 1955 to December 1, 1955 are in JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 3; Lacey, Little Man, 287–88, 291–92; Schwartz, Pleasure Island, 153; Denton and Morris, Money and the Power, 28, 46, 64; English, Havana Nocturne, 127.

83 Messick, Lansky, 196; Lacey, Little Man, 291, 295–96, 309; Schwartz, Pleasure Island, 156, 158; “U.S. Underworld and Batista Get ‘Married:’ Strange Bedfellows Off on a Gambling Honeymoon,” Miami Herald, January 8, 1958.

84 Jay S. Mallin, Sr., “Havana Night Life,” unpublished article, Cuban Information Archives, www.cuban-exile.com; Denton and Morris, Money and Power, 203; Thomas, Cuba, 792; Schwartz, Pleasure Island, 42, 64, 68, 152–59; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Robert Kennedy and His Time (Boston: Houhgton Mifflin, 1978), 482.

85 Schwartz, Pleasure Island, 158, 161, 168; celebrity photographs in the lobbies of the Riviera and Sevilla-Biltmore hotels; Leonardo Acosta, Cubano Be, Cubano Bop: One Hundred Years of Jazz in Cuba (Washington: Smithsonian Books, 2003), 123, 136, 148, 150–51, 156; Paterson, Contesting Castro, 53; Christopher Baker, Cuba (Emeryville, CA: Avalon, 1999), 280, 285, 290.

86 Sublette, Cuba and Music, 574; Lowinger and Fox, Tropicana Nights, 15–16, 116–23, 146, 162–65, 169, 172, 385–91; Acosta, Cubano Be, Cubano Bop, 67, 122–28; Moore, Nationalizing Blackness, 4; Rachael Corley, Cuba: 400 Years of Architectural Heritage (New York, Whitney Library of Design, 1997), 169; Joseph L. Scarpaci, Roberto Segre, and Mario Coyula, Havana: Two Faces of the Antillean Metropolis (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 78. For a sample of the Tropicana descargas, listen to Cachao y su Ritmo Caliente, Descargas (Vampi/Soul)

87 Michael Beschloss, The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev, 1960–1963 (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 99.

88 Isabelle Leymarie, Cuban Fire: The Story of Salsa and Latin Jazz (New York: Continuum, 2002), 119–20; Sublette, Cuba and Its Music, 586; Acosta, Cubano Be, Cubano Bop, 137.

89 John Radanovich, Wildman of Rhythm: The Life and Music of Benny More (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2009), 4–8, 10, 17, 51–52, 57; Leymarie, Cuban Fire, 142–44; Sublette, Cuba and Its Music, 189. To sample Beny Moré, listen to Beny Moré y Su Banda Gigante: Grabaciones Completas, 1953–1960 (Tumbao). To sample the cha cha cha, listen to Enrique Jorrin’s Orquesta America with Felix Reina and Richard Egues, Cha Cha Cha, Vol. 1 (Tumi).

90 Leymarie, Cuban Fire, 109.

91 Ragano, Mob Lawyer, 41; FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” May 14, 1958, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Sammy Paxton, Box 1; HSCA Memorandum, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.: Gambling Interests, Havana,” no date, JFKAC, HSCA Numbered Files, Box 21, Folder 000834.

92 FBI Report by Stephen J. Labodie, “Santo Trafficante,” January 15, 1959, Part 1 of 8, FBI Reading Room, Washington, D.C.

93 FBI Reort by Wendell W. Hall, Jr., “Santo Trafficante, Jr.” November 27, 1967, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Santo Trafficante, Box 10; FBI Report, from Stephen Labodie, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” June 30, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Santo Trafficante, Box 3; Lowinger and Fox, Tropicana Nights, 6–9, 40–45, 88, 107, 169, 262–63, 280; Thomas, Cuba, 911, 1238.

94 CIA Memorandum for the Record, “Norman Rothman,” July 10, 1964, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Printed Microfilm, Box 11, Folder S; FBI Report from John S. Portella, “Norman Rothman - Interstate Transportation of Gambling Devices,” October 11, 1956, JFKAC, Numbered Files, Box 244, Folder 013992; FBI Memorandum, “Norman Rothman - Summary,” June 17, 1974, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 1; FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “The Mafia - Havana,” October 11, 1955, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 3; FBI Report by George Davis, Jr., “Roberto Fernandez Miranda,” April 15, 1960, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 4; CIA Memorandum for the record by Catherine LeMaistre, “Norman Rothman,” July 10, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Printed Microfilm, Box 43, Folder Rothman; CIA Report, “Cuban Intelligence and Sercurity Services Before 1959,” March 1963, JFKAC, Counterintelligence Files (Army), Box 30, Folder Cuban Intelligence Service ¼; Lowinger and Fox, Tropicana Nights, 6–8, 253–54, 263.

95 FBI Report by Stephen J. Labadie, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” September 22, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Santo Trafficante, Box 3; Ragano, Mob Lawyer, 40, 165; Lacey, Little Man, 286, 292; Scott M. Deitche, Cigar City Mafia: A Complete History of the Tampa Underworld (Fort Lee, N.J.: Barricade, 2005), 89–90, 97–99; Selwyn Raab, Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America’s Most Powerful Mafia Empires (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2005), 8, 87, 322.

96 FBI Memorandum from SAC, Miami, to Director, FBI, “American Gambling Activities in Cuba,” November 17, 1955, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 4; FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana, to Director, FBI, “American Gambling Activities in Cuba,” January 18, 1955, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 4; Ed Reid, Grim Reapers: The Anatomy of Organized Crime in America (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1969), 92; FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” April 29, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Santo Trafficante, Box 3; FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “The Mafia — Havana Division,” October 11, 1955, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 3; FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” May 14, 1958, HSCA Subject: Sammy Paxton, Box 1; FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana, to Director, FBI, “Santo Trafficante,” December 10, 1958, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Salvatore Granello, Box 2; English, Havana Nocturne, 109, 151.

97 FBI Memorandum by Legat, “Sans Souci Night Club,” December 31, 1952 and FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana, to Director, FBI, “American Gambling Activities in Cuba,” February 3, 1953, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 4; Army Intelligence Index Card, Norman Rothman, September 3, 1954, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 11, Folder S; Ameringer, Cuban Democratic Experience, 22, 66, 97; FBI Memorandum, “Norman Rothman - Summary,” June 17, 1974, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 1; FBI Memorandum from Norman T. Thompson to Director, FBI, “Gabriel Mannarino, Box 1; FBI Report by Stephen Labodie, “La Cosa Nostra,” December 9, 1963, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: La Cosa Nostra, Box 4.

98 FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “Mafia — Havana Division,” October 11, 1955, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 3; FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “American Gambling Activities in Cuba,” December 29, 1958, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Martin Fox, Box 1; FBI Report from Arthur V. Hart, “Meeting of Hoodlums, Apalachin, N. Y., Nov. 4, 1957,” July 8, 1958, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Sebastian John La Rocca, Box 4; FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana, to Director, FBI, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” January 23, 1959, Santo Trafficante, Part 1 of 18, FBI Reading Room; FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” December 10, 1958, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Salvatore Granello, Box 2; W. Adolphe Roberts, Havana: Portrait of a City (New York: Coward-McCann, 1953, 196; FBI Airtel from SAC, Miami to Director, FBI, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” November 7, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Santo Trafficante, Box 4; FBI Report from Wendell W. Hall, Jr., “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” April 28, 1967, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Santo Trafficante, Box 9; Jon Lee Anderson, Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life (New York: Grove Press, 1997), 322, 324; photograph of Al Capone in the lobby of the Sevilla-Biltmore Hotel; Enrique Cirules, La Vida Secreta de Meyer Lansky en La Habana: La mafia en Cuba (Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 2004), 140; English, Havana Nocturne, 101–02, 109, 129–30.

99 FBI Memorandum, “Charles Tourine,” October 30, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Charles Tourine, Box 1; FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” December 10, 1958, JFKAC, HSCA, Subject: Salvatore Granello, Box 2; Paterson, Contesting Castro, 55–56; Messick, Lansky, 196; Charles Rappleye and Ed Becker, All-American Mafioso: The Johnny Rosselli Story (New York: Doubleday, 1991), 63; English, Havana Nocturne, 188; Schwartz, Pleasure Island, 154–55, 159.

100 FBI Report by Arthur V. Hart, “Meeting of Hoodlums, Apalachin, N.Y., November 14, 1957,” July 8, 1958, HSCA Subject: Sebastian John LaRocca, Box 4; FBI Report by Stephen Labodie, “Santo Trafficante,” September 22, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Santo Trafficante, Box 3; Paterson, Contesting Castro, 55, 57; Schwartz, Pleasure Island, 181–82; Lacey, Little Man, 306–07.

101 HSCA, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” no date, and HSCA, “Santo Trafficante,” March 17, 1977 and Memorandum from Joseph D. Milenky, “Joseph Smith,” April 7, 1959 and HSCA, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.: Gambling Interests,” no date, are in JFKAC, HSCA, Numbered Files, Box 21, Folder 000834; Lacey, Little Man, 299–301, 306–08; Schwartz, Pleasure Island, 181–83; Ragano, Mob Lawyer, 28–35; Scott Deitche, The Silent Don: The Criminal Underworld of Santo Trafficante, Jr. (Fort Lee, N.J.: Barricade, 2007), 77–83; English, Havana Nocturne, 189–90, 197–98, 224–34.

102 CIA Report, “Cuban Intelligence and Security Services Before 1959,” March 1963, JFKAC, Counterintelligence Source Files (Army), Box 30, Folder Cuban Intelligence Service.

103 FBI Report from J. Robert Pearce, “Angelo Bruno,” January 16, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Angelo Bruno, Box 1; Messick, Lansky, 23; Denton and Morris, Money and Power, 23.

104 FBI Airtel from SAC, Los Angeles to Director, FBI, “John Rosselli,” February 27, 1962, FBI Reading Room, FBI Headquarters - John Rosselli and FBI Memorandum from SAC, Miami to Director, FBI, “David Yaras,” September 30, 1953 and FBI Correlation Summary, February 12, 1973 are in JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Dave Yaras, Box 1; Rappleye and Becker, All-American Mafioso, 145; Gus Russo, The Outfit: The Role of Chicago’s Underworld in the Shaping of Modern America (New York: Bloomsbury, 2001), 281, 283; Peter Dale Scott, Deep Politics and the Death of JFK (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 200; G. Robert Blakey and Richard N. Billings, The Plot to Kill the President (New York: New York Times, 1981), 230; Antoinette Giancana and Thomas Remmer, Mafia Princess: Growing Up in Sam Giancana’s Family (New York: Avon Books, 1984), 242; Denton and Morris, Money and Power, 206.

105 Lacey, Little Man, 144, 297, 292; Rappleye and Becker, All-American Mafioso, 138–39, 145–46; English, Havana Nocturne, 32, 270.

106 Giancana, Mafia Princess, 8.

107 FBI Airtel from SAC, Los Angeles to Director, FBI, “John Rosselli,” February 27, 1962, John Rosselli Files, FBI Reading Room, FBI Headquarters; FBI Memorandum from A. Rosen to Mr. Parsons, “Gus Alexander, Murray Humphreys, Sam Giancana, Chicago, Illinois,” February 6, 1961, JFKAC, FBI, HQ Main File, Box 2.

108 Robert Maheu, Next to Hughes: Behind the Power and Tragic Downfall of Howard Hughes by His Closest Adviser (New York: Harper Collins, 1992), 159; FBI Correlation Summary, “Samuel Giancana,” March 27, 1964, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Sam Giancana, Box 2; Pleading: U.S. District Court (Calif.), USA v. John Rosselli, June 28, 1971 and FBI Report by Harold F. Dodge, “John Rosselli,” to U.S. Attorney, Los Angeles, March 10, 1961 are in JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 3, Folder 4 and Box 2, Folder 4; Rappleye and Becker, All-American Mafioso, 24, 162; Russo, Outfit, 306, 308–10, 383.

109 Luis M. Gonzalez-Mata, CISNE (Barcelona: Liberia Editorial Argos, 1977), 94.

110 FBI Report from J. Robert Pearce, “Angelo Bruno,” January 16, 1959 and FBI Report from J. Robert Pearce, “Angelo Bruno,” July 17, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Angelo Bruno, FBI HQ Main Files, Box 1; FBI Report from Stephen Labodie, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” September 22, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Santo Trafficante, Box 3; Stephen Fox, Blood and Power, 327.

111 FBI Report from J. Robert Pearce, “Angelo Bruno,” July 17, 1959.

112 FBI Memorandum from SAC, New York to Director, FBI, “Top Hoodlum Program,” November 13, 1958, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Salvatore Grannello, Box 2; FBI Report from Eugene J. Heindes, “Salvatore Grannello,” June 27, 1962, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Salvatore Grannello, Box 3.

113 Times of Havana, January 16 and 20, 1958; Schwartz, Pleasure Island, 161, 177.

114 Philip Bonsal, testimony, Executive Session, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, May 28, 1959, Papers of Philip Bonsal, Box 1, Folder - Cuba; Philip Bonsal, “Cuba, Castro, and the United States,” Foreign Affairs, January 1967; Benjamin, Origins of the Cuban Revolution, 119–20. Guillermo Cabrera Infante, one of Cuba’s leading novelists, makes vivid references to Batista’s bloody rule in his Three Trapped Tigers (Normal, IL: Dalkey Archives, 2004), 302, 457.

115 Ameringer, Cuban Democratic Experience, 183; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 29; Coltman, Real Fidel Castro, 56–57.

116 Szulc, Fidel, 241–43, 273, 287–88, 296–97, 299; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 52–59; Paterson, Contesting Castro, 17–19; Thomas, Cuba, 828, 839–40, 843; Louis A. Perez, Jr., Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 290; Fidel Castro, History Will Absolve Me (Havana: September 1959), 23, 25, 28. 51.

117 Ramon L. Bonachea and Marta San Martin, The Cuban Insurrection, 1952–1959 (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1974), 2, 4, 43, 75–76.

