Notes

Page 1	“J’ai sur-tout à cœur”: Jean-Baptise Le Brun, “Discours préliminaire” to Galerie des peintres flamands, hollandais et allemands. 3 volumes (Paris: Le Brun, 1792–1796), 1:i and iv.
Page 7	“the most formidable man”: William Butler Yeats, The Autobiography of William Butler Yeats (New York: Macmillan, 1953), page 169.
Page 13	Rivarol on the French language: De l’universalité de la langue française (1783) (Paris: Pougens, 1800).
Page 13	“The English language”: T. S. Eliot, What Is a Classic?: An Address Delivered before the Virgil Society on the 16th of October 1944 (London: Faber and Faber, 1945), pages 26–27; reprinted in On Poets and Poetry (London: Faber and Faber, 1957), pages 53–71, quotation from page 66.
Page 14	“Mme de Chevreuse”: La Rochefoucauld, Mémoires (1662), in Œuvres complètes, edited by L. Martinchauffier and Jean Marchand (Paris: Gallimard [Bibliothèque de la Pléiade], 1964), page 40.
Page 15	“That praises are without reason”: Samuel Johnson, “Preface to Shakespeare” (1765), in Johnson on Shakespeare, edited by Arthur Sherbo, 2 volumes (New Haven, connecticut: Yale University Press, 1968), 1:59–113, quotation from page 59.
Page 16	“The truth is rarely pure, and never simple”: Oscar Wilde, The Importance of Being Earnest (1895), in Oscar Wilde, edited by Isobel Murray (New York: Oxford University Press [The Oxford Authors], 1985), page 485.
Page 20	“Dramatic sentiment”: Charles rosen, The Classical Style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven (New York: Norton, 1972), all quotations from page 43.
Page 20	“A profound symbolism”: Émile Mâle, Religious Art in France: The Late Middle Ages (1908), translated by Marthiel Mathews (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press [Bollingen], 1986), page 211.
Page 21	Books on style: The Chicago Manual of Style, fifteenth edition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003). MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, third edition (New York: Modern Language Association of America, 2008). Willams A. Heffernan and Mark Johnston, The Harvest Reader, second edition (San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1991), chapter 7, “Style.” Kate L. Turabian et al., A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, seventh edition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007). William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White, The Elements of Style, third edition (New York: Macmillan, 1979). Joseph M. Williams [and Gregory G. Colomb], Style: Toward Clarity and Grace (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).
Page 28	“The prize fighter”: A. J. Liebling, The Sweet Science (1956) (New York: Penguin, 1982), page 249. An earlier version appeared as “A Reporter at Large: Next-to-Last Stand, Maybe,” The New Yorker, 16 April 1955, pages 90–106.
Page 29	“an exact knowledge of the past”: Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, section 1.22, translated by Rex Warner (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1954), page 48.
Page 33	“Having, without the form”: Jeremy Bentham, The Book of Fallacies, as quoted in Kenneth Burke, A Rhetoric of Motives (1950) (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969), page 94.
Pages 35–36	“In spite of its liquid state”: Waverley Root, Food (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1980), page 257; taken from the entry “lait” in Prosper Montagné, Nouveau Larousse Gastronomique (Paris: Larousse, 1967), which reproduces the sentence from Prosper Montagné, Larousse Gastronomique (Paris: Larousse, 1938), page 629: “Malgré son état liquide, le lait doit toujours être considéré comme un aliment et non comme une boisson . . .”
Page 36	“Unusual among songbirds”: John Bull and John Farrand, Jr., The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds, Eastern Region (New York: Knopf, 1977), page 514.
Page 37	“As far back as the records go”: Waverley Root, The Food of France (1958) (New york: Vintage, 1992), page 3.
Page 47	“[W]ere I persuaded that Charlotte”: Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (1813), edited by R. W. Chapman, third edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1932), page 135.
Pages 48–49	“Many attempts have been made”: C. H. Dodd, The Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel (1953) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), pages 289–290.
Page 51	Foucault on “What Is an Author?” in Language, Counter-Memory, Practice, edited by Donald F. Bouchard, translated by Donald F. Bouchard and Sherry Simon (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1977), pages 113–138.
Page 61	“To shun English”: “French May Be Language of Love, but for Science. . . ,” The Wall Street Journal, 21 October 1983, page 1.
