Chapter 4: Payoff in Panama

1 The TWA … following Grenada. No Room for Error, p. 167.

2 The plan … Dutch role. “Reconstructie: Hoe Nederland een aanval op Suriname overwoog,” by Frank van Kolfschooten, Volkskrant, 20 November, 2010, accessed at: http://www.volkskrant.nl/vk/nl/2844/Archief/archief/article/detail/1060293/2010/11/20/Reconstructie-Hoe-Nederland-een-aanval-op-Suriname-overwoog.dhtml; “The Netherlands-Planned U.S.-Supported Invasion of Suriname in 1986,” BNO News, accessed at: http://wireupdate.com/wires/12538/the-netherlands-planned-u-s-supported-invasion-of-suriname-in-1986/; “Netherlands Was on Verge of Invading Suriname in 1986,” DutchNews, November 8, 2011, accessed at: http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2011/11/netherlands_was_on_verge_of_in.php; a Ranger officer; a Delta operator.

3 … no special operations assignments … Gary Luck’s official Army résumé, provided by Army Public Affairs.

4 Delta added … 1987. A Delta officer; The Commandos: The Inside Story of America’s Secret Soldiers, by Douglas C. Waller (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 202.

5 The unit … support personnel … Never Surrender, p. 193. The operators often used “Range 19” to refer to Delta’s home.

6 In 1989 … unit. A senior JSOC official; special operations sources.… 1989 … The Commandos, p. 215.

7 But Delta’s … the CIA. Delta sources; a 160th SOAR source; a retired special operations officer.

8 SEAL Team 6 … obscurity. A senior Team 6 officer.

9 While Delta … on hand. No Room for Error, pp. 173, 297; Carney.

10 Also known as … own service. A retired special operations officer.… covered air … A special mission unit commander.

11 The Army … the battalions. To Fight with Intrepidity: The Complete History of the U.S. Army Rangers, 1622 to Present, by JD Lock (Tucson: Fenestra, 2001), p. 411; Nightingale.

12 Once Delta … relationship. A Ranger officer.

13 (Team 6 … later.) A senior Team 6 officer.

14 In one … four helicopters. A History of the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), a report prepared by the Library of Congress Federal Research Division, October 2001, p. 6.

15 But the … JSOC commander. 160th SOAR sources.

16 In August … June 1988. A History of the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), pp. 14–22; The Night Stalkers, pp. 77–93; Shadow Warriors, pp. 398–405.

17 That same … years later. A History of the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), pp. 22–24; The Night Stalkers, pp. 245–46.

18 Tensions … the planning. Shadow Warriors, pp. 300–330.

19 Army Major General … task force … Shadow Warriors, pp. 331–32.

20 These forces … Delta’s operators. Never Surrender, pp. 193, 197.

21 At 12.45 A.M.… ground force. Never Surrender, pp. 198–209; The Night Stalkers, pp. 128–32, 148–54; Shadow Warriors, pp. 341–43.… CIA operative … Shadow Warriors, p. 314; No Room for Error, p. 212; a Delta officer. The four officers in the Delta rescue force chain of command—troop commander Major Gary Harrell, squadron commander Lieutenant Colonel Eldon Bargewell, deputy Delta commander Lieutenant Colonel Jerry Boykin, who had been badly wounded in Grenada, and unit commander Colonel Pete Schoomaker—all went on to wear multiple stars on their epaulettes.

22 The rest of … in action. Shadow Warriors, pp. 355–56, 358–60; No Room for Error, pp. 203, 207–9, 214; http://www.suasponte.com/m_fallen.html.

23 A third … eight wounded. At the Hurricane’s Eye: U.S. Special Operations Forces from Vietnam to Desert Storm, by Greg Walker (New York: Ivy, 1994), pp. 144–64; Brave Men, Dark Waters, pp. 1–4, 251–71; No Room for Error, pp. 220–21.

24 For JSOC, the key … and the Vatican … Never Surrender, pp. 211–12; Shadow Warriors, pp. 369–79; a senior Team 6 officer; a Delta officer.

25 … on January 3 … at Bragg. Shadow Warriors, pp. 382–83; Never Surrender, pp. 218–20.

26 For instance … many times. Never Surrender, p. 191.

27 In addition … the operation. Never Surrender, pp. 210–11.

28 Thus Delta … “Red.” Operation Just Cause: The Storming of Panama, by Thomas Donnelly, Margaret Roth, and Caleb Baker (New York: Lexington, 1991), pp. 81–82; Shadow Warriors, pp. 322, 369; a retired special operations officer.