118 Szulc, Fidel, 318–25, 366; Norman LaCharite, Case Studies in Insurgency and Revolutionary Warfare: Cuba, 1953–1959 (Washington, D.C.: Special Operations Research Office, American University, 1963), 88, 91; Jon Lee Anderson, Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life (New York: Grove Press, 1997), 129, 164–65, 175; Julia Sweig, Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), 24, 184.

119 Anderson, Che Guevara, 207, 212–15; Szulc, Fidel, 364, 367, 375–76, 380; LaCharite, Insurgency and Revolutionary Warfare, 102–03; Smith, Portrait of Cuba, 77, 79; Thomas, Cuba, 894–96; Paterson, Contesting Castro, 69.

120 Szulc, Fidel, 28, 377–80, 412; See also Andrew St. George, “Inside Cuba’s Revolution,” Look, February 4, 1958.

121 LaCharite, Case Studies in Insurgency, 13, 103–04, 109; “Policy Toward Cuba,” no author, no date, attached to letter to G. Allen Stewart from U.S. Embassy, Havana, December 3, 1957, 737.00/12, Department of State; Sweig, Inside the Cuban Revolution, 42; Gerard Colby with Charlotte Dennett, Thy Will Be Done: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 479; Bonachea and San Martin, Cuban Insurrection, 2, 4; Fidel Castro and Ignacio Ramonet, Fidel Castro: My Life (New York: Scribner, 2009), 177, 205–06.

122 Szulc, Fidel, 420; Sweig, Inside the Cuban Revolution, 6, 18, 20, 130; Paterson. Contesting Castro, 82, 87; Carlos Franqui, Diary of the Cuban Revolution (New York: Viking, 1980), 176; Anderson, Che Guevara, 258; FBI Report (Miami), “Carlos Prío Socarras, et al,” October 19, 1957, FBI Reading Room, Carlos Prío Socarras, Part III of V; Jaime Suchlicki, University Students and Revolt in Cuba, 1920–1969 (Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1969), 71–83; Thomas, Cuba, 927–31; R. Hart Phillips, Cuba: Isle of Paradox (New York: McDowell, Obolensky, 1959), 313–16; Bonachea and San Martin, Cuban Insurrection, pp. 42, 49–51, 108–30, 134–38.

123 Telegram from U.S. Embassy in Cuba to Department of State, February 7, 1958, Memorandum from Deputy Assistant Secretary of State William P. Snow to Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, Telegram from the Department of State to U.S. Embassy in Cuba, March 26, 1958 are in FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1991), pp. 18–20, 66–67, 71–72; “Chronology of of U.S. Policy toward Cuba from 1957 to the End of 1958,” Department of State, Bureau of Interamerican Affairs, Subject Files of Assistant Secretary, Box 1, Folder Cuba; Memorandum for the President from Christian Herter, December 23, 1958, DDEL, Whitman File, Box 18, Folder Christian Herter (1).

124 LaCharite, Insurrection and Revolutionary Warfare, 104–05; and Sculz, Fidel, 445, 448.

125 Anderson, Che, 334–37; Paco Ignacio Taibo II, Guevara Also Known as Che (N.Y.: New York: St. Martin’s, 1997), 178–85, 189–90, 195–99, 201.

126 Perez, Between Reform and Revolution, 309–11; Anderson, Che, 207, 212–13; Thomas, Cuba, p 1042; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 207–08; Fulgencio Batista, Cuba Betrayed (New York: Vantage Press, 1962), 89, 95, 102, 115, 316; Phillips, Island of Paradox, 384.

127 Department of State, Memorandum of Conversation, “Cuban Political Situation,” August 6, 1958, 737.00.

128 FBI Memorandum, “Intelligence Survey - Cuba,” September 14, 1958, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Lewis McWillie, Box 1; LaCharite, Insurrection and Revolutionary Warfare, 104–05; Louis A. Perez, Jr., Army Politics in Cuba, 1898–1958 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1976), 206.

129 “Draft White Paper on Cuba,” p. 59, 611.37/1-159, “History of the Organization of the Escambray Front,” attached to Foreign Service Despatch from Amembassy, Havana, February 20, 1959, 737.00/2-2059, Department of State; Memorandum of Conference, Department of State, December 31, 1958, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 325; CIA Field Report, “Segundo Frente Nacional del Escambray,” October 30, 1958, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 31, Folder C; FBI Report, Miami, “Carlos Prío Socarras,” October 19, 1957, FBI Reading Room, Carlos Prío, Part 3 of 5; FBI Report by William Mayo Drew, Jr., “Second National Front of Escambray,” January 18, 1963, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Alpha 66, Box 1; Paterson, Contesting Castro, 218; Franqui, Diary of the Cuban Revolution, 416–17; Sweig, Inside the Cuban Revolution, 106, 130; Smith, Closest of Enemies, 19; Anderson, Che, 338–56, 366–69; Times of Havana, March 10, 1958, 2; Lacey, Little Man, 312; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 116; Thomas, Cuba, 1041–42; Taibo, Guevara Known Also As Che, 205, 222–26, 233.

130 Paterson, Contesting Castro, 222–23; FBI Report by Stephen Labadie, “Santo Trafficante,” April 24, 1959 and FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” January 23, 1959, are in Santo Trafficante Files, Part 1 of 8, FBI Reading Room; FBI Report from J. Robert Pearce, “Angelo Bruno,” July 17, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Angelo Bruno, FBI Headquarters Main File, Box 1; “Mobs Riot and Loot in Habana,” New York Times, January 2, 1959; “Gamblers in Cuba Face Dim Future,” New York Times, January 4, 1959; Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring, Males y Vicios de Cuba Republicana: Sus Causas y sus Remedios (Habana: Oficina del Historiador de la Habana, 1959), 258; Wayne Smith, The Closest of Enemies: A Personal and Diplomatic Account of U.S.-Cuban Relations Since 1957 (New York: Norton, 1987), 39–40; Ragano and Raab, Mob Lawyer, 49; Phillips, Island of Paradox, 397; “Revolution Comes to the Cuban Capital,” Times of Havana, January 4, 1959; Lacey, Little Man: Meyer Lansky, 314; Eduardo Saenz Rovner, La conexión Cubana: Narcotráfico, contrábando y juego en Cuba entre los años 20 y comienzos de la Revolución (Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2005), 201; Rosa Lowinger and Ofelia Fox, Tropicana Nights: The Life and Times of the Legendary Cuban Nightclub (New York: Harcourt, 2005), 316–18; Schwartz, Pleasure Island, 154; Thomas, Cuba, 1026. For photographs of the attacks on Mafia hotels and casinos, see Peter Moruzzi, Havana Before Castro: When Cuba Was a Tropical Playground (Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith, 2008), 247.

131 Earl E. T. Smith, The Fourth Floor: An Account of the Castro Communist Revolution (New York: Random House, 1962), 189; Smith, Closest of Enemies, 40; Lacey, Little Man, 316–17; New York Times, January 2, 1959; Ernest Havemann, “Mobsters Move In on Troubled Havana,” Life, March 10, 1958; Times of Havana, January 4, 1959; Lowinger and Fox, Tropicana Nights, 253–54, 316–17.

132 New York Times, January 2, 1959; Department of State Memorandum, “Cuban Political Situation,” October 9, 1958, 737.00/10-958 CS/EL; Robert E. Quirk, Fidel Castro (New York: Norton, 1993), 170, 175.

133 Carlos Franqui, Diary of the Cuban Revolution (New York: Viking, 1980), 489; Perez, Between Reform and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 313, 315; Perez, War of 1898, 97–98, 125–29; Perez, Cuba Between Empires, xix–xx; Louis A. Perez, Jr., Cuba in the American Imagination: Metaphor and the Imperial Ethos (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 181–85, 211–12, 221–22, 227–28; Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring, La Guerra libertador Cubana de los treinta años, 1868–1898 (Habana: Oficina de la Ciudad de la Habana, 1952); Philip S. Foner, The Spanish-Cuban-American War and the Birth of American Imperialism (New York: Monthly Review, 1972); Fidel Castro and Ignacio Ramonet, Fidel Castro: My Life (New York: Scribners, 2009), 135, 173.

134 Sweig, Inside the Cuban Revolution, 10, 180; Thomas, Cuba, 1037; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 218–19; LaCharite, Case Studies in Insurrection, 105; Rudolph, Cuba: A Country Study, 242; Foreign Service Despatch from Amembassy, Havana to Department of State, “Military Causes for the Collapse of the Batista Regime,” March 23, 1959, 737.00/3-2359; Smith, Closest of Enemies, 20; Tad Szulc, Fidel Castro: A Critical Portrait (New York: Morrow, 1986), 464–65.

135 “Gamblers in Cuba Face Dim Future,” New York Times, January 4, 1959, 6; Mario Lazo, Dagger in the Heart: American Policy Failures in Cuba (New York: Funk & Wallace, 1968), 167; Thomas, Cuba, 1033–34, 1065, 1067; Smith, Closest of Enemies, 19–20; FBI Memorandum, “Rolando L. Cubela y Secades,” July 9, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Printed Microfilm, Box 2, Folder Rolando Cubela (5); Paterson, Contesting Castro, 232–34; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 214–220; Perez, Between Reform and Revolution, 310, 313; Coltman, Real Fidel Castro, 142–43; Bonachea and San Martin, Cuban Insurrection, 325–31.

136 Memorandum of Discussion on NSC Meeting, October 30, 1958, Editorial Note on Pawley Mission, Memorandum on NSC Meeting, December 18, 1958, Editorial Note on Eisenhower-Dulles Meeting and Memorandum on NSC Meeting, December 23, 1958 are in FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1991), 245, 271, 281, 300–03, 311; Thomas, Cuba, 815n; Paterson, Contesting Castro, 206–11; Dwight D. Eisenhower, Waging Peace: The White House Years, 1956–1961 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965), 521; Smith, Fourth Floor, 164–67.

137 Memorandum for the President from Acting Secretary of State Douglas Dillon, “Status of Former President Fulgencio Batista of Cuba,”July 27, 1959, 737.001/7-2759, Department of State.

138 Telegram from Embassy in Cuba to Department of State, January 6, 1959, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 345.

139 Letter from President Dwight Eisenhower to Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, July 11, 1960, Department of State, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Special Assistant on Communism, Box 4, Folder Cuba.

140 Thomas, Cuba, 1074–75; AP, “Senator Morse Protests,” New York Times, January 13, 1959; Secretary of State’s Press Conference, January 13, 1959, Department of State Bulletin, February 2, 1959, 159.

141 “Fidel Castro’s Cuba,” New York Times, January 18, 1959.

142 Rufo Lopez-Fresquet, My 14 Months with Castro (Cleveland: World Publishing Co.,1966), 67–68, 193; Thomas, Cuba, 1076.

143 R. Hart Philips, Cuba: Island of Paradox (New York: McDowell and Obolensky, 1984), 409.

144 Szulc, Fidel, 483; Thomas, Cuba, 625, 628; Perez, Between Reform and Revolution, 266; Philip Bonsal, Cuba, Castro, and the United States (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971), 36.

145 “War Crimes Trials Begin Today,” Times of Havana, January 22, 1959; “Military Court in Cuba Dooms 14 for War Crimes” and “Castro Deplores His Critics,” New York Times, January 13 and January 22, 1959; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 224–25; Editorial Note, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 380.

146 FBI Memorandum from SAC, Miami to Director, FBI, “Pilar Domingo García García,” February 29, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Luis Conte Aguero, Box 1.

147 Memorandum from Roy Rubottom to Secretary of State, “Removal of Certain Cuban Exiles from the Florida Area,” December 30, 1959, 737.00/12-3059.

148 “Unofficial Visit of Prime Minister Fidel Castro of Cuba - A Tentative Evaluation,” April 1959, DDEL, Whitman File, Dulles-Herter Series, Box 1, Folder Christian Herter.

149 “Castro Declares Regime Is Free of Red Influence,” “Castro Rules Out Role As Neutral,” and “Castro Defends Election Delay,” New York Times, April 18, April 20, and April 23, 1959; Paterson, Contesting Castro, 256; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 237.

150 Memorandum of a Conference between the President and Acting Secretary of State, April 18, 1959, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 475–76; Grose, Gentleman Spy, 458–60, 464–65.

151 New York Times, January 4, 1959; Ragano, Mob Lawyer, 49; Schwartz, Pleasure Island, 196; Saenz Rovner, La conexión Cubana, 138; Louis A. Perez, Jr., On Becoming Cuban: Identity, Nationality, and Culture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 469–70.

152 “Casino Bigwigs Still in Town,” Times of Havana, January 5, 1959.

153 “Casino Gambling Nixed” and “Crackdown Against Gambling,” Times of Havana, January 8, 1959 and January 10, 1959.

154 FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” January 23, 1959, FBI Reading Room, Santo Trafficante, Part 1 of 18; Ragano, Mob Lawyer, 51, 61.

155 Ragano, Mob Lawyer, 48, 51; FBI Memorandum, “Intelligence Survey - Cuba,” September 14 1958, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Lewis McWillie, Box 1.

156 FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “American Gambling Activities in Cuba,” March 13, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Michael McLaney, Box 2; G. Robert Blakey and Richard Billings, Plot to Kill the President (New York: Times Books, 1981), 230.

157 “On-Again Off-Again Casinos Are On Again,” Times of Havana, January 17, 1959; Despatch from Amembassy, Havana to Department of State, “Cuban Government Modifies Its Opposition to Gambling,” February 12, 1959, Department of State, Decimal File, Box 4375; Schwartz, Pleasure Island, 197–98.

158 Lacey, Little Man, 313, 316, 319; Schwartz, Pleasure Island, 199–200.

159 FBI Report from Joseph Tangel. “Activities of Top Hoodlums in the New York Field Division,” September 14, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Sebastian John LaRocca, Box 4; Andrew St. George, “The Mafia vs. the CIA,” True, April 1970, 80–81.

160 FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “Santos Trafficante, Jr.,” June 10, 1959, Santo Trafficante, Part 1 of 18, FBI Reading Room, FBI Headquarters; Lacey, Little Man, 310, 319, 322.

