For Hebrew, I use the Library of Congress system with some modifications. I have dispensed with the final h for the Hebrew he sofit—except in the case of established biblical and rabbinic Hebrew terms—and with the e for shva na (e.g., dvarim, not devarim). For Yiddish, I use the YIVO transliteration system. For foreign proper names in both Hebrew and Yiddish, I defer to the most common English form and to the author’s preferred translation. When Hebrew and Yiddish proper and geographical names appear within titles, I transliterate them according to the systems stated here. For translations, I quote from existing English translations where available and amend when necessary. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from German, Hebrew, and Yiddish are mine.