Page 63	“[I]f you want to understand what a science is”: Clif-ford Geertz, “Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture,” in The Interpretation of Cultures (New York: Basic Books, 1973), page 5.
Page 63	“The fact is that the subtlety”: Janel Mueller, The Native Tongue and the Word: Developments in English Prose Style 1380–1580 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), page 13.
Page 66	“By his manner, his looks, his voice”: Longinus, On the Sublime, section 20, translated by W. Hamilton Fyfe, in Aristotle (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press [Loeb], 1932), 23:190.
Page 66	Demetrius on linguistic construction: On Style, section 1.1–2, translated by W. Rhys Roberts, in Aristotle (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press [Loeb], 1932), 23:295–297.
Page 66	“Long journeys are shortened”: Demetrius, On Style, section 2.46, in Aristotle, 23:331.
Page 66	The role of image schemas: “Image schema” is Mark Johnson’s term. See The Body in the Mind (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), page xiv. The term and concept are treated in Mark Turner, Reading Minds: The Study of English in the Age of Cognitive Science (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1991), pages 57, 101, and 151–271. The conceptual instruments according to which we align image schemas of thought and language in poetry are analyzed in George Lakoff and Mark Turner, More Than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), pages 155–157.
Page 68	Aristotle, in the Rhetoric, on styles: Rhetoric (1413b), edited and translated by John Henry Freese (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press [Loeb], 1926), page 419.
Page 68	“stand in irreconcilable opposition”: Demetrius, On Style, section 2, in Aristotle, 23:322–323.
Page 68	“comes from trying to outdo the sublime”: Longinus, On the Sublime, section 3, in Aristotle, 23:130. (Translation by Mark Turner.)
Page 68	“from the same cause”: Longinus, On the Sublime, section 5, in Aristotle, 23:136. (Translation by Mark Turner.)
Pages 68–69	Aristotle on surface techniques: Poetics, section 22, translated by W. Hamilton Fyfe in Aristotle (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press [Loeb], 1932), 23:84–91.
Page 70	“For the effect of genius”: Longinus, On the Sublime, section 1, in Aristotle, 23:125.
Page 70	“inventive skill and the due disposal”: Longinus, On the Sublime, section 1, in Aristotle, 23:125.
Page 70	“the command of full-blooded ideas”: Longinus, On the Sublime, section 8, in Aristotle, 23:141.
Page 70	“Now, since the first, I mean natural genius”: Longinus, On the Sublime, section 9, in Aristotle, 23:143.
Pages 70–71	“The machinery of grace”: Michael Donaghy, “Machines,” in Shibboleth (oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), page 1.
Page 73	“It is necessary to express what is true”: La Bruyère, Les Caractères (1688), edited by Robert Garapon (Paris: Garnier, 1962), page 70.
Page 73	“And ten low Words”: Alexander Pope, An Essay on Criticism (1711), in Poems of Alexander Pope, edited by John Butt (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1963), page 154, line 347.
Page 75	“The brooding note”: Clifford Geertz, Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as Author (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1988), pages 14–16, 23.
Page 82	“Although a dirty campaign”: Julian Barnes, “Letter from London,” The New Yorker, 4 May 1992, pages 78–92, quotation from page 80.
Page 82	“With peer pressure and whippings”: Ruth Baer Lam bach, “Colony Girl,” in Women’s Experiences in United States Communal Societies, edited by Wendy Chmielewski, Marlyn Dalsimer, and Louis Kern (Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1993), pages 241–255, quotation from page 243.
Page 82	“In the same year”: Greece, Michelin Green Guide (Paris: Michelin, 1987), page 24.
Page 82	“It is from this weighing of delights”: A. J. Liebling, “Memoirs of a Feeder in France: II. Just Enough Money,” The New Yorker, 18 April 1959, pages 49–76, quotation from page 49; reprinted in Between Meals: An Appetite for Paris (1962) (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1986), quotation from page 57.
Page 83	“As she emerged in front of us”: E. B. White, “Letter from the South,” The New Yorker, 7 April 1956, pages 39–49; reprinted with a postscript as “The Ring of Time” in The Points of My Compass: Letters from the East, the West, the North, the South (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), pages 51–60; and in Essays of E. B. White (New York: Harper & Row, 1977), pages 142–149.