161 Lacey, Little Man, 320–23.

162 Ragano, Mob Lawyer, 53–55; HSCA Memorandum from Al Maxwell to Cliff Fenton, “Trafficante’s Cell Mates,” September 11, 1978, HSCA, Numbered Files, Box 207, Folder 011476.

163 FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” August 24, 1959, FBI Reading Room, Santo Trafficante, Part 1 of 18.

164 CIA Dispatch from Chief of Station, JMWAVE to Deputy Chief, WH/SA, “Debriefing of Sal Morgan,” July 16, 1964, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 76, Folder Traces on Santo Trafficante; Ragano, Mob Lawyer, 6; Trafficante Testimony, HSCA, Hearings, Vol. V, 95^th Congress, 1^st Session (Washington. D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1979), 353, 369; Charles Siragusa, The Trail of the Poppy: Behind the Mask of the Mafia (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1966), 185–86, 190–91; Congressional Research Service, HSCA Sessions in Cuba, April 1, 1978, JFKAC, HSCA, Numbered Files, Box 289, Folder 015059.

165 Andrew Tulley, “Castro ‘Deal’ Seen with U.S. Hood,” Washington Daily News, August 21, 1959 and Addendum to FBI Memorandum, August 21, 1959 and FBI Report from Stephen Labadie, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” September 22, 1960 are in JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Santo Trafficante, Box 3.

166 FBI Report from Stephen Labadie, “Santo Trafficante,” June 14, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Santo Trafficante, Box 3; Memorandum by Arthur Sabo to Joseph Milkeny, “Narcotics Inquiry Re: Joseph Paul LoPiccolo,” May 10, 1965, JFKAC, HSCA, Numbered Files, Box 21, Folder 000834; Alfred McCoy, The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug Trade (Chicago: Lawrence Hill, 1991), 41; FBI Report by Joseph L. Tangel, “Activities of Top Hoodlums in the New York Field Division,” September 14, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Sebastian John La Rocca, Box 4; FBI Report from Stephen Labadie, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” July 7, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Santo Trafficante, Box 3; Deitche, Cigar City Mafia, 196–97; Trafficante Testimony, HSCA, Hearings, Vol. V, 354–55.

167 Ragano, Mob Lawyer, 47; As the Cuban revolution consolidated power, the BNDD noted that “There have been very few instances of narcotic smuggling from Cuba.” See Memorandum from Henry L. Giordano to Special Assistant to the Secretary David C. Acheson, March 7, 1966, Records of Bureau of Dangerous Drugs, Subject Files, Box 154, Folder Cuba - 1963–1967.

168 FBI Reports from Stephen Labadie on “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” November 19, 1959 and June 14 1961 and FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “Santo Trafficante,” February 18, 1960 in Santo Trafficante, Part 1 of 18, FBI Reading Room; HSCA, Findings and Recommendations, 153; Ragano, Mob Lawyer, 60; Lacy, Little Man, 321–25.

169 Lacey, Little Man, 321–25; Hank Messick, Syndicate Abroad (New York: Macmillan, 1969), 7.

170 Ragano, Mob Lawyer, 346; Santo Trafficante Testimony, HSCA, November 14, 1977, 44, JFKAC, HSCA, Executive Session Hearings, Box 3, Folder Santo Trafficante.

171 Antoinette Giancana and Thomas Renner, Mafia Princess: Growing Up in Sam Giancana’s Family (New York: Avon Books, 1989), 9–10, 12–15; FBI Report from James Fields, “Samuel M. Giancana,” December 26, 1957, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Sam Giancana, Box 1; Gus Russo, The Outfit: The Role of Chicago’s Underworld in the Shaping of Modern America (New York: Bloomsbury, 2001), 281.

172 FBI Memorandum, “Jack Ruby,” June 11, 1964, JFKAC, Warren Commission, Box 26, Folder Lewis McWillie; FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover to Lee Rankin, March 27, 1964, JFKAC, FBI, HQ Files, Jack Ruby, 44-24016-1332; “Notes of Conference between Jack Ruby and FBI Men… in Dallas County Jail, 12/21/63,” JFKAC, Warren Commission, Box 2, Folder FBI (1); “Warren Commission Interrogation of Jack Ruby,” June 7, 1964, JFKAC, Gerald Ford Library, Congressional Papers, Box 3, Folder Working Papers - Jack Ruby Testimony; G. Robert Blakey and Richard Billings, Plot to Kill the President (New York: Times Books, 1981), 297; David Kaiser, The Road to Dallas: The Assassination of John F. Kennedy (Cambidge: Belknap Press, 2008), 14,–16, 37; Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “The Mafia - Havana,” October 11, 1955, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 3; CIA Memorandum for the Record, “Norman Rothman,” July 10, 1964, JFKAC, HSCA Segregated CIA Collection, Printed Microfilm, Box 11, Folder S; Lewis McWillie Testimony, HSCA, Hearings, Vol. V, 3, 5, 100, 113, 117; Lowinger and Fox, Tropicana Nights, 22, 77–78, 83–84, 98, 183, 253–54, 335; HSCA, Report: Findings and Recommendations, 95^th Congress, 2^nd Session (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1979), 151, 154.

173 HSCA, Findings and Recommendations, 151–54, 173; Congressional Research Service, HSCA Sessions in Cuba, March 31 and April 1, 1978, JFKAC, HSCA, Numbered Files, Box 289, Folder 015059; CIA Message to McGeorge Bundy, November 28, 1963, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 77, Folder Jack Ruby; Blakey and Billings, Plot to Kill the President, 300–01.

174 Memorandum for the Record by S. D. Breckinridge, “Meeting with Robert Blakey,” December 7, 1977, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 78, Folder HSCA Vol. 3; “Our study” is a reference to the CIA Task Force Comments on the Final Report of the Church Committee.

175 Memorandum from Burt W. Griffin to Harold Willens, “Memo on Ruby Conspiracy Portion of Chapter VI,” August 1964 and Memorandum from Leon D. Hubert, Jr. and Burt W. Griffin to J. Lee Rankin, “Adequacy of Ruby Investigation,” May 14, 1964 are in JFKAC, Warren Commission, Box 3, Folder August 1–15, 1964 and Box 57, Folder Jack Ruby.

176 Hearings Before the President’s Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, Vol. XIV (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1964), 461; Report of the President’s Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1964), 369–70; “Ruby’s Travels Included Trips to Mexico and Cuba,” Washington Post, February 2, 1964; HSCA, Findings and Recommendations, 149–51; Denton and Morris, Money and the Power, 31–32, 252.

177 FBI Memorandum on Interview with Robert KcKeown, January 28, 1964, JFKAC, Warren Commission, Box 25, Folder McK-McM; FBI Memorandum from J. Edgar Hoover to E. Tomlin Bailey, Office of Security, Department of State, “Carlos Prío Socarras,” January 24, 1958, JFKAC, Counterintelligence Source Files (Army), Box 6, Folder Carlos Prío.

178 FBI Memorandum of Interview with Robert McKeown, January 28, 1964.

179 FBI Memorandum of Interview with Jack Ruby, December 21, 1963, JFKAC, Warren Commission, Box 25, Folder McK-McM.

180 FBI Memorandum of Interview with Informant T-2, December 1, 1963, JFKAC, Warren Commission, Box 4, Folder Bom-Boz; Lacey, Little Man, 177–79, 185, 265.

181 Letter from J. Edgar Hoover to J. Lee Rankin, February 27, 1964, JFKAC, Warren Commission, Box 57, Folder Jack Ruby; Blakey and Billings, Plot to Kill the President, 295; CIA Memorandum for the Record, November 25, 1963, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 142, Folder HSCA - FOIA; HSCA, Findings and Recommendations, 151n; Gerald D. McKnight, Breach of Trust: How the Warren Commission Failed the Nation and Why (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2005), 15, 94–5, 276.

182 Blakey and Billings, Plot to Kill the President, 297, 302.

183 Earl E. T. Smith, The Fourth Floor: An Account of the Castro Communist Revolution (New York: Random House, 1962), 186; Memorandum, “Ex-President Batista of Cuba,” no date, Department of State, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Special Assistant on Communism, Box 2, Folder Cuba, 1959; Arturo R. Espaillat, Trujillo: The Last Caesar (Chicago: Regnery, 1963), 138–39, 142–144; Rabe, Eisenhower and Latin America, 105–06; Lopez-Fresquet, My 14 Months with Castro, 135.

184 Thomas, Cuba, 634, 699; Memorandum, “Former Cuban General Discusses Revolutionary Plotting,” June 22, 1959, 737.00/6-2259 and Department of State, Memorandum of Conversation, “Counterrevolutionary Group of Ex-Cuban Army Officers,” June 12, 1959, 737.00/6-1259, Box 3082

185 Memorandum from J. Edgar Hoover, Director, FBI to E. Tomlin Bailey, Division of Security, Department of State, “Anti-Fidel Castro Activities,” May 1, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Rolando Masferrer, Box 2.

186 FBI Report from Thomas Errion, “Orlando Eleno Piedra,” September 30, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 2; CIA Memorandum, “Anti-Castro Activities in the United States,” January 15, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, JFK Task Force, Box 96, Folder 202792.

187 FBI Memorandum from HQ to DOS, June 2, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Rolando Masferrer, Box 2; CIA Transfer and Cross Reference, “Dominic Bartone,” October 29, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, JFK Task Force, Box 4, Folder F; FBI Memorandum from SAC, Cleveland to Director, FBI, “Raymond K. Brown,” February 28, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: William Morgan, Box 1; FBI Correlation Summary, “William Alexander Morgan,” April 3, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: William Morgan, Box 1; Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor Management Field, Hearings, 86^th Congress, 1^st Session (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1959), 19089; FBI Report from Leman Stafford, Jr., “Dominick Bartone,” August 17, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Dominick Bartone, Box 4; FBI Memorandum from Leman Stafford, Jr., “William Alexander Morgan,” August 4, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: William Morgan, Box 1; Espaillat, Trujillo, 149.

188 Memorandum for the Record, “Meeting with Leo Cherne,” March 20, 1959 and “Various Newspaper Articles on Major William Morgan, 1959 are in JFKAC, Segregated CIA Collection, Printed Microfilm, Box 33, Folders 12 and 14.

189 Espaillat, Trujillo, 138–39, 145–47, 150; FBI Memorandum, Cleveland, Ohio, “William Alexander Morgan,” January 8, 1959 and CIA Teletype Information Report, “Cuban Army Troops in the Escambray Mountains,” June 22, 1959 are in JFKAC, HSCA Subject: William Morgan, Box 1; CIA Memorandum, “William Alexander Morgan, “May 7, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 9, Folder F; Jack Anderson, “Soldiers of Fortune,” Parade, June 12, 1960; R. Hart Philips, The Cuban Dilemma (New York: Obolensky, 1962), 5; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 328; Rabe, Eisenhower and Latin America, 154; Bonsal, Cuba, Castro, and the United States, 161–62.

190 Memorandum from J. Edgar Hoover, Director, FBI to E. Tomlin Bailey, Division of Security, Department of State, “Anti-Fidel Castro Activities,” May 1, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Rolando Masferrer, Box 2; Espaillat, Trujillo, 146–48.

191 FBI Memorandum from HQ to Director of Security, Department of State, June 2, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Rolando Masferrer, Box 2; CIA Memorandum, “Anti-Castro Activities in the United States,” January 15, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, JFK Task Force, Box 96, Folder 2022792.

192 CIA Information Report, “Organization of Military Junta to Overthrow Fidel Castro,” July 14, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Santiago Alvarez Rodriguez, Box 1; FBI Report from Wendell Hall, Jr., “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” March 16, 1967 and April 28, 1967, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Santo Trafficante, Boxes 8 and 9; FBI Report, “General Jose Eleuterio Pedraza,” April 8, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Jose Ignacio Rasco Bermudez, Box 1.

193 FBI Memorandum from HQ to DOS, June 2, 1959; JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Rolando Masferrer, Box 2.

194 FBI Memorandum from J. Edgar Hoover, Director to Director, CIA, “Dr. Santiago Rey,” July 1, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: CIA Liaison Material, Box 1; FBI Report from Stephen Labadie, “Santo Trafficante,” August 7, 1964, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Santo Trafficante, Box 7; CIA Report, “Cuban Intelligence and Security Services Before 1959,” March 1963, JFKAC, Counterintelligence Source Files (Army), Box 30, Folder Cuban Counterintelligence Service 1/4; Thomas, Cuba, 861, 911, 1075.

195 Cable from Director, CIA to FBI, August 27, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, JFK Task Force, Box 4, Folder F; Memorandum from Leman Stafford, Jr. to SAC, Miami, August 26, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: William Morgan, Box 1; FBI Airgram from Legat, Havana to Director, August 3, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: William Morgan, Box 1.

196 FBI Memorandum from HQ to DOS, June 2, 1959 JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Rolando Masferrer, Box 2; FBI Airgram, August 3, 1959; CIA Teletyped Information Report, “Counter-Revolutionary Activities of William Morgan, Box 1; Cable from Director, CIA to Havana, August 13, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 9, Folder F; CIA Document Transfer and Cross Reference, no date, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, JFK Task Force, Box 4, Folder F; Bonsal, Cuba, Castro, and the United States, 84.

197 FBI Memorandum from HQ to DOS, June 2, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Rolando Masferrer, Box 2; Hearings, Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor and Management Field, 86^th Congress, 1^st Session (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1959), 19093–94.

198 FBI Memorandum, August 26, 1959; FBI Memorandum from S.B. Donahoe to W.C. Sullivan, “Dominick Edward Bartone,” June 29, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Dominick Bartone, Box 3.

199 FBI Memorandum from S. B. Donahoe to A. H. Belmont, “Eloy Gutierrez Menoyo,” March 17, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: William Morgan, Box 1; FBI Report from William Mayo Drew, Jr., “Second National Front of Escambray,” January 18, 1963, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Alpha 66, Box 1; FBI Correlation Summary, “William Alexander Morgan,” April 3, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: William Morgan, Box 1; Lopez-Fresquet, My 14 Months with Castro, 136–37.

