absolution, 87–88, 143, 228, 250
Adelmann, Berhard, 110, 114, 134, 161
Adolph of Anhalt, Bishop of Merseburg, 143
Albrect, Archbishop of Magdeburg and Mainz, 4, 9, 16, 74, 89, 177
Aleander, Girolamo, 154, 160, 162–166, 187, 261–262
Alsace, 209
Alveldt, Augustin von, 136–140, 156, 256
Amsdorf, Nicholas von, 184
Anabaptists, 198, 200–201, 208, 218
Anne (Saint), 22–24. See also vow to Saint Anne
Antichrist, 43, 105, 115–116, 135, 139, 142, 154, 156–158, 172, 184, 210, 221, 229, 260
antinomianism, 20
Apostles’ Creed, 123
Arianism, 125
Aristotle, 51, 56, 58, 61, 64–68, 82, 86, 92, 131, 148, 153, 208
Arnoldi, Bartholomaeus of Usingen, 25–26, 35
Augsburg, 11, 43, 96–97, 99–100, 102, 104–107, 109, 113–114, 121, 128, 130, 161, 218, 225, 228, 230, 249–250, 261
Augsburg Contract, 109
Augustine, 33–34, 40, 52, 61–68, 80, 86, 93, 124, 132, 139–140, 171, 191, 194, 212, 222–224, 239, 243–244, 257; anti-Pelagian writing of, 61, 67, 239, 243; The City of God, 40, 194; Confessions, 40; On the Trinity, 40
Austin Canons, 131
Austin Friars, 3, 23–25, 29, 31, 33–34, 36, 38, 40–41, 79, 97, 103, 131, 142, 171, 180, 190, 238
baptism, 62–65, 141, 144, 147–148, 150, 174, 180, 205, 223, 243–244; infant baptism, 205
Barnes, Robert, 209
Baron, Stephen, 244
Basel, 107, 130–131, 133, 198, 203
Beier, Leonhard, 79
Bernardino of Seina, 171
Bernard of Clairvaux, 219
Bible, 30, 35–36, 41, 45–48, 50, 57, 59, 125, 137–138, 171, 181, 191–192, 201, 213–214, 222, 238. See also individual books; New Testament
biblical interpretation, 57–78
Biel, Gabriel, 67
Borrhaus, Martin, 255
Brandenburg, 4, 16–17, 160, 164, 169
Brandt, Sebastian, 37
Brecht, Martin, 35, 42, 111, 238
Bremen, 190
Bridget of Sweden (Saint), 45
Brussels, 190
Cajetan, Thomaso de Vio, Cardinal, 73, 96–101, 103–107, 113, 115, 118, 121, 152–153, 184, 218, 225
Calais, 159
Carlstadt, Andreas, 55, 108, 112–114, 117, 122, 129, 161, 176–178, 185–186, 188, 198, 201, 205, 209, 217, 240, 242, 252–253; Axioms on Celibacy, Monasticism, and Widowhood, 177
Carmelites, White Friars, 97
Casola, Pietro, 19
Catharinus, Ambrosius, 138, 156, 184
ceremonies, and Christian life, 153
chantries, 182
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 102–103, 109, 159–162, 164, 166, 168, 170, 193, 229, 256, 261
Christocentrism, 220
Clement VI, 98
clerical marriage, 141, 176–177. See also vows
Cochlaeus, Johannes, 25, 169–170, 199, 206, 225, 238, 256, 262
Cologne, 19, 92, 108, 113, 161, 163, 203, 225
communion. See eucharist
communion in one kind, 145, 149
Comuneros, 194
concupiscence, 55, 62–65, 68, 242–244
confession, 15, 20, 32, 52, 55, 74–76, 78, 80–81, 84, 87–88, 143, 176, 222
confraternities, 141, 146, 182
conscience, 27, 29, 32, 83, 73, 78, 92, 94, 103, 116, 143, 165, 167–168, 178, 182–183, 186, 196, 202, 205, 218, 227–229
Council of Constance, 120–121, 123–125, 160, 168–169
Council of Florence, 258
Council of the Lateran (Fourth), 125
Council of Lyon (Second), 125
Council of Nicaea, 125
Council of Trent, 118
Cranach, Lucas, 172
Cröy, Guillaume de, 164
Damascus, 71
Daniel, 157
David, 163
Doltz, Johannes, 161
Donatists, 223
Dominican Friars, 13, 89, 92, 156, 171, 244, 255
Dungersheim, Hieronymus, 130
Düren, 23
Dürer, Albrecht, 220
Eccius Dedolatus (A Well-Beaten Eck), 133–134, 161