Page 86	“My disappointment was immense”: Marcel Proust, Remembrance of Things Past (French original, 1913–1927), translated by C. K. Scott-Moncrieff and Terence Kilmartin, 3 volumes (New York: Random House, 1981), 1:190–193. (This edition is a revision by Terrence Kilmartin of Scott-Moncrieff‘s translation as completed by Andreas Mayor after Scott-Moncrieff‘s death.)
Page 90	“Here, before the Lord” and “Take no account of it”: 1 Samuel 16. Translation from The New English Bible.
Page 90	“The Word of the Lord came to me”: Jeremiah 1. Translation from The New English Bible.
Page 91	“Woe is me!”: Isaiah 6. Translation from The New English Bible.
Page 92	“Let us recover the joy of battle”: Homer, Iliad, 19.149–161, translated by Robert Fitzgerald (Garden City, New York: Anchor, 1974), page 462.
Pages 93–94	“[W]e know that many purely formal patterns”: Kenneth Burke, A Rhetoric of Motives (1950) (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969), page 58.
Page 94	“Our love of what is beautiful,” “No doubt all this will be disparaged,” and “In this way Pericles attempted” (Pericles’ Funeral Oration, subsequent oration, and Thucydides’ analysis): Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, sections 2.35–46 and 2.60–65, pages 144–151 and 158–163.
Page 100	“because its favorite point of view”: Hilary Putnam, “Two Philosophical Perspectives,” in Reason, Truth and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), pages 49–74, quotations from page 49 and page 50.
Page 109	Bull and Farrand: Audubon Field Guide (New York: Knopf, 1977). Tufted Titmouse, pages 658–659; Northern Shrike, page 514; Hairy Woodpecker, page 644; Western Meadowlark, page 512.
Page 116	Los Angeles Times: Douglas Frantz and Glenn F. Bunting, “Weathering the Storm, Cajun-Style,” 28 August 1992, page 1.
Page 117	Murrin: The Allegorical Epic (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), page 3.
Page 117	Feynman: QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1985), page 4.
Page 117	McKeon: “Philosophy and Method,” Journal of Philosophy 48 (25 october 1951): 653–682, quotation from page 667.
Page 120	Twain: Life on the Mississippi (1883) (New York: Penguin, 1984), pages 45 and 64.
Page 122	“In the North one hears the war mentioned”: Twain, Life on the Mississippi, page 319.
Page 123	Tanizaki: The Secret History of the Lord of Musashi and Arrowroot (1983), translated by Anthony H. Chambers (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1991), page 9. (Original Japanese book publication of The Secret History, 1935.)
Page 124	Descartes: Discours de la méthode, in Œuvres et lettres, edited by André Bridoux (Paris: Gallimard [Bibliothèque de la Pléiade], 1953), pages 126–179, quotation from pages 129–130.
Page 125	Pascal: Pensées, in Œuvres complètes, edited by Louis Lafuma (Paris: Seuil, 1963), page 611, number 847. The corresponding number in Léon Brunschvicg’s edition is 893.
Page 125	Blake: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (?1790–1793) in William Blake’s Writings, 2 volumes, edited by G. E. Bentley, Jr. (oxford: clarendon, 1978), 1:84.
Page 128	La Bruyère: Les Caractères (1688), edited by robert Garapon (Paris: Garnier, 1962), Page 70
Page 128	Madame de Sévigné: Correspondance, 3 volumes, edited by roger Duchêne (Paris: Gallimard [Bibliothèque de la Pléiade], 1972–1978), 2:601, number 638. For Duchêne’s gloss on poésie, see page 1384.
Pages 130–131	Liebling: “A reporter at Large: cross-channel Trip 1,” The New Yorker, 1 July 1944, pages 34–41, quotation from page 34. Reprinted as “Cross-Channel Trip” from “And So to victory” in Mollie and Other War Pieces (New york: Schocken Books, 1964), page 117.
Pages 131–132	Mueller: The Native Tongue and the Word (chicago: University of chicago Press, 1984), pages 278–279.
Pages 136–137	Chastel: Le Mythe de la Renaissance 1420–1520 (Geneva: Skira, 1969), Page 29; translated by Stuart Gilbert as The Myth of the Renaissance 1420–1520 (Geneva: Skira, 1969), page 29.
Page 138	Borges: “Los traductores de las 1001 noches” (1935), in Historia de la eternidad (Buenos Aires: Emecé, 1953), pages 99–134, quotation from page 101.