200 Espaillat, Trujillo, 158–59; Lopez-Fresquet, My 14 Months with Castro, 137; Fabian Escalante, The Secret War: CIA Covert Operations against Cuba (Melbourne, Australia: Ocean Press, 1995), 23.

201 Espaillat, Trujillo, 160; Szulc, Fidel, 499–500; Escalante, Secret War, 21

202 Department of State, Foreign Service Despatch from Amembassy to the Department of State, August 11, 1959, 737.00 (W)/8-1150.

203 FBI Report from George Davis, Jr., “Roberto Fernandez Miranda,” April 15, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 4; FBI Report by Richard Kellog, “Jorge Evaristo Mecalling Garcia,” July 30, 1960 are in JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 2 and Box 4; FBI Memorandum from James Hayes, “Norman Rothman,” January 21, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 1; FBI Memorandum from Legat, Havana to Director, FBI, “American Gambling Activities in Cuba,” December 29, 1958, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Martin Fox, Box 1; HSCA Notes from CIA Files on Norman Rothman, March 2, 1978, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, JFK Task Force, Box 141, Folder Box 23 Folder 25.

204 FBI Report from John Barron, “Paul Joseph Hughes, Matthew Duke et al,” March 24,1960, FBI Report by James Hayes, “Eduardo Julio Whitehouse,” March 31, 1960, and FBI Report, “Eduardo Julio Whitehouse Insua,” February 28, 1964 are in JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Eduardo Whitehouse, Box 1; FBI Memorandum from SAC, Miami to Director, FBI, “Roberto Fernandez Miranda,” October 26, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 4.

205 FBI Memorandum from Mr. Donahoe to Mr. Belmont, “Roberto Fernandez Miranda,” January 15, 1960 and FBI Memorandum from SAC, Miami to Director, FBI, “Roberto Fernandez Miranda are in JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 4; HSCA Notes from CIA Files on Norman Rothman, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 14, Folder Box 23 Folder 25.

Other bombing incidents were described in news reports and despatches from the U.S. Embassy in Havana: “Cuba: Enemies Underground,” Time, October 26, 1959; AP, “Cuban Mill Is Bombed” and “Arms Seized in Cuba,” New York Times, October 11 and 13, 1959; Foreign Service Despatch from Amembassy, Habana, to Department of State, October 13, 1959, 737.00/ (W)/10-1359; Foreign Service Despatch from Amembassy, Habana, to Department of State, November 11, 1959, 737.00 (W)/11-1059; “78 More Seized in Cuban Unrest,” “U.S. Seizes Bombs Headed for Cuba,” “Cuba Reports Air Raid,” “US Sends Castro Apology on Plane Wrecked in Cuba,” New York Times, October 25, 1959, December 2, 1959, February 2, 1960, and February 20, 1960.

206 FBI Memorandum from George Davis, Jr. and Leman Stafford, Jr. to SAC, Miami, “Stuart Sutor; et al,” March 5, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Joseph Merola, Box 3; CIA Memorandum for the Record by Catherine LeMaistre, “Norman Rothman,” July 10, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Printed Microfilm, Box 43, Folder Rothman; CIA Memorandum for the Record, “Norman Rothman,” April 25, 1975, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 122, Folder Sturgis; FBI Report by Thomas Errion, “Ricardo Madan Rivas,” March 4, 1960, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 32, Folder 5.

207 FBI Report by James Hayes, “Norman Rothman,” January 21, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 1; FBI Report from SAC, Miami to Director, FBI, “Roberto Fernandez Miranda,” October 26, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 4.

208 Foreign Service Despatch from Amconsul, Santiago de Cuba to Department of State, January 30, 1959, 737.00/1-3059; CIA Memorandum by Catherine LeMaistre, “Norman Rothman,” July 10, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Printed Microfilm, Box 43, Folder Rothman; Paterson, Contesting Castro, 64.

209 Norman LaCharite, Case Studies in Insurgency and Revolutionary Warfare: Cuba 1953–1959 (Washington: Special Operations Research Office, American University, 1963), 110; English, Havana Nocturne, 102–03; “Anti-Castro Activities in the United States (Summary),” January 15, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 96, Folder 202797; FBI Report, April 15, 1960; CIA Memorandum for the Record, “Norman Rothman,” July 10, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 11, Folder S; HSCA Memorandum, “Norman Rothman,” March 2, 1978, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 13, Folder 22; CIA Memorandum for the Record, “Norman Rothman,” June 30, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 11, Folder 5; FBI Memorandum from James Hayes, “Norman Rothman,” January 21, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman, Box 1; CIA Memorandum, “Anti-Castro Activities in the United States,” January 15, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 96, Folder 202792; FBI Report by Thomas Errion, “Rolando Arcadio Masferrer Rojas,” June 18, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Rolando Masferrer, Box 2.

210 Department of State, Memorandum of Conversation, “Asylum for General Batista,” April 27, 1959, 737.00/4-2759 and Incoming Telegram from Ambassador Bonsal to Secretary of State Herter, August 21, 1959, 737.00/8-2159.

211 Department of State, Memorandum from ARA - Mr. Rubottom to the Secretary, “Control of Air Incursions Over Cuba,” October 23, 1959, 737.00/10-2359.

212 Department of State, Memorandum, “Asylum for General Batista,” April 27, 1959, 737.00/4-2759; FBI Report by James Hayes, “Norman Rothman,” January 21, 1960 and FBI Report by James Hayes, “Norman Rothman,” September 14, 1960 and FBI Memorandum from SAC, Miami to Director, FBI, “Roberto Fernandez Miranda,” October 26, 1960 are in JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Norman Rothman Box 1 and Box 4.

213 FBI Report from C. Graham Hurst, “Joseph Raymond Merola,” June 29, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Joseph Merola, Box 1; HSCA Staff Notes from FBI Files, “American Gambling Activity,” March 18, 1958, JFKAC, HSCA, Numbered Files, Box 210, Folder 011666; CIA Memorandum from Chief [redaction] to Chief of Station, JMWAVE, “Joseph Merola,” November 14, 1962 and CIA Memorandum from Melvin Sholgan to Chief of Station, “Joseph Merola,” December 18, 1962 are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 48, Folder 16–62; FBI Memorandum from New York to [redaction], June 26, 2959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Francisco Rodriguez Tamayo, Box 1; FBI Report from Pittsburgh, “Stuart Sutor; et al,” July 3, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Joseph Merola, Box 4.

214 FBI Report from Pittsburgh, “Stuart Sutor; et al,” July 3, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Joseph Merola, Box 4; CIA Memorandum from Justin Gleichauf to Chief, Contact Division Support, “Visit to Joseph Merola,” February 8, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, JFK Task Force, Box 59, Folder G.

215 FBI Memorandum from George Davis, Jr. and Leman Stafford, Jr. to SAC, Miami, “Stuart Sutor; et al,” March 5, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Joseph Merola, Box 3; FBI Report from George Davis, Jr., “Carlos Prío Socarras,” March 13, 1958, JFKAC, Counterintelligence Source Files (Army), Box, Folder Carlos Prío; FBI Report from C. Graham Hurst, “Joseph Raymond Merola,” June 29, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Joseph Merola, Box 1.

216 Dispatch from Chief of Station, JMWAVE to Chief, WH Division, January 19, 1962, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 34, Folder H; Foreign Service Despatch from AmEmbassy, Habana to Department of State, “Conversation with ex-President Prío,” October 14, 1955, 737.00/10-1455; Notes of interview with Robert McKeown by Gaeton Fonzi, August 27, 1976, JFKAC, HSCA, Numbered Files, Box 234, Folder 013375.

217 FBI Report from Pittsburgh, July 3, 1959; FBI Memorandum from SAC, Pittsburgh to Director, FBI, “Gabriel Mannarino and Associates,” February 14, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Gabriel Mannarino, Box 2; Memorandum from Director, FBI to Attorney General, “Norman Rothman,” May 18, 1961; CIA Memorandum for the Record, “Norman Rothman,” July 10, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 11, Folder S.

218 CIA Memorandum for the Record by [redaction], “Norman Rothman,” June 30, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 11, Folder S; FBI Report from Pittsburgh, “Stuart Sutor; et al,” July 3, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Joseph Merola, Box 4.

219 FBI Report from Joseph Tangel, “Activities of Hoodlums in the New York Field Division,” September 14, 1959 and FBI Report by Arthur V. Hart, “Meeting of Hoodlums, Apalachin, N.Y.,” July 8, 1958 are in JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Sebastian John LaRocca, Box 4; Dan E. Moldea, The Hoffa Wars: Teamsters, Rebels, Politicians and the Mob (New York: Paddington Press, 1978), 64, 87; McCoy, Politics of Heroin, 64; Lacey, Little Man, 216, 301–03, 355; FBI Memorandum from M. A. Jones to Mr. DeLoach, “Proposed Article Regarding Organized Crime,” August 8, 1963, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: La Cosa Nostra, Box 3.

220 Frank Sturgis Testimony, Rockefeller Commission on CIA Activities within the United States, April 3, 1975, 26–32, 89–92, 98; Paul Meskil, “‘I Plotted Castro’s Death,’ Sturgis Says,” Miami Herald, April 21, 1975; Department of State, Memorandum of Conversation, “Authorization of Shipment of Military Equipment to the Caribbean Area,” July 16, 1959, 737.00/7-1659; Victor Marchetti and John D. Marks, The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (New York: Dell, 1974), 148–49, 164; CIA Memorandum for the Record by Lawrence Houston, “Garrison Investigation,” September 22, 1967, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 16, Folder J.

221 Department of State Memorandum from E. B. Gutierrez to R. F. Corigan, “Cuban Revolutionary Activities in the United States - Arms Smuggling,” August 13, 1957, 737.00/8-1357.

222 “Untold Story of Jack Ruby: Mobsters, Cuba, Gunrunning,” Miami News, January 30, 1978.

223 CIA Memorandum for the Record, “Frank Fiorini,” July 3, 1962, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 8, Folder Frank Sturgis - Unsanitized; Sturgis Testimony, April 3, 1975, 38–39, 40; Paterson, Contesting Castro, 160.

224 CIA Cable to Director, CIA, January 6, 1959, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 32, Folder H.

225 Memorandum from SCA Duty Officer to Mr. Murphy, “Activities of the Patriotic Club of July 26th,” December 5, 1956, Department of State, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Box 25, Folder Carlos Prío; FBI Report (Miami), “Carlos Prío Socarras, et al; Patriotic Clubs of July 26,” January 9, 1957, FBI Reading Room, Carlos Prío Socarras, Part 2 of 5; CIA Memorandum, “Cuban Exile Personalities,” no date, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 34, Folder F; Memorandum for the Record by J. S. Earman, “Report on the Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro,” May 23, 1967, 25, 28, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 4, Folder 23 JFK-1; CIA Memorandum for Chief, Security Analysis Group, from Jerry G. Brown, “Agency Castro Assassination Plotting,” no date, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 80, Folder Warren Commission - Schweiker.

226 The name of the person who advised Fiorini was redacted. Memorandum for the Record by Chris Hopkins, “Frank Fiorini - Frank Sturgis,” October 4, 1973, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 8, Folder Frank Sturgis - Unsanitized.

227 Frank (Fiorini) Sturgis, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 36, Folder 4; Testimony, Rockefeller Commission, 52–54, 180; Memorandum from Legat, Havana, to Director, FBI, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” December 10, 1958, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Salvatore Granello, Box 2; Memorandum from Major Van Horn, Assistant Air Attache, to Ambassador, U.S. Embassy, Havana, Department of State, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Box 4, Folder Cuba - Air Incursions; CIA Memorandum from Chief, Latin American Division, to General Counsel, “Geraldine Isabella Shamma,” April 6, 1976, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 90, Folder Frank Sturgis; Escalante, Secret War, 56, 158.

228 FBI Correlation Summary, “Pedro Diaz Lanz,” December 14, 1970, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Pedro Diaz Lanz, Box 4; FBI Teletype from SAC, Miami to Director, FBI, April 6, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Jose Alemán, Box 2; Phillips, Cuban Dilemma, 48–51; Carlos Franqui, Diary of the Cuban Revolution (New York: Viking, 1980), 326–27, 514, 519; Pedro Diaz Lanz, “Why I Fight Fidel Castro,” Parade, date not legible, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 4, Folder L; Jack Anderson, “Soldiers of Fortune,” Parade, June 12, 1960.

229 FBI Report, “Frank Anthony Sturgis,” December 10, 1976, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Frank Sturgis, Box 2.

230 Sturgis Testimony, April 3, 1975, 54–55, 68, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 36, Folder 4.

231 Sturgis Testimony, April 3, 1975, 72–80, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 36, Folder 4; Anderson, Che, 384.

232 Thomas, Cuba, 1230.

233 Pedro Diaz Lanz Testimony, “Communist Threat to the United States through the Caribbean,” Senate Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, July 14, 1959, Hearings, 86^th Congress, 1^st Session (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1959); Quirk, Fidel Castro, 248; CIA Memorandum for the Record, “Testimony of Pedro Diaz Lanz,” July 15, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 4, Folder K; New York Times, July 11, 1959.

234 “Burke Fears Red Seizure of Cuba Helm,” Washington Post, July 14, 1959; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 248; Benjamin, Origins of the Cuban Revolution, 174.

235 CIA Cable to Director, CIA, November 24, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 4, Folder L; Alonzo L. Hamby, Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 548, 565–66; “Urgent Report on Cuba,” Research Institute Report, August 1, 1959, Department of State, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Box 2, Folder Cuba, 1959; Pedro Diaz Lanz Testimony, Hearing, July 14, 1959.

