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Chapter-by-Chapter Changes
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Added Vitamin D
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as a calcium homeostasis hormone tosection 6.9.
Revised and updated the Systems Pathology boxed reading,“Osteoporosis” to include new thoughts and research onproton pump inhibitors and new medications.
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Relevant information from several Clinical Impacts (shoulder,elbow, arch) has been moved into the text.
Mechanisms that strengthen the hip joint have been emphasized.
Chapter 9
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Major reorganization of chapter outline. The sections wereplaced to fall in a more logical sequence. This reducedrepetitious information.
Used heat map to target areas of difficulty for students.
Figure 9.3 was redrawn in a hierarchical organization sostudents can keep track of the relationships amongst fiberand muscle structures.
The section on energy sources was completely revised andupdated.
Table 9.4 (formerly 9.3) was split into a process figurecomparing resting and exercising muscles and a tablespecifying nutrients and products for each of the threemain pathways for ATP production.
The “Learn to Predict” questions were separated from thevignette for clarity.
Chapter 7
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The “Learn to Predict” questions were separated from thevignette for clarity.
Changed the primary term from “coxal” to “hip” to reflect themore widely accepted and used term.
Added an x-ray of a normal spine for clarity to the ClinicalImpact “Abnormal Spinal Curvatures.”
Revised Clinical Impact boxed reading “Herniated IntervertebralDisk.” Added an MRI image of fused cervical vertebrae.
Revised the Clinical Impact boxed reading “Carpal TunnelSyndrome” to add a clearer image of the median nerve passage.Also, information was revised to reflect the most up-to-dateinformation as to causes of the syndrome.
Throughout, revised skeletal art for clarity and to increase therealism to help students more readily apply the text informationto actual skulls and other anatomical models.
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Chapter 10
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Heat map data was utilized to identify sections in the chapter,which are difficult for students. These sections were edited forclarity.
The “Learn to Predict” questions were separated from thevignette for clarity.
Much of the terminology was clarified. For example, remindersabout structures and their makeup were provided: tendonsand ligaments, agonists and antagonists, fixators of primemovers, etc.
Clarified examples of types of lever systems seen within themuscular system.
Some figures had cadaver photos added (e.g., figure 10.7and 10.21).
Clarified the muscles classified as the rotator cuff.
Clarified usage of movements at joints.
Updated “coxal” to “hip.”
Chapter 8
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Fibrous joint revisions include addition of realignment of teethby braces as an example of type of movement allowed bygomphoses fibrous joint.
Cartilaginous joint revisions include adding the importance ofintervertebral disks as shock absorbers between vertebrae.
Synovial joint revisions were made to clarify the structure andfunction of the fibrous capsule, synovial membrane andsynovial fluid. In addition, the definition of a meniscus as a typeof articular disk has been clarified and the importance ofarticular disks in joint protection has been emphasized.
Some types of movement have been clarified with newexamples and updated. Circular movements have beenexemplified by shaking of the head “no.” Circumduction hasbeen clarified as movement of the arm in an “arc” whenthrowing a baseball. Opposition has been updated to includeall fingers, not just the little finger.
A major revision of the Flexion and Extension section updated thedefinition of these movements from anatomical coordinates(coronal plane) to the more commonly accepted angle of the joint.In addition, the section now introduces hyperextension asextension beyond 180 degrees that can be either a normalmovement (like looking up at the stars) or an abnormal movementthat results in injury. A new figure 8.9 illustrates flexion, extension,and hyperextension of the elbow, knee, neck, and wrist.
Major revision of the temporomandibular joint to update thecurrent view of the steps involved in opening and motions ofthe jaw that allow chewing and grinding in mastication. Inaddition, the Clinical Impact on TMJ Disorders has beenupdated with new perspectives on therapies.
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Chapter 11
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The “Learn to Predict” questions were separated from thevignette for clarity.
“Neuroglia” and “neuroglial” were changed to “glia” and “glial” tomore accurately reflect the modern usage.
Revised figure 11A for a more logical and clear layout.
Some boxed readings were converted into chapter text to drawattention to this important information.
Rewrote the analogy for the all-or-none principle of actionpotentials to be a more modern example for students to relate to.
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