Page 140	Root: The Food of France (1958) (New york: vintage, 1992), page 21.
Pages 140–141	Friedländer: Die Altniederländische Malerei, 14 volumes (Berlin: cassirer [volumes 1–11] and Leiden: Sijthoff [volumes 12–14], 1924–1937): volume 4, Hugo van der Goes (1926), page 8. Translation taken from Early Netherlandish Painting, 16 volumes, translated by Heinz Norden (Leyden: Sijthoff; Brussels: Éditions de la connaissance, 1967–1976): volume 4, Hugo van der Goes (1969), page 9.
Page 141	Steiner: The Colors of Rhetoric: Problems in the Relation between Modern Literature and Painting (chicago: University of chicago Press, 1982), pages 68–69.
Page 144	Madame de Lafayette: La princesse de Clèves, in Roman et Nouvelles, edited by Émile Magne (Paris: Garnier, 1970), page 376.
Page 146	Hodges: Alan Turing: The Enigma (New york: Simon and Schuster, 1983), pages 117–118.
Pages 146–147	Jouvenel: “introduction” to Hobbes’s translation of The Peloponnesian War, 2 volumes, edited by David Greene (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1959), 1:xiii–xiv.
Page 148	Wilde: The Importance of Being Earnest (1895), in Oscar Wilde, edited by isobel Murray (New york: oxford University Press [The oxford Authors], 1985), page 485.
Page 148	Geertz: “Thick Description,” in The Interpretation of Cultures (New york: Basic Books, 1973), page 14.
Page 149	La rochefoucauld: Maximes (1678), number 56, in Œuvres complètes, edited by L. Martin-chauffier and Jean Marchand (Paris: Gallimard [Bibliothèque de la Pléiade], 1964), page 410.
Page 149	Pope: From An Essay on Man (1733–1734), in Poems of Alexander Pope, edited by John Butt (New Haven, connecticut: yale University Press, 1963), page 502.
Page 149	Oakeshott: Experience and Its Modes (1933) (cambridge: cambridge University Press, 1966), page 20.
Page 150	Shaw: Back to Methuselah: A Metabiological Pentateuch (1921), in Complete Plays with Prefaces, 6 volumes (New york: Dodd, Mead, 1963), 2:10.
Page 152	“The concept of spatial form”: The first two sentences of W.J.T. Mitchell, “Spatial Form in Literature: Toward a General Theory,” Critical Inquiry 6, number 3 (1980): 539–567. W.J.T. Mitchell is the editor of Critical Inquiry and Gaylord Donnelley Distinguished Service Professor of English Language and Literature at the University of chicago.
Page 152	“Rembrandt was a very young man”: Suzanne C. Pipes, “rembrandt: Old Man with a Gold Chain” (unpublished manuscript).
Page 153	Lavoisier: Traité élémentaire de chimie présenté dans un ordre nouveau et d’après les découvertes modernes (Paris: cuchet, 1789), pages ix–x.
Page 153	La rochefoucauld: Maximes (1678), number 49, in Œuvres complètes, page 409.
Pages 153–154	Descartes: Discours de la méthode, page 131.
Page 154	Descartes: Discours de la méthode, page 126.
Page 155	Barthelme: “Daumier,” The New Yorker, 1 April 1972, pages 31–36, quotation from page 36. reprinted in Sadness (New york: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972), pages 161–183, quotation from page 183.
Page 157	Larkin: High Windows (London: Faber and Faber; New york: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1974), page 30.
Page 159	Robert Martin Adams: Bad Mouth (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of california Press, 1977), page 104.
Page 159	La rochefoucauld: Mémoires (1662), in Œuvres complètes, page 40.
Pages 161–162	Liebling: “The Great State: 1—Waiting for the imam,” The New Yorker, 28 May 1960, pages 41–91, quotation from page 41. Reprinted in The Earl of Louisiana (New york: Simon and Schuster, 1961), quotation from pages 8–9.
Page 162	Morrison: Playing in the Dark (cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1992), pages 63–64.
Page 162	“The style she employs to make her points”: Lehmann-Haupt, “2 voices as Far Apart as the Novel and the Essay,” The New York Times, 2 April 1992, page c21; review of Toni Morrison, Jazz (New york: Knopf, 1992) and Playing in the Dark: Whiteness and the Literary Imagination (cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1992).