236 CIA Index Card on Frank Sturgis (Fiorini), JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 155, Folder JFK Box 2-A; FBI Report from William A. Wightman, “Pedro Diaz Lanz,” April 9, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Pedro Diaz Lanz, Box 3; FBI Report from Steven Labodie, “Santo Trafficante,” September 22, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Santo Trafficante, Box 3; Lacey, Little Man, 306–07; FBI Memorandum from J. Edgar Hoover to Director, Office of Security, Department of State, “Anti-Fidel Castro Activities,” April 28, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Pedro Diaz Lanz, Box 3; HSCA Staff Notes from Pedro Diaz Lanz’s CIA Files, March 13, 1978, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 13, Folder 18; Cable to CIA Director, November 24, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 4, Folder L.

237 FBI Report from William Conley, “Carlos Prío Socarras,” January 27, 1954, JFKAC, Counterintelligence Source Files (Army), Box 7, Folder Carlos Prío Socarras; FBI Report, “Carlos Prío Socarras, et al,” December 15, 1953, FBI Reading Room, Carlos Prío Socarras, Part 1 of 5; CIA Cable from Director to Havana, July 18, 1959 and CIA Memorandum for the Record by Rudolf E. Gomez, “Telephone Conversation with Director,” July 27, 1959 are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 4, Folder J.

238 CIA Memorandum for the Record by Chris Hopkins, “Frank Fiorini - Sturgis,” October 14, 1973, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 8, Folder Frank Sturgis (2); “Biographical Data and Chronology,” no date, and CIA Dispatch from Chief of Station, JMWAVE, October 26, 1964 are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 30, Folder 50; HSCA Staff Report, “Bernard Leon Barker” and “Chronology of Bernard Barker’s Association with CIA,” May 16, 1974 are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 2, Folder B; Howard Hunt, Give Us This Day (New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House, 1973), 62; FBI Report, “James McCord, Jr.; et al,” June 28, 1972, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Pedro Diaz Lanz, Box 4; CIA Routing Slip to SAS, August 1, 1963, “Former Contacts” and CIA Dispatch from Chief of Station of [redaction],” October 26, 1964 are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 2, Folder H; Evan Thomas, The Very Best Men: Four Who Dared: The Early Years of the CIA (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 490.

239 Memorandum on NSC Meeting, January 14, 1960, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1991), 742; “Unofficial Visit of Prime Minister Castro - A Tentative Evaluation,” April 1959, DDEL, Whitman File, Dulles-Herter Series, Box 1, Folder Christian Herter.

240 Carlos Franqui, Diary of the Cuban Revolution (New York: Viking, 1980), 178; Anderson, Che, 106, 122, 147, 151, 178–79, 398–99, 421; Perez, Essays on Cuban History, 82, 87–89; Perez, Between Reform and Revolution, 319–320; Thomas, Cuba, 1049, 1216–17; Editorial Note, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 509; Special National Intelligence Estimate 80–59, “Situation in the Caribbean Through 1959,” FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. V, American Republics (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1991) 398–99n; Herminio Portell Vila, Historia de Cuba en sus relaciones con los Estados Unidos y Espana, Tomo III (Habana: Montero, 1939), 8.

241 Telegram to Department of State from Ambassador Bonsal, June 12, 1959, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 529–30; Benjamin, Origins of the Cuban Revolution, 181; Bonsal, Cuba, Castro, and the United States, 26–27, 71–76; Department of State Memorandum of Conversation with Cuban Ambassador Dihigo, “Agrarian Reform Law and Question of Sugar Quota,” June 9, 1959, 837.16/6-959 and Memorandum of Conversation with Secretary of State and Robert Kleberg, “Cuban Agrarian Reform Program,” June 24, 1959, 837.16/6-2459; Perez, Between Reform and Revolution, 323–24; Thomas, Cuba, 1216–17.

242 Franqui, Diary of the Cuban Revolution, 489; Perez, Between Reform and Revolution, 268–70, 275; Rolando E. Bonachea and Nelson P. Valdez, editors, Che: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1969), 15, 246; Benjamin, Origins of the Cuban Revolution, 168, 182–83; Thomas, Cuba, 1060–61; Fidel Castro with Ignacio Ramonet, My Life: A Spoken Autobiography (New York: Scribner, 2006), 244–46.

243 Memorandum, NSC Meeting, February 12, 1959 and Memorandum by Assistant Secretary of State for Interamerican Affairs Special Assistant Hill, “Briefing Memorandum - Cuba,” February 6, 1959 are in FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 395–98; Anderson, Che Guevara, 393–95.

244 SNIE 80/1-59, “Situation in the Caribbean Through 1960,” December 29, 1959, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. V, American Republics, 418–19; Intelligence Report, “Cuban Subversive Activity in the Caribbean Area,” Bureau of Intelligence and Research, May 1960, 737.00/5-660; Anderson, Che, 418–19.

245 Memorandum of Conversation, October 31, 1958, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 248.

246 NSC - 5613/1, “U.S. Policy Toward Latin America,” September 25, 1956, DDEL, White House Office, OSANSA, NSC Series, Policy Paper Subseries, Box 18, Minutes of Cabinet Meeting, February 26, 1954 and Memorandum from John M. Cabot to Acting Secretary of State, “Position on Communism for Tenth Interamerican Conference,” February 10, 1954 are in FRUS, 1952–1954, Vol. IV, American Republics (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1983), 279, 301; Piero Gleijeses, Shattered Hope: The Guatemalan Revolution and the United States, 1944–1954 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), 235, 269.

247 Franqui, Diary of the Cuban Revolution, 176, 517; Szulc, Fidel, 20, 290; Paterson, Contesting Castro, 28; Thomas, Cuba, 868; Anderson, Che Guevara, 205–06.

248 Summary, “Chronology of US Policy toward Cuba from 1957 to the End of 1959,” Department of State, Bureau of Interamerican Affairs, Subject Files of Assistant Secretary, 1959–1962, Box 1, Folder Cuba; Department of State, “Draft White Paper on Cuba,” 611.37/1-159; Szulc, Fidel, 50, 61–62, 452–54, 471–72; Paterson, Contesting Castro, 152, 186; Thomas, Cuba, 1002–03, 1006–07, 1079; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 197–98; Anderson, Che, 334–35; 344; Coltman, Real Fidel Castro, 75, 134, 145.

249 Perez, Essays on Cuban History, 91–92; Thomas, Cuba, 487; Benjamin, Origins of the Cuban Revolution, 170. See also SNIE 80–59, “The Situation in the Caribbean Through 1959,” June 30, 1959, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. V, American Republics, 396–97.

250 SNIE 80/1-59, “Situation in the Caribbean Through 1960,” December 29, 1959 and SNIE 80–59, “Situation in the Caribbean through 1959,” June 30, 1959 are in FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. V, American Republics, 395, 410–12; Memorandum of Discussion, NSC Meeting, February 12, 1959, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol, VI, Cuba, 397–98; Perez, Between Reform and Revolution, 313, 315–17; Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 206; Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958–1964 (New York: Knopf, 1997), 13–14.

251 Memorandum of Discussion, Department of State - Joint Chiefs of Staff meeting, January 8, 1960 and Memorandum, NSC Meeting, January 14, 1960 are in FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 732, 742–43.

252 Department of State, “Summary of Ambassador Bonsal’s Statement to President of Cuba” from Ambassador Dreier to the Secretary, October 27, 1959, 611.37/10-2759; “U.S. Says Cuban Charges of Bombing Is ‘Malicious,’” New York Times, November 10, 1959; Thomas, Cuba, 1245.

253 “Eisenhower Acts to Bar Illegal Flights” and “Transcript of President’s News Conference” in New York Times, October 29, 1959; Bonsal, Cuba, Castro, and the United States, 29.

254 Memorandum of Discussion at Department of State - Joint Chiefs of Staff at the Pentagon, January 8, 1960 and Memorandum, NSC Meeting, January 14, 1960 are in FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 732, 742–43.

255 The Cuba policy statement signed by Eisenhower on November 5, 1959 is “Current Basic United States Policy Towards Cuba,” October 1959; Memorandum from Roy Rubottom to the Secretary of State Herter, “Current Policy Towards Cuba,” December 23, 1959 and Memorandum to the President from Secretary of State Herter, “Current Basic United States Policy Toward Cuba,” October 31, 1959 are in Department of State, Bureau of Interamerican Affairs, Special Assistant on Communism, Box 4, Folder Cuba 1960.

256 Jack Pfeiffer, Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation: Evolution of CIA’s Anti-Castro Policies, 1959 - January 1961, Vol. III (December 1979), 291, JFKAC, CIA, Miscellaneous Files, Box 1.

257 Memorandum for the Record by Martha Tharpe, “Tape-Recorded Conversation between William Pawley and Unidentified Cuban,” October 20, 1959 and FBI Memorandum, “Anti-Fidel Castro Activities,” January 15, 1960 and Memorandum for Chief, WHD, “Material for Possible Use in Discussion with Mr. Pawley,” February 12, 1960 are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection Box 113, Folder William Pawley; Memorandum for Chief, SB/1 from Acting Chief, Support Branch, “Pawley, William D.,” JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, JFK Task Force, Box 6, Folder FRC Box 2-7; Memorandum for Director of Security from J. C. King, “Installation of Recording Device in Pawley’s Office,” October 7, 1959, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 129, Folder AMBUD.

258 Memorandum of Discussion at Department of State - Joint Chiefs of Staff Meeting at the Pentagon, January 8, 1960 and Memorandum from Assistant Secretary of State Mann to Secretary of State Herter, “President’s Inquiry regarding Cuban Opposition Groups,” October 28, 1960 are in FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 733, 1104; Memorandum from John C. Hill to Roy Rubottom, “Observations Concerning Cuba and Our Current Policy Towards It,” December 4, 1959, Department of State, Bureau of Interamerican Affairs, Office of Coordinator of Cuban Affairs, Box 20, Folder Miscel.; Paterson, Contesting Castro, 19–20, 31, 209, 217–18, 229–31; Jesus Arboleya, The Cuban Counterrevolution (Athens: Ohio University Center for International Studies, 2000), 35, 70–71; Szulc, Fidel, 366.

259 FBI Report by George E. Davis, Jr., “Carlos Prío Socarras,” August 21, 1963, JFKAC, Counterintelligence Source Files (Army), Box 6, Folder Carlos Prío; FBI Report by SAC, New York, to Director, FBI, “Anti-Castro Activities,” October 3, 12961, JFKAC, HSCA Related Subject: Cuban Groups - Operation Alpha 66, Box 1.

260 CIA Cable to Headquarters, November 7, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Antonio Varona; CIA Memorandum, “Operational Approval Granted,” January 20, 1958 and August, 28, 1959; CIA Memorandum, “Background of Antonio Varona,” March 22, 1962; Department of State Memorandum, “Background Information: Antonio Varona,” June 1960; CIA Memorandum from Jorge 2 to Dave Phillips, “Tony Varona,” June 1960; CIA Memorandum by E. W. Londregan, Jr., “Manuel Antonio Varona: A Biographic Sketch,” October 27, 1960 are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Printed Microfilm, Box 17, Folder 7.

261 Incoming Telegram from Habana to Secretary of State, November 6, 1959, 611.37/11-659; Memorandum of Conversation with Rufo Lopez-Fresquet from Ambassador Philip Bonsal, November 9, 1959, Papers of Philip Bonsal, Box 1; Szulc, Fidel, 467.

262 Thomas, Cuba, 1237, 1244–45, 1251–53, 1256; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 275–79; Coltman, Real Fidel Castro, 162–64.

263 Department of State Memorandum of Conversation with Rufo Lopez-Fresquet from C. A. Boonstra, “Situation in Cuba,” March 26, 1960, 737.00/3-2660; Lopez-Fresquet, My 14 Months with Castro, 147.

264 Thomas, Cuba, 1229, 1244; Franqui, Diary of the Cuban Revolution, 528; Arboleya, Cuban Counterrevolution, 55–56.

265 Franqui, Diary of the Cuban Revolution, 514; Fabian Escalante, The Secret War: CIA Covert Operations Against Cuba, 1959–1962 (Melbourne, Australia: Ocean Press, 1995), 32; LaCharite, Insurgency and Revolutionary Warfare: Cuba 1953–1959, 117; Julia Sweig, Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Underground (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002), 115–16.

266 Frank Sturgis Testimony, Rockefeller Commission, April 3, 1975, 55, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 46, Folder 4; Hunt, Give Us This Day, 98–99.

267 Escalante, Secret War, 32–37; Szulc, Fidel, 55, 454; Anderson, Che, 404–05, 423, 435; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 217–18; Editorial Note, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 509–10; Thomas, Cuba, 1083.

268 All documents cited below are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection: CIA Classified Message from Havana to Director, CIA, May 20, 1960, Box 1, Folder Manuel Artime (Vol. 3); Memorandum for the Record by Orville Bathe, AC/WH/COG, “Manuel Artime,” July 25, 1973, Box 87, Folder Manuel Artime; HSCA Staff Report, “Manuel Ray Rivero,” November 3, 1978, Box 24, Folder 38.

269 FBI Report, “James W. McCord, Jr., et al,” June 28, 1972, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Pedro Diaz Lanz, Box 4; Arboleya, Cuban Counterrevolution, 61–62, 64–66; Escalante, Secret War, 32, 37–38; Memorandum for the Record by Orville Bathe, AC/WH/COG, “Manuel Artime,” July 23, 1973, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 87, Folder Manuel Artime.

270 CIA Memorandum, “Estimate of the Quality and Characteristics of Cuban Refugees,” no date, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 129, Folder AMBUD; Memorandum by J. C. King to Allen Dulles and Richard Bissell, “Cuba Problems,” December 11, 1959, JFKAC, LA Division Work Files, Box 4, Folder WF05- F1; Perez, Between Reform and Revolution, 324–25, 327, 336–36; Perez, Ties of Singular Intimacy, 245.

271 Bonsal, Cuba, Castro, and the United States, 4–5; Benjamin, Origins of the Cuban Revolution, 186.

272 William Attwood Testimony, July 10, 1975, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 25, Folder - 1; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 140.

273 Memorandum for DCI via Deputy Director (Plans) from J. C. King, “Cuba Problems,” December 11, 1959, JFKAC, CIA, LA Division Work Files, Box 4, Folder WFO5-F1; Jack Pfeiffer, Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation: Evolution of CIA’s Anti-Castro Operation, 1959 – January 1961, Vol. III (December 1979), 297–99, JFKAC, CIA, Miscellaneous Files, Box 1.