Eck, Johannes ab, 166
Eck, Johannes Maier von, 3, 5, 107–115, 117–130, 133–135, 137, 149, 152, 154–155, 160–161, 183–184, 188, 225, 255; Handbook of Commonplaces against the Lutherans, 108; Obelisks, 110–111; On the Primacy of Peter, against Luther, 119; Response to Carlstadt’s Invectives, 113
Egranus, Johannes Sylvius, 161
Eisleben, 23
Emser, Hieronymus, 34, 124, 129–130, 155, 184, 255
Erasmus, Desiderius, 29, 37–38, 47, 54, 72, 91, 115, 130–132, 134, 153, 161, 163, 175, 183, 201, 203–204, 209, 211–216, 241–242, 267; Diatribe on Free Will, 204, 212; Encomium Moriae, 241; Julius Exclusus, 241; Spongia, 203
Erfurt, 22–23, 25–26, 30–31, 34–36, 37, 42, 47, 97, 107, 113, 128, 166, 192–193, 202, 238
Esschen, Johannes van den, 190
Estienne, Robert, 47
eucharist, 11, 32, 43–44, 75, 98, 147–150, 174, 180–183, 186, 198, 201, 205, 220–221, 238, 268; and consubstantiation, 259; and the real presence, 44, 75, 148, 205, 220; and sacramentarian doctrine, 205, 208; spiritual presence in, 269; and transubstantiation, 145, 148, 150, 198
excommunication, 1, 3, 43, 102, 156–157, 162, 172, 250
Exsurge Domine, 135, 151, 154–155, 160, 184, 211
Eyb, Gabriel von, Bishop of Eichstätt, 11, 110
Fabri, John, 135
faith, 51, 60, 84–86, 88–89, 93, 103, 118, 137, 141, 143–144, 146, 150–151, 156, 166, 179, 195, 199, 202, 216
Feast of All Saints, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 19, 68
Feast of Corpus Christi, 32, 221
Feast of Saint Catherine, 105
Feast of Saints Peter and Paul, 117
Febvre, Lucien, 126
Fisher, John, 39, 49–50, 211, 239, 240
Flanders, 159
Franciscan Friars, 9, 89, 131, 136, 164, 171, 244
Franconia, 209
Frederick, Duke and Elector of Saxony, 3–4, 10, 18–19, 38, 103–104, 106–107, 128, 151, 163–165, 186, 194, 229, 261
free will, 61, 79–80, 115, 163–164, 204, 211–213
Frosch, Johannes, 97
Gattinara, Mercurino, 164
General Council, 90, 98, 104, 121, 124–125, 128, 160, 168, 170, 225
Genesis, 69. See also Abraham; Hagar; Isaac; Ishmael; Sara
Georg, Duke of Saxony, 34, 114, 140, 150, 169, 261
German Peasants’ War, 201, 205–206, 208–209
Germany, 1, 2, 9–11, 44, 96, 104, 130, 133, 151, 159–162, 167, 193–194, 202, 205, 216, 218
Glapion, Jean, 164
good works, 14–15, 78–79, 153–154, 174–175, 187, 223
Gotha, 9
Gospel, 28, 78, 89, 133, 151, 157, 160, 172, 179, 193, 206, 209, 215, 219, 228
grace, 13–15, 38, 51–52, 55, 61–62, 64–67, 70–78, 80–82, 84–89, 93–94, 98–99, 117–118, 132, 137, 142–143, 145, 147, 152–153, 166, 178, 195, 207–208, 211–212, 223, 228
Grane, Leif, 246
Greek Orthodox Church, 122
Gregory I, 40
Grumbach, Argula von, 267
Guttel, Kaspar
Halle, 107
Heidelberg, 79, 81–82, 86, 89, 108, 112
Henry VIII, 151, 159, 164, 188, 196, 204, 265; Assertion of the Seven Sacraments, 151, 196, 197, 204
Herod, 166
Hulst, Franz van der, 190
humanism, 22, 34, 65, 68, 72, 93, 108, 115, 130, 202–203, 216, 255
Hus, Jan, 54, 97, 121–123, 148, 158, 160, 163, 167, 169, 256–257
Hutten, Ulrich von, 130, 136, 155, 163, 203, 256, 267; Expostulation, 203
iconoclasm, 185–186, 188, 198, 253
individualism, 3, 101, 140, 146, 197, 226, 229
indulgences, 1, 3–5, 7, 9–21, 39, 41–42, 55, 74, 80–81, 86–87, 89, 91, 93–94, 97–98, 100, 103–104, 107, 125–126, 130, 141, 144, 211, 235