Pages 166–167	Milton: Areopagitica, in Complete Prose Works of John Milton, 8 volumes, general editor, Don M. Wolfe (New Haven, connecticut: yale University Press, 1953–1982), volume 2: 1643–1648, edited by Ernest Sirluck (1959), pages 486–570, quotation from page 539.
Page 168	“If you hear me defending myself”: Socrates, Apology, in The Last Days of Socrates, translated by Hugh Tredennick (1954) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969), page 45. reprinted in Collected Dialogues of Plato, edited by Edith Hamilton and Huntington cairns (New york: Pantheon [Bollingen], 1963), pages 3–26, quotation from page 4.
Page 169	Greenspan: Quoted in Steven Greenhouse, “The Fed’s Master of obfuscation,” The New York Times, 20 April 1992, national edition, page c1.
Page 173	Veblen: The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979), page 399.
Page 174	“‘Mulk’ became ‘milk’”: Louise Brooks, Lulu in Hollywood (New york: Knopf, 1983), pages 10–11.
Page 175	“I spent most of my life fighting”: Thurgood Marshall, “Justice Marshall, on ‘Afro-American’: yes,” The New York Times, 17 october 1989, page A21; also reported in “Talking Points,” The Washington Post, 18 october 1989, page A29.
Page 176	Sainte-Beuve: Port-Royal (1840–1859), 3 volumes, edited by Maxime Leroy (Paris: Gallimard [Bibliothèque de la Pléiade], 1953–1955), 1:135.
Page 177	“[L]a langue n’était évidemment”: Louis-Adolphe régnier, Lexique de la langue du Cardinal de Retz (Paris: Hachette, 1896), page [i].
Page 178	Auerbach: Mimesis: Dargestellte Wirklichkeit in der Abendländischen Literatur (Bern: Francke, 1946), pages 370–371. Translation from Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, translated by Willard R. Trask (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1953), page 420.
Page 179	Saint-Simon: Quoted in Auerbach, Mimesis, pages 427–428.
Page 180	“Everything that occurs”: Auerbach, Mimesis, page 421.
Page 181	“Saint-Simon obtains his most profound insights”: Auerbach, Mimesis, pages 428–429.
Page 181	“[T]he urgency of an inner impulse”: Auerbach, Mimesis, page 433.
Page 182	“The essential nature”: Auerbach, Mimesis, page 428.
Page 182	“The non-fictitious, non-precogitated quality”: Auerbach, Mimesis, page 423.
Page 183	“Mr. collins was not a sensible man”: Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (1813), edited by R. W. chapman, third edition (London: oxford University Press, 1932), page 70.
Page 184	“In his level of style, Saint-Simon”: Auerbach, Mimesis, page 431.
Page 184	“We must wait until the late nineteenth century”: Auerbach, Mimesis, pages 425–426.
Page 193	“I have now attained the true art of letter-writing”: Jane Austen’s Letters, 3rd edition, ed. Deirdre Le Faye (New york: oxford University Press, 1995), page 68. Letter #29, to cassandra Austen, Saturday 3–Monday 5 January 1801; complete letter, pages 66–69.
Page 206	“He pushed a shiny print”: raymond chandler, The Big Sleep (1939) (New york: vintage [vintage crime/Black Lizard], 1992, pages 123–124.
Page 218	“Bartlebooth’s cellar”: Georges Perec, Life A User’s Manual, translated by David Bellos (Boston: Godine, 1987), chapter 72, “Basement 3,” page 344.
Page 218	“The rorschachs’ cellar”: Georges Perec, Life A User’s Manual, translated by David Bellos (Boston: Godine, 1987), chapter 67, “Basement 2,” page 325.
Page 220	“In a very dark chamber, at a round Hole”: isaac Newton, Opticks or A Treatise of the Reflections, Refractions, Inflections &Colours of Light [Book one, Part I: Prop II, Theor. II], 1704 (New york: Dover, 1952 [reprint 1979]), pages 26 and 28.
Page 224	“Cistercian architecture first appeared in Burgundy”: Burgundy Jura (London: Michelin Apa, 2007), pages 76–77.
Page 225	“[L]ife does not consist mainly—or even largely—of facts and happenings”: Autobiography of Mark Twain, volume 1, edited by Harriet Elinor Smith et al.; Mark Twain Papers (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of california Press, 2010), Page 256