274 Lawrence Houston, Testimony, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 25, Folder 1.

275 L. Fletcher Prouty, Testimony, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 26, Folder 4; AP, “CIA Plot to Kill Castro Described,” New York Times, April 30, 1975.

276 Richard Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 153; Alleged Assassination Plots Against Foreign Leaders, Interim Report of the Select Committee to Study Government Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities [Church Committee] (New York: Norton, 1975), 93; Stephen Ambrose, Ike’s Spies: Eisenhower and the Espionage Establishment (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1999), 240–41; Wayne G. Jackson, “Allen Dulles as Director of Central Intelligence, February 26, 1953 – November 29, 1961, Vol. I: Allen Dulles: The Man,” DCI-2, 89–90, CIA Records, RG 263, Box 1; Peter Grose, Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), 386.

277 Gordon Gray, Oral History, DDEL, 27–28, 37; Andrew J, Goodpaster, Oral History, DDEL, 31–32, 35; Gordon Gray, Oral History, 51–52; Douglas Kinnard, President Eisenhower and Strategy Management: A Study in Defense Politics (Washington: Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1989), 133–34; Anna K. Nelson, “The Importance of Foreign Policy Process: Eisenhower and the National Security Council” in Gunter Bischoff and Stephen E. Ambrose, editors, Eisenhower: A Centenary Assessment (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995), 113; Keith C. Clark and Lawrence J. Legere, The President and the Management of National Security: A Report by the Institute for Defense Analysis (New York: Praeger, 1969), 63.

278 Gray Oral History, 27–28; Ambrose, Ike’s Spies, 309.

279 Memorandum for the Record by J. C. King, “Special Group Meeting,” March 14, 1960, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 39, Folder 1; Alleged Assassination Plots, 93.

280 “A Program of Covert Action Against the Castro Regime,” March 16, 1960, JFKAC, DDEL, Folder Cuba; Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior, 153–54; Gordon Gray, Oral History, 28–29, 32–33; Ambrose, Ike’s Spies, 309–10; Memorandum of Conference with the President, March 17, 1960, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1991), 861; Pfeiffer, Bay of Pigs Operation, 73, JFKAC, CIA, Miscellaneous Files, Box 1; Robert R. Bowie and Richard Immerman, Waging Peace: How Eisenhower Shaped an Enduring Cold War Strategy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 193.

281 Bowie and Immerman, Waging Peace, 199–200; John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 148–50; Ronald L. Snead, The Gaither Committee, Eisenhower, and the Cold War (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1999), 82–83, 91.

282 Snead, Gaither Committee, 40, 99,102–05 180–81; J. Robert Oppenheimer, “Atomic Weapons and American Policy,” Foreign Affairs, July 1953, 529; Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin, American Prometheus: The Triumph and Life of J. Robert Oppenheimer (New York: Vintage, 2006), 463–65; Bowie and Immerman, Waging Peace, 178–79.

283 Stephen Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier and President (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), 332; Ambrose and Immerman, Ike’s Spies, xiii, 3–13, 75–97, 332; John Ranelagh, The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA (New York: Touchstone, 1988), 736; Grose, Gentleman Spy, 171–256.

284 Ranelagh, The Agency, 272–274; Grose, Gentleman Spy, 43–46, 51, 339, 341, 447; Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA (New York: Doubleday, 2007), 76–77.

285 HSCA Staff Notes from CIA Files on Antonio Varona, March 6, 1978 and HSCA Staff Notes from CIA Files on Varona, March 10, 1978 are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 48, Folder 14; CIA Classified Message to Director from Havana, March 28, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 4, Folder C.

286 CIA Biographical Sketch of Varona by E. W. Londregan, Jr., October 27, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Printed Microfilm, Box 16, Folder 7; HSCA Notes from CIA Security File on Varona, March 7, 1978, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, JFK Task Force, Box 19, Folder 25–31; FBI Correlation Summary, “Manuel Artime Busea,” August 11, 1967, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Manuel Artime Busea, Box 2.

287 HSCA Staff Notes from CIA Files on Varona, March 6, 1978; Department of State “Biographical Data Report,” April 25, 1965, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Antonio de Varona, Box 2; CIA Dispatch from Chief of Station, JMWAVE to Chief, WH Division, “Operational [redaction] Evaluations on Members of Revolutionary Council,” January 19, 1962, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 34, Folder H.

288 Memorandum for the Record, “Minutes of Special Group Meeting, July 21, 1960, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 38, Folder 4.

289 “Memorandum of Meeting with the President,” August 18, 1960, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 1057–60; Ambrose, Ike’s Spies, 311; Peter Wyden, Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), 31.

290 “Castro Links U.S. to Ship Sabotage,” New York Times, March 6, 1960; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 302; Lopez-Fresquet, My 14 Months with Castro, 80–83; Szulc, Fidel, 497–98.

291 “250,000 in Havana Rail Against U.S.,” New York Times, May 2, 1960; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 311–13.

292 Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, “One Hell of a Gamble”: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958–1964 (New York: Norton, 1997), 25–28; Anderson, Che, 413, 429, 441–45; Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 206.

293 Anderson, Che, 463; Sergo Mikoyan quoted in Smith, Portrait of Cuba, 91–92. See also Fedor Burlatsky, Khrushchev and the First Russian Spring: The Era of Khrushchev Through the Eyes of His Adviser (New York: Scribner’s, 1988), 169.

294 “Soviet Gives Cuba 100 Million Credit on Sale of Sugar,” New York Times, February 14, 1960; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 295–96; Anderson, Che, 461; Fursenko and Naftali, “One Hell of a Gamble”, 37–38.

295 Fursenko and Naftali, “One Hell of a Gamble”, 39; Thomas J. Shoenbaum, Waging Peace and War: Dean Rusk in the Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson Years (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988), 325; Vladislav Zubok, A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 182; “Statement by Deputy Premier Mikoyan Regarding Cuba,” March 22, 1960, from Gordon Gray to General Goodpaster, JFKAC, DDEL, Cuba.

296 Cuba tried to buy rifles from Poland in September 1959. Khrushchev was hesitant at first but eventually gave Poland a green light to make the sale. In July 1960, Raul Castro traveled to the USSR to finalize the purchase of arms from the USSR. Fursenko and Naftali, “One Hell of a Gamble,” 22–24; Anderson, Che, 465; Szulc, Fidel, 538–39.

297 Sergei N. Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), 405; Editorial Note, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 996; Bonsal, Cuba, Castro, and the United States, 145–50; Smith, Closest of Enemies, 57; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 316–17, 321.

298 Smith, Closest of Enemies, 57; Szulc, Fidel, 498, 509–10; “Castro Forces Carry Out Seizure of U.S. Properties” and “U.S. Puts Seizures by Cuba at 1 Billion” are in New York Times, August 8, 1960 and November 14, 1960; Bonsal, Cuba, Castro, and the United States, 153–54; Perez, Between Reform and Revolution, 327, 329–30, 332–33.

299 Arkady N. Shevchenko, Breaking With Moscow (New York: Knopf, 1985), 103–05.

300 S. Khrushchev, Creation of a Superpower, 407.

301 Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 63, 68, 122, 148; Chen Jian, China’s Road to the Korean War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 21, 23, 63–66, 68, 70–71, 93–94; Michael Schoenhal, “Document Mao Zedong: Speeches at the 1957 Moscow Conference,” Journal of Communist Studies, June 1986, 115–19; Li Zhiusi, The Private Life of Mao: The Memoirs of Mao’s Personal Physician (New York: Random House, 1994), 206, 262; Strobe Talbot, editor, Khrushchev Remembers (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), 466–71; Shu Guang Zhang, “Between ‘Paper’ and ‘Real Tigers’: Mao’s View of Nuclear Weapons” and Vladislav Zubok and Hope Harrison, “The Nuclear Education of Nikita Khrushchev” are in John Lewis Gaddis, Philip H. Gordon, Ernest R. May, Jonathan Rosenberg, editors, Cold War Statesmen Confront the Bomb: Nuclear Diplomacy Since 1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 153–54, 194–96, 207–08; Lorenz M. Luthi, The Sino-Soviet Split: Cold War in the Communist World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 77.

302 Zubok, Failed Empire, 138–39, 337–39; Douglas Garthoff, “Analyzing Soviet Politics and Foreign Policy” in Gerald K. Haines and Robert E. Legget, editors, Watching the Bear: Essays on CIA’s Analysis of the Soviet Union (Washington: CIA, 2001), 73; “Russian Goes to Harlem, Then Hugs Castro at UN,” New York Times, September 21, 1960; Shevchenko, Breaking With Moscow, 106; S. Khrushchev, Creation of a Superpower, 411.

303 “Cuban Puts Case: Seeks World Support,” New York Times, September 27, 1960.

304 Zubok and Pleshakov, Kremlin’s Cold War, 190, 193, 205–08; Text of Khrushchev’s speech, New York Times, September 24, 1960.

305 Zubok and Pleshakov, Kremlin’s Cold War, 206–07; Anderson, Che Guevara, 437–38, 446, 485–90.

306 “Military Buildup in Cuba, no date, DDEL, White House Office, Office of Staff Secretary, International Series, Box 4, Folder Cuba (6) September–December 1960.

307 Memorandum from the Director of the Office of Research and Analysis for the American Republics and the Director of the Office of Research and Analysis for the Sino-Soviet Bloc to the Director of Intelligence and Research, “Soviet Intentions Toward Cuba and Communist-Type Controls Instituted by the Castro Government,” October 31, 1960, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 1106.

308 Anderson, Che, 476; Department of State Records, Memorandum of Conversation, “Our Future Relations with Cuba,” September 18, 1959, 611.37/9-1959.

309 “Evaluation of the Cuban Situation,” October 1959, Department of State Records, Bureau of Interamerican Affairs, Special Assistant on Communism, Box 4, Folder Cuba 1960.

310 Memorandum from the Secretary of State to the President, “Current Basic United States Policy Toward Cuba,” November 5, 1959, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 657.

311 Memorandum, NSC Meeting, January 14, 1960, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 746; Memorandum of Conversation, “Questions concerning the Program of Economic Pressures against Castro,” June 27, 1960, DDEL, White House Office, OSANSA, NSC Series, Briefing Notes Subseries, Box 6, Folder 1.

312 Report to the NSC by the Executive Secretary on Objectives and Courses of Action [with] respect to Latin America, “March 4, 1960, NSC-144, DDEL, White House Office, OSANSA, NSC Series, Policy Paper Subseries, Box 4.

313 NSC-5613/1, “U.S. Policy Toward Latin America,” September 25, 1956, DDEL, White House Office, OSANSA, NSC Series, Policy Paper Subseries, Box 18; Stephen Rabe, “Dulles, Latin America, and Cold War Anticommunism” in Richard Immerman, editor, John Foster Dulles and the Diplomacy of the Cold War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 175; Rabe, Eisenhower and Latin America, 26–27, 38–41.

314 Memorandum for the President From Christian Herter, “Status of Possible OAS Action on Cuba,” March 17, 1960, DDEL, White House Office, Office of Staff Secretary, International Series, Box 4, Folder Cuba (2); Dwight D. Eisenhower, Waging Peace: White House Years, 1956–1961 (New York: Doubleday, 1965), 524–533; Department of State Memorandum of Conversation, “Latin American Developments and President Eisenhower’s Trip,” March 23, 1960, 737.00/3-2360; Memorandum from Assistant Secretary Rubottom to Secretary of State Herter, “Assessment of Latin American Reaction to Possible U.S. Moves Against Cuba,” August 11, 1960, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 1053.

315 Memorandum from J. C, King to DCI, “Cuba Problems,” December 11, 1959, JFKAC, CIA, LA Division Working Files, Box 4, Folder WF05-F1; Jack Pfeiffer’s Notes on Memorandum by J. C. King to Allen Dulles, “What We Are Doing in Cuba,” February 29, 1960, JFKAC, CIA, LA Division Working Files, Box 4, Folder WF05-F4; Memorandum for the Record by J. S. Earman, “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro,” May 23, 1967, 10, 11, 13, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 4, Folder 23JFK1; Dispatch from Chief, WHD to COS, Havana, “Use of Biological/Scientific Techniques to Undermine the Castro Regime,” January 6, 1960 and Dispatch from Havana to Chief, WHD, “Fidel Castro - Eating Habits,” September 21, 1960 and Cable from WAVE to Director, “Pass H-Capsule to Rolando Cubela,” December 19, 1960 are in JFKAC, CIA, LA Division Working Files, Box 4, Folder WF05-F1; CIA Cable from Havana to Director, “AMPALM-4 Met with Bernardo Munoz of Potin Restaurant,” December 21, 1960, JFKAC, CIA, LA Division Working Files, Box 4, Folder WF05-F2.

316 CIA Memorandum, “Johnny Rosselli,” no date, 12, “Family Jewels” Collection, National Security Archive; Robert Maheu, Next to Hughes: Behind the Power and Tragic Downfall of Howard Hughes by His Closest Adviser (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 40–41, 114; Memorandum, “Robert A. Maheu,” October 4, 1973, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 107, Folder 111540; Memorandum from Chief, Central Cover Staff to Director of Security, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 40, Folder 3; Rappleye and Becker, All-American Mafioso, 181–82; Alleged Assassination Plots, 74–75, 93.

317 J. S. Earman, “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro,” May 23, 1967, 14–17, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 4, Folder 23JFK1; FBI Report, “Anthony James Balletti, et al,” May 22, 1961, JFKAC, Pike Committee, Box 1; Alleged Assassination Plots, 74–77.

318 J. S. Earman,“Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro,” 17–19, 24–25; Alleged Assassination Plots, 76–77; Grose, Gentleman Spy, 8–9; Denton and Morris, Money and Power, 213; Kitty Kelley, His Way: The Unauthorized Biography of Frank Sinatra (New York: Bantam, 1986), 264.

