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PART 4 Regulation and Maintenance

1. For each of the following destinations, name all the arteries that a redblood cell would encounter if it started its journey in the left ventricle.a. posterior interventricular groove of the heartb. anterior neck to the brain (give two ways)c. posterior neck to the brain (give two ways)d. external skulle. tip of the fingers of the left hand (what other blood vessel would beencountered if the trip were through the right upper limb?)f. anterior compartment of the legg. liverh. small intestinei. urinary bladder

2. For each of the following starting places, name all the veins that a redblood cell would encounter on its way back to the right atrium.a. anterior interventricular groove of the heart (give two ways)b. venous sinus near the brainc. external posterior of skulld. hand (return deep and superficial)e. foot (return deep and superficial)f. stomachg. kidneyh. left inferior wall of the thorax

3. In a study of heart valve functions, it is necessary to inject a dye intothe right atrium of the heart by inserting a catheter into a blood vesseland moving the catheter into the right atrium. What route would yousuggest? If you wanted to do this procedure into the left atrium, whatwould you do differently?

4. All the blood that passes through the aorta, except the blood that flowsinto the coronary vessels, returns to the heart through the venae cavae.( Hint: The diameter of the aorta is 26 mm, and the diameter of avena cava is 32 mm.) Explain why the resistance to blood flow in theaorta is greater than the resistance to blood flow in the venae cavae.Because the resistances are different, explain why blood flow can bethe same.

5. As blood vessels increase in diameter, the amount of smooth muscledecreases and the amount of connective tissue increases. Explain why.( Hint: Remember Laplace’s law.)

6. A very short nursing student is asked to measure the blood pressure ofa very tall person. She decides to measure the blood pressure at the levelof the tall person’s foot while he is standing. What artery does she

use? After taking the blood pressure, she decides that the tall person issuffering from hypertension because the systolic pressure is 200 mmHg. Is her diagnosis correct? Why or why not?

7. David was suffering from severe cirrhosis of the liver and hepati-tis. Over a period of time, he developed severe edema. Explain howdecreased liver function can result in edema.

8. During hyperventilation, CO 2 is “blown off,” and CO 2 levels in theblood decrease. What effect does this decrease have on blood pressure?Explain. What symptoms do you expect to see as a result?

9. Epinephrine causes vasodilation of blood vessels in cardiac musclebut vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin. Explain why this isa beneficial arrangement.

10. While Dick and Jane were backpacking on a trail in YellowstonePark, they encountered a grizzly bear cub that seemed amazinglytame. However, while Dick tried to feed the cub, its mother appearedand attacked him. Jane escaped by climbing a tree, but Dick receivedseveral deep lacerations (cuts) and lost a lot of blood over the nextseveral hours. Jane helped him reach medical aid, and he survived.Which of the following mechanisms was (were) activated to helpkeep Dick alive? Explain your choice.(1) baroreceptor mechanism(2) CNS ischemic response(3) renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism(4) fluid shift mechanism(5) antidiuretic hormone mechanism(6) adrenal medullary responsea. 1,2,3,4,5,6 b. 1,3,4,5,6 c. 1,6 d. 1,4,6 e. 1

11. Mr. Wilson, age 85, lives in a care facility, where he is not verymobile and is often lethargic. One day an aide noticed that he wassitting in his usual chair but appeared to be unconscious. She took hispulse, which was 140 beats/minute and then took his blood pressure,which was 190/130. Which of the following conditions is (are) consis-tent with these observations?a. strokeb. activation of the CNS ischemic responsec. heart attackd. shocke. Both a and b are correct.

Answers in appendix F