Selected Bibliography

This book relies heavily on unpublished primary sources loaned to the author, materials and interviews housed in archival collections, and interviews that the author conducted with more than seventy very generous people over a period of six years. These and all other sources are listed in the Notes. The following books and articles were particularly helpful sources of information or inspiration.

Abbate, Janet. Inventing the Internet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999. Berg, Paul and Janet E. Mertz. “Personal Reflections on the Origins and Emergence of Recombinant DNA Technology.” Genetics 184 (2010): 9–17.

Berlin, Leslie. The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Biskind, Peter. Easy Riders, Raging Bulls: How the Sex-Drugs-and-Rock ’n’ Roll Generation Saved Hollywood. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998.

Brand, Stewart. II Cybernetic Frontiers. New York: Random House, 1974.

Brand, Stewart. “Spacewar!: Fanatic Life and Symbolic Death Among the Computer Bums.” Rolling Stone, Dec. 7, 1972.

Bruck, Connie. Master of the Game: Steve Ross and the Creation of Time Warner. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994.

Caddes, Carolyn. Portraits of Success: Impressions of Silicon Valley Pioneers. Palo Alto, CA: Tioga Publishing Company, 1986.

Campbell-Kelly, Martin. From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog: A History of the Software Industry. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.

Campbell-Kelly, Martin and William Aspray. Computer: A History of the Information Machine. New York: Basic Books, 1996.

Carter, Gene. Wow! What a Ride: A Quick Trip Through Early Semiconductor and Personal Computer Development. Raleigh, NC: Lulu Press, 2016.

Cohen, S. N., A.C.Y. Chang, H. W. Boyer, and R. B. Helling, “Construction of Biologically Functional Bacterial Plasmids in Vitro,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 70 (November 1973): 3240–4.

Cohen, Stanley N. “DNA Cloning: A Personal View After 40 Years.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, no. 39 (Sept. 24, 2013): 15521–9.

Copeland, Alan. People’s Park. Phoenix: Ballantine, 1969.

Donovan, Tristan. Replay: The History of Video Games. Sussex, UK: Yellow Ant, 2010.

Draper, William H. III. The Startup Game: Inside the Partnership Between Venture Capitalists and Entrepreneurs. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2011.

Eymann, Marcia, and Charles M. Wollenberg. What’s Going On: California and the Vietnam Era. Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2004.

Freiberger, Paul, and Michael Swaine, Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer. Berkeley, CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1984.

Gertner, Jon. The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation. New York: Penguin Books, 2012.

Goldberg, Adele, ed. A History of Personal Workstations. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1988.

Goldberg, Martin, and Curt Vendel. Atari Inc.—Business Is Fun. Carmel, NY: Syzyg Press, 2012.

Guins, Raiford. “Beyond the Bezel: Coin-Op Arcade Video Game Cabinets as Design History,” Journal of Design History, Oct. 7, 2015.

Hafner, Katie, and Matthew Lyon. Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

Harragan, Betty Lehan. Games Mother Never Taught You: Corporate Gamesmanship for Women. New York: Warner Books, 1978.

Herman, Leonard. “The Untold Atari Story.” Edge, April 2009.

Hiltzik, Michael. Dealers of Lightning: Xerox PARC and the Dawn of the Computer Age. New York: HarperCollins, 2000.

House, Charles H., and Raymond L. Price. The HP Phenomenon Innovation and Business Transformation. Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books, 2009.

Hughes, Sally Smith. Genentech: The Beginnings of Biotech. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.

———. “Making Dollars Out of DNA.” Isis 92 (2001): 541–75.

Isaacson, Walter. Steve Jobs. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2011.

Jacobson, Yvonne. Passing Farms, Enduring Values: California’s Santa Clara Valley. Cupertino, CA: William Kaufmann, 1984.

Katz, Barry M. Make It New: A History of Silicon Valley Design. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2015.

Kearns, David T., and David A. Nadler. Prophets in the Dark: How Xerox Reinvented Itself and Beat Back the Japanese. New York: HarperBusiness, 1992.

Kent, Steven L. The Ultimate History of Video Games: From Pong to Pokémon and Beyond—The Story Behind the Craze That Touched Our Lives and Changed the World. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2010.

Kurtzig, Sandra. CEO: Building a Four Hundred Million Dollar Company from the Ground Up. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1991.

Lane, Frederick S. American Privacy: The 400-Year History of Our Most Contested Right. Boston: Beacon Press, 2011.

Levering, Robert, Michael Katz, and Milton Moskowitz. “Bill Hambrecht,” in The Computer Entrepreneurs: Who’s Making It Big and How in America’s Upstart Industry. New York: New American Library, 1984.

Licklider, J.C.R. “Man-Computer Symbiosis,” IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, March 1960: 4–11.