319 J. S. Earman,“Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro,” 20–24; “Chronology of Castro Assassination,” 1976, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 37, Folder 3; CIA Cable from Havana to Director, September 19, 1960, JFKAC, CIA, LA Division Working Files, Box 4, Folder WF05-F1; Colonel William McCreary, “Presentation to the Secretary of Defense’s Ad Hoc Committee on CEBAR,” February 24, 1950, Chemical and Biological Warfare Collection, Box 12, Folder 1986–87, National Security Archive.

320 J. S. Earman,“Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro,” 23–27; Alleged Assassination Plots, 80; John Prados, Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2006), 217.

321 Memorandum from Director, FBI, to Director, CIA, October 18, 1960, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 33, Folder 3; Report by Ralph Hill to Director, FBI, “Sam Giancana: Anti-Racketeering Case,” December 1, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Sam Giancana, Box 2; CIA Analysis of CIA-Mafia Assassination Plotting, no date, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 21, Folder 43.

322 CIA Analysis of CIA-Mafia Assassination Plotting, no date, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 21, Folder 43; Staff Report, “The Evolution and Implications of the CIA-Sponsored Assassination Conspiracies Against Castro,” no date, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 59, Folder 10.

323 “Request for POA,” September 13, 1964, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Printed Microfilm, Box 8, Folder 24; Memorandum from M. D. Stevens to Chief SRS, “Cain, Richard S.,” October 9, 1967 and Memorandum from Christos S. Gihas to Director of Security, “Cain, Richard Scully,” December 19, 1969 are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 1, Folders Sam Giancana - John Rosselli; Memorandum from Paul F. Gaynor to Director of Security, December 12, 1967, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 26, Folder SS.

324 Staff Report on the Evolution and Implications of the CIA-Sponsored Assassination Conspiracies Against Castro,” no date, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 59, Folder 10; CIA Contact Division Memorandums, “Richard Cain,” October 12, 1960 and December 12, 1960 are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Printed Microfilm, Box 8, Folder 25; Biographical Data, May 2, 1962, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 92, Folder 272141.

325 Memorandum from Office of National Estimates to Director, CIA, “Positions on Seven Major Aspects of Cuban Situation in NIE’s and SNIE’s since Castro’s Takeover,” July 30, 1962, CIA, History Source Collection, Box 21, Folder NIE’s on Cuba.

326 Memorandum, NSC Meeting, December 10, 1959 and SNIE 85-3-60, “Prospects for the Castro Regime,” December 8, 1960 are in FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1991), 699, 1169–71; Foreign Service Despatch Despatch from American Embassy, Mexico, to the Department of State, “Cuban Physician’s Views on Castro Government,” May 10, 1960, 737.00/5-1060.

327 Smith, Closest of Enemies, 58.

328 Richard Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 154–55; Minutes of Special Group Meeting, September 8, 1960, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 38, Folder 4; Memorandum from Frank J. Devine to Mr. Mallory, October 11, 1960 and Memorandum from Frank J. Devine to Mr. Mann, October 18, 1960 are in Department of State, Bureau of Interamerican Affairs, Special Assistant on Communism, Box 7, Folder Tuesday Meetings.

329 Memorandum of Conversation with Antonio de Varona, “Actions Against the Castro Regime,” November 29, 1960, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1991), 1138.

330 Arboleya, Cuban Counterrevolution, 114–15; Anderson, Che, 482–83; Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior, 155.

331 Memorandums from Frank J. Devine to Mr. Mann, October 25, 1960 and November 1, 1960 are in Department of State, Bureau of Interamerican Affairs, Special Assistant on Communism, Box 7, Folder Tuesday Meetings; HSCA Staff Notes from CIA Files on William Morgan, March 7, 1978 and March 13, 1978 are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 13, Folder 22; Routing and Record Sheet from Robert W. Andrews, WH/4/CI to Chief, WH/4/CI, October 5, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Printed Microfilm, Box 33, Folder 14; CIA Information Report, “Meeting of the National Directorate of the MRP,” October 23, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 19, Folder O; Olga Rodriguez as told to Lee Roderick, “Please Give My Husband’s Citizenship Back,” Parade, August 9, 1961.

332 “Brief History of the MRP and Our Contacts with Its Leaders,” no date; Contact Report, “Meeting with Manuel Ray, November 15, 1960; and Cable to Director from MASH, November 17, 1960 are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Printed Microfilm, Box 75, Folder MRP; Tom Gjelton, Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba (New York: Viking, 2008), 230.

333 SNIE 85-3-60, “Prospects for the Castro Regime,” December 8, 1960, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 1169–73.

334 SNIE 85–60, March 22, 1960, and National Intelligence Estimate 85-2-60, December 1960 are in Memorandum for the Director, CIA, “Positions on Seven Major Aspects of Cuban Situation,” July 3–, 1962, CIA, History Source Collection, Box 212, Folder NIEs on Cuba.

335 Jack Pfeiffer, Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation: Evolution of CIA’s Anti-Castro Policies, 1959 - January 1961 (December 1979), 143, 146–48, 159–60, 162, 292, JFKAC, CIA, Miscellaneous Files, Box 1; Memorandum for the Record, “Minutes of Special Group Meeting,” November 3, 1960, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 38, Folder 5; Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior, 156.

336 Editorial Note, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 1175; Memorandum for the Record, “Minutes of Special Group Meeting,” January 12, 1961, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 38, Folder 4; Memorandum from Acting Secretary of State Douglas Dillon to the President, “Cuba,” December 2, 1960, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba, 1140–41; Stephen Rabe, Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988), 131, 161.

337 Memorandum of Meeting with the President (November 29, 1960), December 5, 1960, DDEL, White House Office, OSANSA, Special Assistants Series, Presidential Subseries, Box 5, Folder 1960; Pfeiffer, Bay of Pigs Operation, 146, JFKAC, CIA, Miscellaneous Files, Box 1; Luis Aguilar, editor, Operation Zapata: The ‘Ultrasensitive’ Report and Testimony of the Board of Inquiry on the Bay of Pigs (Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1981), 7, 12. See also Piero Gleijeses, “Ships in the Night: The CIA, the White House and the Bay of Pigs,” Journal of Latin American Studies, Fall 1995, 12–13.

338 John F. Kennedy, The Strategy of Peace (New York: Harper & Row, 1960), 132–33.

339 Richard N. Goodwin, Remembering America: A Voice from The Sixties (Boston: Little Brown, 1988), 124; Senate Report 994, The Speeches of Senator John F. Kennedy: August through November 1960, 87^th Congress, 1^st Session, (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1961), 245; Kent M. Beck, “Necessary Lies, Hidden Truths: Cuba in the 1960 Campaign,” Diplomatic History, Winter 1984, 44–45; “Cuba Issue by Pat Frank,” JFKL, RFK Papers, 1960 Campaign and Transition, Box 34, Folder Cuba as Campaign Issue; Sidney Kraus, editor, The Great Debates: Background, Perspective, Effects (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1968), 369; Peter Rodman, More Precious than Peace: The Cold War and the Struggle for the Third World (New York: Scribner’s, 1994), 88–89, 99.

340 “Excerpts from Kennedy Talk on Cuba,” New York Times, October 7, 1960; “Kennedy Steps Up Attacks on Nixon,” New York Times, October 16, 1960; Richard Nixon, Six Crises (New York: Touchstone, 1990), 357.

341 “Nixon Proposes Cuba Quarantine,” New York Times, October 18, 1960; Stephen Ambrose, Nixon: The Education of a Politician, 1913 – 1962 (New York: Touchstone, 1987), 550, 590–91; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 303; Peter Wyden, Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1979), 29; Jane Franklin, The Cuban Revolution and the United States: A Chronological History (Melbourne, Australia: Ocean Press, 1992), 35.

342 Kennedy Asks Aid for Cuban Rebels to Defeat Castro,” New York Times, October 21, 1960; “Kennedy on Cuba,” JFKL, Pre-Presidential Papers, 1960 Campaign Issues, Box 991, Folder Cuba.

343 Nixon, Six Crises, 354–55; Richard Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York: Touchstone, 1990), 220–21.

344 “Nixon Says Kennedy Plan on Cuba Risks World War,” New York Times, October 23, 1960; Ambrose, Nixon, 550; Nixon, Six Crises, 354; Wyden, Bay of Pigs, 29–30; Memorandum for the Record by Gordon Gray, March 21, 1960 and Memorandum of Meeting with the President by Gordon Gray, August 17, 1960 are in DDEL, White House Office, OSANSA, Special Assistants Series, Box 5, Folder 1960 Meetings with President.

345 James Chace, Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998), 380.

346 Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 61; Goodwin, Remembering America, 125; Beck, “Necessary Lies, Hidden Truths,” 53; James Reston, “The Bees Are Settling Along the Potomac,” New York Times, October 23, 1960; Walter Lippmann, “A Fifth Debate and Castro,” New York Herald Tribune, October 25, 1960.

347 Nixon, Six Crises, 354; John Helgerson, CIA Briefings of Presidential Candidates, 1952–1992 (Washington: Center for the Study of Intelligence, 1996), 50, 54; Allen W. Dulles, Oral History, 11, JFKL; Memorandum for the Record by Allen Dulles, September 21, 1960 and “Notes, Dates of Briefings, Presidential Campaign-1960 are both in Allen Dulles Papers, Box 88, Folder CIA 1960 and Box 105, Folder Richard Nixon 1962; Memorandum, for the President from Allen Dulles, August 3, 1960 and “Intelligence Briefings of Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates,” August 17, 1962 are in CIA, History Sources Collection, Box 3, Folder J F Kennedy.

348 First Oral History Interview with Robert F. Kennedy, February 29 and March 1, 1964, 40d–40e, JFKL; Helgerson, CIA Briefings, 50; Goodwin, Remembering America, 125.

349 Gerald S. and Deborah H. Strober, “Let Us Begin Anew: An Oral History of the Kennedy Presidency (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), 324–27; Wyden, Bay of Pigs, 59–61.

350 David Wise and Robert B. Ross, Invisible Government (New York: Random House, 1964), 341–42; “Training for Counterrevolution,” photographs by Andrew St. George, Life, October 31, 1960, 20–21.

351 Sergei Khrushchev questioned his father’s assertion that the USSR was producing “missiles like sausages.” Sergei recalls asking, “How can you say that since we only have two or three?” Nikita replied, “The important thing is to make the Americans believe that. And that was the best way to prevent an attack.” Sergei adds, “And on those grounds our entire policy was based. We threatened with missiles we didn’t have.” James, G. Blight, Bruce J. Allyn, and David A. Welch, editors, Cuba on the Brink: Castro, the Missile Crisis, and the Soviet Collapse (New York: Pantheon, 1993), 130.

See also David L. Snead, The Gaither Committee, Eisenhower, and the Cold War (Columbus: Ohio State University, 1999), 127, 158; Sergei N. Khrushchev, “The Military-Industrial Complex” in William Taubman, Sergei N. Khrushchev, and Abbott Gleason, editors, Nikita Khrushchev (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), 257; William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (New York: Norton, 2002), 378; Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996), 192; “Khrushchev Says Rocket Success Shifts World Balance to Soviet” and ‘Excerpts from Disarmament Discussion’ are in New York Times January 28, 1959 and October 12, 1960; Ernest R. May, John D. Steinbrunner, and Thomas W. Wolfe, History of the Strategic Arms Competition, 1945–1972 (Office of the Secretary of Defense, March 1981, 335, 385, National Security Archive.

352 Robert A. Devine, The Sputnik Challenge: Eisenhower’s Response to the Soviet Satellite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), xiv, 7, 45–46, 49, 62–67; Snead, Gaither Committee, 80–81, 90, 133, 173–74; Robert A. Caro, Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Vintage, 2002), 1021, 1027; Robert Dallek, Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and His Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 529–31, 537; “National Defense,” February 29, 1960, John Fitzgerald Kennedy: A Compilation of Statements and Speeches Made During His Service in the United States Senate and House of Representatives (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1964), 912.

353 Divine, Sputnik Challenge, 41–42; Snead, Gaither Committee, 170–71, 177, 180–81.

354 Kennedy, Strategy of Peace, 34–38; John F. Kennedy: A Compilation of Statements and Speeches, 913–14, 917–18, 929; “Text of Kennedy’s Speech Criticizing Republican Foreign Policy,” New York Times, September 30, 1960; Snead, The Gaither Committee, 173–75, 180.

355 Beck, “Necessary Lies, Hidden Truths,” pp, 57–59; Robert Dallek, An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963 (Boston: Little, Brown, 2003), 294, 301.

356 Theodore C. Sorensen, Kennedy (New York: Smithmark, 1995), 240, 245–48; Richard Reeves, President Kennedy: Profile of Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), 36–38; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 1–3; Herbert S. Parmet, JFK: The Presidency of John F. Kennedy (New York: Dial Press, 1983), 4, 6; Alvin Z. Rubinstein, Moscow’s Third World Strategy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 86; Inaugural coverage, Washington Post, January 20–21, 1961.

357 Reeves, President Kennedy, 40–41; Arthur M. Schlesinger, J., Robert Kennedy and His Times (Boston: Little, Brown, 1978), 422–23; Paul Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost: At the Center of Decision - A Memoir (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1989), 181–82, 255; Nikita Khrushchev, Speech, January 6, 1961, Analysis of the Khrushchev Speech of January 6, 1961, Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Internal Security, 87^th Congress, 1^st Session (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1961), 52, 55, 64–65, 70; Federal Broadcast Information Service Daily Report Supplement, “USSR & East Europe,” January 19, 1961, “Khrushchev Report on Moscow Conference of Representatives of Communist and Workers Parties,” 23–24, Allen Dulles Papers, Box 93, Folder - Cuba -1961; Richard Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior: From Yalta to the Bay of Pigs (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 163; Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 74, 86–87.

358 According to a CIA report, the Chinese delegation jeered Khrushchev’s policy of “peaceful coexistence” at an international gathering of communist party leaders in Moscow in November 1961. The Chinese pressed the USSR to step up its support for liberation wars. Appendix to DDI Research Staff Report on the Cuban Missile Crisis, December 1963, 9, CIA Records, Missile Crisis, Box 1, Folder 15.