Ingolstadt, 11, 107, 109, 114, 117, 255
Iserloh, Erwin, 1–2, 4, 6, 8, 234
Italy, 164
Jephthah (Judges), 30
Jerome, 102, 120, 129, 132, 176, 266
Jesus Christ, 12–13, 24, 33, 40, 51, 63, 71, 73, 75, 85, 88, 101, 115, 118, 120, 132, 140, 145, 152–153, 157–158, 165–168, 170–172, 180–181, 183, 188, 193, 197, 200, 202, 215–217, 219, 221, 224–225, 228, 243, 245
Jews, 49–52, 62, 138, 176, 189, 208, 240
Joachim I, Margrave of Brandenburg, 163–164
Job, 40
Johannes Oecolampadius, 133
Johannes of Ulm, 130
John Chrysostom, 52
Jonas, Justus, 166
Julius II, 90
justice and justification, 49, 50–53, 60–61, 64, 66, 68, 72, 82–87, 127, 131, 199, 216
justification by faith alone, 20–21, 50, 75–76, 81, 82, 84, 94, 118, 131, 143–145, 152–153, 155, 175, 178, 182, 191, 217, 220, 222, 226, 228, 240
Jüterbog, 18
kingship, 207
La Coruña, 159
Lamenit, Ursula, Holy Maid of Augsburg, 43
last rites, 81
law, 52. See also Luther, Martin (LIFE), on the law and gospel dichotomy
Lee, Edward, 134
Lefèvre d’Etaples, Jacques, 59–60, 130
Leib, Kilian, 11
Leipzig, 3, 34, 107–108, 113–115, 117–119, 121, 123–124, 126–128, 130, 133, 135, 149–150, 154, 165–166, 188
Leo X, 17, 43, 102, 107, 118, 135, 154–156, 256, 268
Letters of Obscure Men, 133
Lichtenberg, 151
Link, Wenzel, 11, 100, 102, 151
Lollards, 206
Lombard, Peter, 36, 45–46, 242; Sentences, 36, 45–46, 242
Louis XII, 90
Louvain, 107, 174, 202–203, 225
Lucerne, 130
Ludwig V, Count Palatine of the Rhine, 163
Lüthard, Johannes, 130
Luther, Martin (LIFE): audience with Cardinal Cajetan, 97–100 (see also Cajetan, Thomas de Vio, Cardinal); on the certainty of grace, 2, 14–15, 70–76, 80–82, 86–89, 93–94, 98–99, 118, 140, 142, 147, 178–179, 182–183, 199, 201, 223, 226, 229; on Christian liberty, 132, 179, 186; his disputation on Scholastic theology, 6, 8–9, 66, 82; on early papacy, 53–54; his father, 27–29; his Heidelberg disputation, 78–82; on the invisible church, 136–140, 156, 223, 258; on the law and gospel dichotomy, 131, 152, 186; his Leipzig disputation with Eck (see also Eck, Johannes Maier von), 113–128, 149, 159, 225, 235, 250; ordination of, 32; on pastoral authority, 186–187; on “the priesthood of all believers,” 142, 260; as professor of Scripture, 31, 41, 45; at Reichstag in Worms, 160–170; and Staupitz, 37–41, 101–103, 229 (see also Staupitz, Johannes von); his study of arts and law, 22, 34, 36, 47; his study of theology, 34–36, 41; on the two kingdoms, 140, 151, 194–195; his vow to Saint Anne, 22–24
Luther, Martin (PUBLISHED WORKS): Abrogation of the Private Mass, 180–181; Admonition to Peace, 205; Against the Execrable Bull of Antichrist, 154; Against the Heavenly Prophets, 205; Against the Thieving, Murderous Horde of Peasants, 205; Appeal to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, 139, 141–142, 173, 176, 196; The Assertion of All the Articles, 155; Asterisks, 110–112; Babylonian Captivity of the Church, 144–151, 169, 180; Christian Liberty, 151–154; Complete Works (Volume I), 4, 83–84, 86, 112; Complete Works (Volume II), 5; Commentary on Galatians, 121, 131–133, 180, 203, 266; Commentary on the Psalms, 48, 54–56, 83, 85, 172; Confutation of Latomus’s Reason, 174; The Enslaved Will, 173, 211, 214; Epistle to the Erfurters, 192–193; Epistle to