1. Willams, pp. 11–15; Roach, Æthelred the Unready, pp. 68–77 and 168–74.
2. ASC 979 DE (correctly 978), trans. Swanton, p. 123.
3. The ‘Sermon of the Wolf’ survives in three versions of varying length, of which only the shortest explicitly refers to Æthelred’s exile, although it is implied in the other two. The Old English texts are edited by Dorothy Bethurum, The Homilies of Wulfstan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1957), pp. 255–75. Michael Swanton provides a translation of the long version in his Anglo-Saxon Prose (London: Rowman and Littlefield, 1975), pp. 116–22. The relationship between the three versions and their dating are subjects of debate. Keynes argues that the longest version is the earliest of the three, but that all descend from a lost ‘original’ that Wulfstan preached in 1009 when the viking threat seemed most apocalyptic. The reference to Æthelred’s exile was added when Wulfstan revised the sermon after Swein’s death. See Keynes, ‘An Abbot’, pp. 206–13. See also Roach, Æthelred the Unready, pp. 279–83.
4. Barbara Yorke, ‘The Women in Edgar’s Life’, in Edgar, King of the English, pp. 143–57.
5. JW, pp. 416–17; WM, pp. 258–60. The two accounts are almost certainly related.
6. S 725, 771, 779, 794, 795, 801, 805 and 806.
7. Janet Nelson, ‘The Second English Ordo’, in her Politics and Ritual in Early Medieval Europe (London: Hambledon Press, 1986), p. 372.
8. Pauline Stafford, Queen Emma and Queen Edith: Queenship and Women’s Power in Eleventh-Century England (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), p. 164.
9. Andrew Rabin, ‘Female Advocacy and Royal Protection in Tenth-Century England: The Legal Career of Queen Ælfthryth’, Speculum, 84:2 (2009), pp. 273–88.
10. S 745.
11. Regularis Concordia Anglicae Nationis Monarchorum Sanctimonialiumque, ed. and trans. Thomas Symons (London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1953), p. 2. Edgar’s decision to entrust the protection of nuns to Ælfthryth is in Bishop Æthelwold’s account of Edgar’s establishment of monasteries. See EHD, p. 848.
12. Barbara Yorke, ‘Æthelwold and the Politics of the Tenth Century’, in her Bishop Æthelwold: His Career and Influence (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1988), pp. 82–4.
13. S 745.
14. D. J. V. Fisher, ‘The Anti-Monastic Reaction in Edward the Martyr’s Reign’, Cambridge History Journal, 10 (1952), p. 260; Diplomas, p. 166.
15. Williams, p. 9.
16. Rabin, ‘Legal Career of Queen Ælfthryth’, pp. 279–80.
17. King Æthelstan established twelve as the threshold for legal adulthood (II As. 1, 1.1. Cf. II Cn. 21).
18. Ecclesiastes 10:16.
19. ASC 975 ADE.
20. Fisher, ‘Anti-Monastic Reaction’, pp. 254–70; Simon Keynes, ‘Edgar, Rex Admirabilis’, in Edgar, King of the English, pp. 54–6.
21. Life of St Oswald, pp. 136–43; EHD, pp. 841–3.
22. Life of St Oswald, pp. 136–8; EHD, p. 841.
23. Michael Lapidge, ‘Byrhtferth and Oswald’, in St Oswald of Worcester: Life and Influence, ed. Nicholas Brooks and Catherine Cubitt (London and New York: Leicester University Press, 1996), pp. 79–80.
24. Af. 4; III Edg. 7.3; II Cn. 64.
25. ASC 979 E (correctly 978), trans. Swanton, p. 123.
26. Life of St Oswald, pp. 142–3; EHD, pp. 839–49.
27. The earliest account to implicate Ælfthryth in the murder is the Passio Sancti Eadward Regis et Martyris, composed probably by Goscelin of Saint-Bertin in the 1070s. See C. F. Fell (ed. and trans), Edward, King and Martyr, Leeds Texts and Monographs (Leeds: University of Leeds, 1971), pp. xiv–xx.
28. Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum, ed. and trans. Diana Greenway (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 324–5 and n. 186.
29. Liber Eliensis: A History from the Seventh Century to the Twelfth, Compiled by a Monk of Ely in the Twelfth Century, trans. Janet Fairweather (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2005), pp. 153–4.
30. ASC 979 CE. Cf. Life of St Oswald, pp. 154–5; EHD, p. 843.
31. S 937. See Roach, Æthelred the Unready, pp. 70–71.
32. Fell (ed. and trans.), Edward, King and Martyr, pp. 6–7.
33. EHD, p. 857. See Catherine Cubitt, ‘Sites and Sanctity: Revising the Cult of Murdered and Martyred Anglo-Saxon Royal Saints’, Early Medieval Europe, 9 (2000), p. 83.
34. Nicole Marafioti, The King’s Body: Burial and Succession in Late Anglo-Saxon England (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014), pp. 163–76.
35. Susan Ridyard, The Royal Saints of Anglo-Saxon England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 69–71; Barbara Yorke, Nunneries and the Anglo-Saxon Royal Houses (London: Continuum, 2003), pp. 171–2; Marafioti, The King’s Body, pp. 181–2.
36. Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia, ‘Kingston-upon-Thames’ (S. Keynes).
37. Life of St Oswald, pp. 108 and 109; Roach, Æthelred the Unready, pp. 82–4.
38. Digital edition of the Old English coronation oath (Promissio Regis), ed. and trans. Mary Clayton, ‘Early English Laws’ website (http://www.earlyenglishlaws.ac.uk/laws/texts/sacr-cor/view/#edition,1/translation,1); Laws, pp. 4–3. See Pauline Stafford, ‘The Laws of Cnut and the History of Anglo-Saxon Royal Promises’, ASE, 10 (1981), pp. 185–6.