See also Gordon Chang, Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1990), 220–21; NIE 11-5-62, “Political Developments in the USSR and the Communist World,” February 21, 1962 and NIE 11-9-62, “Trends in Soviet Foreign Policy,” May 2, 1962, FRUS, 1961–1963, Vol. V, Soviet Union (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1998), 375, 377, 415, 420; Chen Jian, Mao’s China and the Cold War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 211–12; Alvin Rubenstein, Moscow’s Third World Strategy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), 88–95.

359 Smith, Closest of Enemies, 64–65; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 353–54; Bonsal, Castro, Cuba, and the United States, 175; Memorandum of Conversation, January 19, 1961, DDEL, Post-Presidential Papers, Box 2, Folder John F. Kennedy.

360 CIA Paper on Cuba, February 17, 1961 and Memorandum for the Record by C. Tracey Barnes, “Cuban Meeting,” January 28, 1961 are in FRUS, 1961–1963, Vol. X, Cuba (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1997), 63, 99–106; Piero Gleijeses, “Ships in the Night: The CIA, the White House and the Bay of Pigs,” Journal of Latin American Studies, Fall 1995, 13.

361 Richard Bissell Testimony, Church Committee, July 22, 1975, 21–22, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 35, Folder 2; Memorandum from Frederick Brown to Frederick Schwartz, July 16, 1975 and Church Committee Report, “Assassination: Authority and Control,” July 9, 1975 are in JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 25, Folder 4 and Box 39, Folder 3.

362 CIA Inspector General Earman defined executive action capability as “a general standby capability to carry out assassinations when required.” Memorandum for the Record by J. S. Earman, “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro,” May 23, 1967, 35, 37, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 4, Folder 23-JFK-1; Bayard Stockton, Flawed Patriot: The Rise and Fall of CIA Legend Bill Harvey (Washington: Potomac Books, 2006), 294; William Harvey Testimony, Church Committee, June 25, 1975, 37-A – 38, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 36, Folder 1; “Excerpt of William Harvey Interview” and “William Harvey: Short Chronology,” JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 33, Folder 4; Tim Weiner, Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA (New York: Doubleday, 2007), 186, 588.

363 Church Committee Staff Notes on Executive Action to File, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 33, Folder 2; Earman, “Report on Plots to Assassinate Fidel Castro,” 21–27; Ranelagh, The Agency, 343; “William Harvey Interview,” “Excerpt of William Harvey Interview” and “William Harvey: Short Chronology” are in JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 33, Folder 4.

364 Church Committee Staff Notes on Executive Action to File, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 33, Folder 2; David C. Martin, Wilderness of Mirrors (New York: Ballantine Books, 1980), 121–22; Richard Bissell Testimony, Rockefeller Commission, April 22, 1975 in Ralph Weber, editor, Spymasters: Ten CIA Officers in their Own Words (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 199), 72; Stockton, Flawed Patriot, 144, 146.

365 William Harvey Testimony, Church Committee, June 25, 1975, 39, 45, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 36, Folder 1; Church Committee Staff Notes on Executive Action to File, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 33, Folder 2; HSCA Memorandum, “ZRRIFLE,” April 16, 1975, and Memorandum by Chief FI/Division D, “Payments to QJWIN,” January 31, 1961 are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 83, Folder QJWIN/ZRRIFLE; Church Committee Staff Memorandum, “Summary Chronology: ZRRIFLE/QJWIN,” 1976, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 30, Folder 3; HSCA Memorandum, “QJWIN,” no date, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 22, Folder HSCA March 2, 1978.

366 William Harvey Testimony, Church Committee, June 25, 1975, 39–40, 45, JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 36, Folder 1.

367 J.S. Earman, Memorandum for the Record, “Report on Plots to Asasinate Fidel Castro,” 14, 20, 25, 27–32, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 4, Folder 23, JFK-1; CIA Memorandum from Bruce Solie to C/SAG, “Death of John Rosselli,” September 3, 1976, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 107, Folder 111540; CIA Memorandum, “Juan Agustin de la Caridad Orta y Cordova,” no date, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, JFK Task Force, Box 77, Folder Juan Orta; Juan Orta Testimony, Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, “Communist Threat to the United States through the Caribbean,” March 31, 1965, 940–44 in JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Marcos Diaz Lanz, Box 2; Santo Trafficante Testimony, HSCA, November 14, 1977, JFKAC, Execuive Session Hearings, Box 3, Folder Santo Trafficante; Summary of Santo Trafficante Interview, October 1, 1976 and Santo Trafficante Interview, October 1, 1976, are in JFKAC, Church Committee, Box 44, Folder Santo Trafficante; Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, Interim Report of the Senate Select Committee to Study Government Operations with respect to Intelligence Activities [Church Committee] (New York: Norton, 1975, 80–82; Charles Rappleye and Ed Becker, All-American Mafioso: The Johnny Rosselli Story (New York: Doubleday, 1991), 191–92.

368 FBI Report by Stephen J. LaBodie, “Santo Trafficante, Jr.,” December 3, 1962 and FBI Report by Francis X. O’Brien, “Santo Trafficante, Jr,” August 24, 1962 are in JFKAC, HSCA, Subject: Santo Traffilcante, Box 5; FBI Report by George E. Davis, Jr., “Carlos Prío Socarras,” August 12, 1953, JFKAC, HSCA, Subject: Macho Gener, Box 1; CIA Cable from Justin Gleichauf to WAVE, “Plan to Assassinate Fidel Castro,” January 29, 1964, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Printed Microfilm, Box 114, Folder Carlos Prío.

369 “Analysis of the Cuban Operation” by Deputy Director for Plans Richard Bissell, January 18, 1962, Peter Kornbluh, editor, Bay of Pigs Declassified: The Secret CIA Report on the Invasion of Cuba (New York: New Press, 1998), 68–69, 216–19.

370 FBI Report from SAC, Miami to Director, FBI, “Manuel Antonio de Varona Loredo,” July 24, 1964, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Antonio de Varona, Box 1.

371 Memorandum of Conversation with Manuel Antonio de Varona, “Activities Against the Castro Regime in Cuba,” November 29, 1960, FRUS, 1958–1960, Vol. VI, Cuba (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1991), 1137–38; CIA Inspector General Lyman Kirkpatrick, “Survey of the Cuban Operation,” October 1961, Kornbluh, Bay of Pigs Declassified, 69; Ameringer, Cuban Democratic Experience, 74; CIA Memorandum, “Frente Revolucionario Democrático,” no date, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 4, Folder José Miró Cardona; Bissell, “Analysis of the Cuban Operation,” 216.

372 FBI Report, “CLIP,” February 6, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Antonio Varona, Box 1.

373 FBI Report, “CLIP,” March 13, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Antonio Varona, Box 1.

374 Bissell, “Analysis of the Cuban Operation,” 216–21.

375 CIA Memorandum, “Frente Revolucionario Democrático,” no date, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 4, Folder José Miró Cardona; Howard Hunt, Gives Us This Day (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1973), 143–44, 151–52, 179; Bissell, “Analysis of Cuban Operation,” 221–22.

376 Philip Bonsal to Assistant Secretary Roy Rubottom, July 15, 1960 and Philip Bonsal to Assistant Secretary Thomas Mann, October 11, 1960 are in Philip Bonsal Papers, Library of Congress, Box 2, Folder Cuba, 1960; CIA Memorandum on Cuban Exile Personalities, no date, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 34, Folder F; Paterson, Contesting Castro, 154, 231; Anderson, Che, 382; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 67, 216; Smith, Closest of Enemies, 19.

377 Note from Assistant Secretary of State Thomas Mann to Ambassador Philip Bonsal, Habana, October 18, 1960 and Memorandum from Jacob Esterline to Col. Mallard, October 27, 1960 are in Department of State, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Special Assistant on Communism, Box 4, Folder Cuba, 1960.

378 Joseph Burkholder Smith, Portrait of a Cold Warrior (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1976), 331–32; Grose, Gentleman Spy, 373, 493–94.

379 FBI Memorandum from S. B. Donahoe to A. H. Belmont, “Manuel A. Ray Rivero,” March 29, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Manuel Ray Rivero, Box 2; Hunt, Give Us This Day, 94–95; Schlesinger, Thousand Days, 189.

380 “Brief History of the MRP and our Contacts with Its Leaders,” no date, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Printed Microfilm, Box 75, Folder MRP.

381 “Brief History of the MRP and Our Contacts with Its Leaders,” no date, and Cable from MASH to Director, November 17, 1960 are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Printed Microfilm, Box 75, Folder MRP; Memorandum on Cuban Exile Personalities, no date, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 34, Folder F; HSCA Staff Report, “Manuel Ray Rivero,” May 5, 1978, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 24, Folder 38; Army Memorandum from Lt. Frank Koppell to Thomas J. Kelly, “Manuel J. Ray,” December 7, 1960, JFKAC, Counterintelligence Source Files (Army), Box 3, Folder Manuel Ray; CIA Classified Message from to Director, CIA, November 17, 1960, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 1, Folder Manuel Artime.

382 Memorandum for the Record by Gerald Droller, “Meeting with King and Esterline on MRP,” November 21, 1960, JFKAC, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Printed Microfilm, Box 75, Folder MRP; Memorandum from Lt. Frank Koppel to Thomas J, Kelly, “Manuel J. Ray,” December 7, 1960, JFKAC, Counterintelligence Source Files (Army), Box 3, Folder Manuel Ray; Kirkpatrick, “Survey of Cuban Operation,” 71, October 1961, Kornbluh, Bay of Pigs Declassified.

383 Hunt, Give Us This Day, 142–43; CIA Memorandum on Cuban Exile Personalities, no date, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Box 34, Folder F; FBI Memorandum from S. B. Donahoe to A. H. Belmont, “Manuel Ray Rivero,” March 29, 1961, JFKAC, HSCA Subject: Manuel Ray Rivero, Box 2.

384 Contact Report, “Meeting with Manuel Ray,” November 21, 1960; Memorandum for the Record by Gerard Droller [Garry Drecher], “Meeting with King and Esterline on MRP,” November 18, 1960; Cable to Director from MASH, November 17, 1960; Memorandum for Chief, WH/4/Finance, “MRP Subsidy,” October 28, 1960 are in JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, Printed Microfilm, Box 75, Folder MRP.

385 Kirkpatrick, “Survey of the Cuban Operation,” Kornbluh, Bay of Pigs Declassified, 71; Army Memorandum from Lt. Frank Koppell to Thomas J. Kelly, “Manuel Ray,” December 7, 1960, JFKAC, Counterinsurgency Source Files (Army), Box 3, Folder Manuel Ray; Schlesinger, Thousand Days, 204.

386 Helgerson, CIA Briefings, 58–59; Dulles, Oral History, 17, 19–20.

387 “Proposed Operation Against Cuba,” March 11, 1961in Kornbluh, Bay of Pigs Declassified, 118–26; Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior, 170.

388 Wyden, Bay of Pigs, 100; Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior, 169; “Cuba,” February 1961, Kornbluh, Bay of Pigs Declassified, 114; Schlesinger, Thousand Days, 201–03.

389 Strober,“Let Us Begin Anew”, 334.

390 Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior, 169–72; “Revised Cuban Operation,” March 15, 1961, Kornbluh, Bay of Pigs Declassified, 125.

391 Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior, 170–72.

392 Reeves, President Kennedy, 78–81; Paul Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost: At the Center of Decision (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1989), 183–85; Schlesinger, Thousand Days, 210–11; Jordan A. Schwarz, Liberal: Adolf Berle and the Vision of an American Era (New York: Free Press, 1987), 332–33; Kai Bird, The Color of Truth: McGeorge Bundy and William Bundy: Brothers in Arms (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998), 196; Dean Rusk, As I Saw It: A Secretary of State’s Memoirs (New York: I. B. Tauris, 1991), 181–82.

393 “U.S. Bars Intervening in Cuba,” Washington Post, April 13, 1961 plus excerpts from Kennedy’s news conference.

394 Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior, 183; Pierre Salinger, With Kennedy (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), 140.

395 “Pilot Describes Strafing Raids” and “Cuban Pilot’s Statement,” New York Times, April 16, 1961.

396 Stevenson did not know that there was no truth to the air strike cover story written by David Atlee Phillips, chief of propaganda for the CIA’s Cuba Task Force. Stevenson’s CIA briefer neglected to tell him about the considerable U.S. role in the air strikes on the Cuban air force. Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior, 183; David Atlee Phillips, The Night Watch: 25 Years of Peculiar Service (New York: Atheneum, 1977), 105–06; Kornbluh, Bay of Pigs Declassified, 305.

397 “Roa in UN Lays Bombings to US,” New York Times, April 16, 1961; Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior, 183.

398 Bissell, Reflections of a Cold Warrior, 184; Wyden, Bay of Pigs, 193–94.

399 Wyden, Bay of Pigs, 131–34, 168–69, 173–79; Kornbluh, Bay of Pigs Declassified, 6, 21, 302–03; James Blight and Peter Kornbluh, editors, Politics of Illusion: The Bay of Pigs Reexamined (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998), xv, 224–25; John Prados, Presidents’ Secret Wars: CIA and Pentagon Cover Operations Since World War II (New York: Morrow, 1986), 200–01.

400 Haynes Johnson, The Bay of Pigs (New York: Norton, 1964), 86; Richard H. Immerman, The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983), 162–63, 166.

401 Wyden, Bay of Pigs, 179–80; Szulc, Fidel, 543–44, 550.

402 CIA Memorandum from DDP to ACSI, “Higinio Díaz Ana,” July 9, 1963, JFKAC, HSCA, Segregated CIA Collection, JFK Task Force, Box 95, Folder 214363; Quirk, Fidel Castro, 366–67; Aguilar, Operation Zapata, 17–18; Wyden, Bay of Pigs, 170–72; Szulc, Fidel, 545.

403 Lemnitzer Testimony, Taylor Board of Inquiry on the Bay of Pigs, Aguilar, Operation Zapata, 314.