the Strasbourgers, 205; Instructions for Confession, 74–76; Jesus Christ was a Jew by Birth, 189; The Jews and Their Lies, 189; Judgment on Monastic Vows, 178–179; Lectures on the Epistles of Peter, 201; Lectures on Hebrews, 72–76, 84; Lectures on the Pauline Epistles, 59–60, 84, 86; Lectures on the Psalms, 45, 48, 84–86; Lectures on Romans, 60–66, 72, 83, 84–85; Ninety-Five Theses, 1–11, 14–17, 19, 66, 68–69, 74, 78–79, 87–88, 90–91, 104, 110, 174; On Good Works, 143; On the Papacy at Rome, 136–137; Resolutions on Indulgences, 17, 87, 94, 98, 104; Resolutions on the Leipzig Disputation, 129; Response to Ambrosius Catharinus, 156–157; Sermon on the Blessed Sacrament, 149; Sermon on Penance, 98; Sermon on the Proper Preparation of the Heart for the Reception of Communion, 74; Sermons on the Ten Commandments, 86; Table Talk, 3; Theses about Vows, 177; What Happened at Augsburg, 104; On Worldly Government, 194
Mannheim, 161
Marburg, 201
Marck, Érard de la, 162
Mary, Blessed Virgin, Mother of God, 15, 22–23, 75, 101, 243
Mary Magdalene, 24
the mass, 31, 55, 145–146, 148, 185–186, 204; as sacrifice, 55, 149–150, 181–183; votive, 74, 108, 141, 146, 180, 259
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, 96, 160
Meissen, 160
Melanchthon, Philip, 5–8, 93, 97, 105, 128–129, 155, 172, 178, 184–185, 192, 250, 255, 266; Apologia, 192; Commonplaces, 155
Memmingen, 255
Merseburg, 160
Miltitz, Karl von, 104–105, 151, 159
miracles, 187
monasticism, 144, 146–147, 177–180, 182
monastic vows, 27, 29–30, 176–179, 185. See also clerical celibacy
Mosellanus, Petrus, 108
Muntzer, Thomas, 198, 201, 215, 266
Netherlands, 69, 159, 161, 202
New Testament, 7, 47, 190–193;
Nicholas of Lyra, 46
nominalism (via moderna), 52–53, 222–223
Nützel, Kaspar, 11
oaths, 200
Oberman, Heiko, 172
obits, 182
Oecolampadius, Johannes, 128, 133, 201, 203
Osborne, John, 77
Otranto, 96
Panormitanus, Niccolò de’ Tudeschi, 100–101, 225–226
papacy. See pope and papacy
Paris, 107, 113, 120, 128–129, 162, 203, 225
Paul of Burgos, 46
Paul (Saint), 14, 59–60, 63–64, 66, 70–72, 76, 86, 93, 116, 131, 151–152, 157, 191–192, 202, 207, 212, 217, 224–225, 244
Passover, 181
Passion of Christ and Antichrist, 172
Passion of Martin Luther According to Marcellus, 171
peace of conscience, 73, 81, 95, 132, 145, 147, 151, 179, 228
Pelagius, Pelagianism, 40, 61, 62, 82, 85, 87, 115, 223, 270
penance, 12–13, 18, 39, 87, 126–127, 132, 144
Peter (Saint), 12, 16, 91, 101, 117, 128, 137
Peutinger, Konrad, 11, 97, 109, 169–170
Pilate, Pontius, 166
pilgrimage, 12, 19, 22, 42, 126, 132, 141, 144
Pirckheimer, Willibald, 10–11, 134, 160–161, 256
Plautus, 34
pope and papacy, 3–4, 12–13, 16, 29, 36, 39, 43, 56, 90, 98–99, 101, 105–106, 115, 128, 135–137, 141–142, 150–151, 155–157, 165, 167–168, 172, 184, 189, 211, 221, 229, 269; papal authority, 91–92, 98, 100, 103, 115, 140; papal primacy, 54, 113, 115, 117, 119, 124, 135; and the power of the keys, 12, 118. See also individual papal bulls
Prague, 97
prayer, 12–14; for the dead, 204
predestination, 40, 79, 212, 216, 239
Preus, James S., 264
Prierias, Silvestro Mazzolini, 90–93, 96, 98, 152; A Dialogue on the Impertinent Propositions of Martin Luther concerning Papal Power, 90
Probst, Jakob, 190