Licklider, J.C.R., and Robert W. Taylor. “The Computer as a Communication Device.” Science and Technology, April 1968: 21–31.

Lowood, Henry. “Video Games in Computer Space: The Complex History of Pong.” IEEE Annals in the History of Computing 31 (July–September 2009): 5–19.

Markoff, John. What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry. New York: Penguin Books, 2005.

Maxfield, Katherine. Starting Up Silicon Valley: How ROLM Became a Cultural Icon and Fortune 500 Company. Austin, TX: Emerald Book Company, 2014.

McElheny, Victor K. “Animal Gene Shifted to Bacteria; Aid Seen to Medicine and Farm.” New York Times, May 20, 1974. As of March 2015, the article appears online under the title “Gene Transplants Seen Helping Farmers and Doctors.”

McElheny, Victor. “Revolution in Silicon Valley.” New York Times, June 20, 1976.

Moritz, Michael. Return to the Little Kingdom: How Apple and Steve Jobs Changed the World. London, UK: Overlook Press, 2010.

Mukherjee, Siddhartha. The Gene: An Intimate History. New York: Scribner, 2016.

Norberg, Arthur L., and Judy E. O’Neill. A History of the Information Processing Techniques Office of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute, 1992.

Noyce, Robert N., and Marcian E. Hoff, Jr. “A History of Microprocessor Development at Intel.” IEEE Micro, February 1981: 8–21.

O’Mara, Margaret Pugh. Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.

Packer, George. The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013.

Perkins, Tom. Valley Boy. New York: Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2007.

Perry, Tekla, and Paul Wallich. “Design Case History: The Atari Video Computer System,” IEEE Spectrum, March 1983: 45–51.

Pollock, Christopher. Reel San Francisco Stories: An Annotated Filmography of the Bay Area. San Francisco: Castor & Pollux P., 2013.

Price, Rob. So Far: The First Ten Years of a Vision. Cupertino, CA: Apple Computer, 1987.

Rogers, Michael. “The Pandora’s Box Congress.” Rolling Stone, June 19, 1975.

Rosen, Ben. Morgan Stanley Electronics Letter/Rosen Electronics Letter, 1979–1982.

Rosenfeld, Seth. Subversives: The FBI’s War on Student Radicals, and Reagan’s Rise to Power. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012.

Salus, Peter, ed. The ARPANET Sourcebook: The Unpublished Foundations of the Internet. Charlottesville, VA: Peer-to-Peer Communications, 2008.

Schlender, Brent, and Rick Tetzeli. Becoming Steve Jobs: The Evolution of a Reckless Upstart into a Visionary Leader. New York: Crown Business, 2015.

Schulman, Bruce J. The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics. New York: Da Capo Press, 2002.

Sellers, John. Arcade Fever: The Fan’s Guide to the Golden Age of Video Games. Philadelphia: Running Press, 2001.

Smith, Douglas K. Fumbling the Future: How Xerox Invented, Then Ignored, the First Personal Computer. New York: iUniverse, 1999.

Sporck, Charles E., and Richard Molay. Spinoff: A Personal History of the Industry That Changed the World. Saranac Lake, NY: Saranac Lake Publishing, 2001.

Strassmann, Paul A. The Computers Nobody Wanted: My Years with Xerox. New Canaan, CT: Information Economics Press, 2008.

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Surveillance Technology. Joint Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights of the Committee on the Judiciary and the Special Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Commerce of the Committee on Commerce, United States Senate, 94th Congress, First Session on Surveillance Technology, June 23, Sept. 9–10, 1975.

Taylor, Robert W. “Man-Computer Input-Output Techniques.” IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, March 1967.

The “People’s Park”: A Report on a Confrontation at Berkeley, California, Submitted to Governor Ronald Reagan. Sacramento, CA: Office of the Governor, July 1, 1969.

Turner, Fred. From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006.

Vettel, Eric. Biotech: The Countercultural Origins of an Industry. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2006.

Waldrop, M. Mitchell. The Dream Machine: J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal. New York: Viking, 2001.

Watson, James D., and John Tooze. The DNA Story: A Documentary History of Gene Cloning. New York: H. W. Freeman and Co., 1981.

Watson, Lucinda. “Ray Kassar: Former CEO, Atari,” in How They Achieved: Stories of Personal Achievement and Business Success. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001.

Wayne, Ronald G. Adventures of an Apple Founder. Valencia, CA: 512k Entertainment, 2010.

Wozniak, Steve, and Gina Smith. iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2006.

Yi, Doogab. The Recombinant University: Genetic Engineering and the Emergence of Biotechnology at Stanford, 1959–1980 (doctoral dissertation, Princeton University, 2008). In 2015, the University of Chicago Press published a version as The Recombinant University: Genetic Engineering and the Emergence of Stanford Biotechnology.