promise (Gospel), 70, 88, 94, 145–148, 151, 183, 228
Protestantism, 20–21, 24, 32, 47, 74, 84, 110, 127, 154, 159, 172, 182, 229
Purgatory, 12–13, 16, 80, 93, 124–125, 146, 180
Ranke, Leopold van, 153
realism (via antiqua), 53
Reisch, Gregor, 109
Reuchlin, Johannes, 34, 92–93, 130–131, 134, 161
relics: collections, 18–19; veneration of, 18
Rhadinus, Thomas, 255
Rhegius, Urbanus, 218; New Learning, 218
Rome, 4, 13, 18, 41–45, 89, 92, 104–105, 113–116, 118, 126, 133, 137, 142, 154, 184
Roper, Lyndal, 247
Rörer, Georg, 8
Rubianus, Crotus, 26
sacraments, 13–14, 49, 52, 55, 74, 76, 78, 86, 88–89, 99, 104, 142–150, 182, 187, 205, 207, 225, 227. See also absolution; baptism; confession; eucharist; last rites
scriptural literalism, 199
“scripture alone,” 58, 127, 155, 166, 177, 179, 202, 214, 222, 225–226. See also justice and justification
Saint Anne. See Anne (Saint)
Saint Alexius, 23
Saint Bridget of Sweden. See Bridget of Sweden (Saint)
Saint Paul. See Paul (Saint)
Saint Peter. See Peter (Saint)
Saint Peter’s Basilica, 4, 13, 18
Satan, 28, 172–173, 184, 188, 190, 197, 198, 204, 209, 212
Scheurl, Christoph, 10–11, 102, 107, 109–110
scholastic theology, 6, 8–9, 20–21, 60–61, 64–65, 68, 92, 120, 216
Schultz, Hieronymus, Bishop of Brandenburg, 4, 17, 169
Schmalkaldic League, 268
Sigismund, 160
sin, 12, 15, 63, 68, 78, 80, 84, 174–175, 179, 222, 227; original sin, 62–63; post-baptismal sin, 64–65, 223, 243. See also concupiscence
Snekis, Cornelius de, 224
South German Interest Rate Controversy, 109
Spalatin, Georg, 10, 19, 97, 105, 115, 128–129, 143, 155, 188, 193, 245
Spengler, Lazarus, 161
Stadion, Christoph van, 169
Staupitz, Johannes van, 25, 31–33, 35, 37–42, 53, 71, 79–80, 87, 92, 96, 99–103, 151, 221, 229, 235, 238–239, 249–250; Sermons on Job, 40; in Strasbourg, 193, 198, 205
Ten Commandments, 27, 63, 86, 144, 179, 207
Tetzel, Johannes, 13, 15–17, 89
Thomas à Kempis, 56; The Imitation of Christ, 56, 220
Thomas Aquinas, 40, 53, 56, 61, 67, 71–72, 80, 92–93, 98, 148, 153, 212, 244, 246
Thoring, Mathias, 46
Trutfetter, Jodocus, 11
Tunstall, Cuthbert, 164
Tyndale, William, 209
The Unlearned Canons, 133
Valla, Lorenzo, 136, 242, 256; Annotationes in Novum Testamentum, 242
Vatican, 162
veneration of the saints, 193, 253
Venice, 162
Virgil, 34
Vollrads, Richard van Greiffenklau zu, Archbishop of Trier, 169
voluntarism, 53
Vos, Hendrik, 190
Waim, Gervase, 255
Wartburg, 27, 77, 170, 173, 176–177, 180, 193
What Happened at Worms, 169, 171
William of Ockham, 52–53, 55, 67
Wimpina, Konrad, 16
Wittenberg, 1–2, 6, 9, 17–18, 30, 37, 46, 48, 66, 68, 71, 77–79, 86, 93, 97, 104–106, 109–110, 117, 128, 130, 133, 136, 155, 165, 172, 176–177, 180, 184–186, 188, 190, 196–198, 202–203, 217; Austin Friars, 3, 38, 185; Castle Church at, 1, 5, 10, 18, 55, 105; University of, 5, 17, 38, 45, 112
Wolsey, Thomas, Cardinal, 162
Word of God, 3, 105, 116, 131, 147, 168–169, 179, 184, 186–187, 195–197, 201–203, 215, 218, 222, 226, 227
Worms, 28, 156, 161–166, 169–170, 173, 180, 182, 187, 202, 225
Würzburg, 26
Wycliffe, John, 120–123, 148, 158, 256–257
Zasius, Ulrich, 109
Zwickau Prophets, 185, 187–188
Zwilling, Gabriel, 185
Zwingli, Huldrych, 198, 201, 209, 221, 224, 268; theology of, 133, 218, 265