Index
I-6
cells and, 62, 63
f
chemistry of, 41–42, 42
t,
43
f,
50
f
digestive system and, 909, 911–12
f
metabolism and, 934–43nutrition and, 927–28Carbon, 26, 27, 27
f,
41Carbon dioxidechemistry of, 29, 32
f,
35, 37, 41heart and, 705, 707
f
nutrition and, 939–40partial pressure and, 850–52, 852
f
partial pressure gradients and, 849
f,
850respiratory regulation, 857, 858
f
transport of, 851–52
f,
853, 854
f
Carbonic acid, 35Carbonic acid buffer system, 1019, 1019
t
Carbonic anhydrase, 650Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 851, 985Carboxyl group, 44, 44
f
Cardiac cycleevents of, 695
f,
696–97
t,
697–99, 698
f
overview, 694–997, 695
f,
696–97
t
Cardiac muscleaction potentials of, 687–90, 689
f
autorhythmicity and, 690–91, 690
f
characteristics of, 684–85, 686
f
conducting system of, 684
f,
685–86, 687
f
electrical properties of, 687electrocardiograms, 691–92, 692
t,
693
f
muscular system and, 269, 269
t,
306nervous system and, 366, 368tissues and, 113Cardiac notch, 833, 835
f
Cardiac opening, 884, 885
f
Cardiac output, 701, 750Cardiac reserve, 702Cardiac sphincter, 881, 884, 885
f
Cardiac tamponade, 675Cardiac veins, 680, 680
f,
737Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 675Cardiovascular disease, 928Cardiovascular systemaging and, 712–13, 1109arteries and, 719
f,
726–35, 727–28
f,
729
t,
731
f,
732
t,
733
f,
734
t,
735–36
f
blood and.
See
Bloodblood circulation dynamics, 723–24
f,
736–47,738
f,
739
t,
740–41
t,
740–46
f,
743
t,
745
t,
747
t,
748–49
f
blood circulation functions, 674
f,
719blood flow, 750–51blood flow regulation, 759–62, 759
t,
760
f,
762
f
blood pressure, 701–2, 702
f,
750, 751
f,
758blood pressure regulation, 754
t,
762–73, 764–71
f
blood vessel structure, 719–25, 719–25
f,
745
f,
753, 753
f
capillary exchange, 755–57, 756
f
cardiac cycle and, 694–701, 695
f,
696–97
t,
698
f,
700
f
critical closing pressure, 752defined, 2diseases and disorders of, 675, 688, 691, 692
t,
693, 700, 708–11, 710
f,
712
t,
724, 726,757–58, 761, 772electrolytes and, 1013
t,
1014heart anatomy, 675–82, 676–83
f
heart circulation, 678–79
f,
682–83, 684
f
heart electrical properties, 687–93, 689–90
f,
692
t,
693
f
heart functions, 674, 674
t
heart histology, 683–87, 684
f,
685–87
f
heart regulation, 701
f,
702–4, 704
f
heart structure, 675, 676
f
homeostasis and, 704–9, 704
f,
706–7
f,
759–62, 759
t
of neonate, 1104, 1105–6
f
prenatal development and, 1092, 1095
f
pulmonary circulation, 725–26, 727–28
f
pulse pressure, 754–55, 754–55
f
systemic circulation physiology, 753–56
f,
753–59, 754
t
vascular compliance, 752, 752
t
veins and, 723–24
f,
736–47, 738
f,
739
t,
740–41
t,
740–46
f,
743
t,
745
t,
747
t,
748–49
f
veins and, functional characteristics of, 757–58Carina, 828, 830
f
Carotene, 148Carotid arteries, 204Carotid artery, 726, 728
f
Carotid canals, 204, 205
f
Carotid sinus reflex, 763, 764
f
Carpal bones, 228, 229
f
Carpal joints, 250Carpel tunnel, 229, 229
f,
421–23, 423
f
Carpal tunnel syndrome, 229–30, 230
f
Carpometacarpal joint, 248, 249
f
Carrier proteins, 67, 67
f
Cartilagebone and, 176, 177
f,
178, 178
f
growth of, 166, 167
f,
178–79tissues and, 122–23, 123–24
tSee also specific types
Cartilage model, 176, 177
f
Cartilaginous joints, 243
t,
244–45, 246
f
Catabolism, 35, 51, 934Catalysts, 37Cataracts, 517Catechol-O-methyltransferase, 390, 390
f
Cations, 29, 32Cauda equina, 405, 405
f
Caudate lobe, 895, 896
f
Caudate nucleus, 444, 445
f
Caveolae, 301, 301
f
CBC (complete blood count), 666–68Cecum, 904, 904
f
Celiac disease, 809Celiac trunk, 732, 733
f,
734
t,
735
f
Cell body of neurons, 369, 370
f
Cell communication.
See
Intercellular communicationCell connections, 112–13Cell differentiation, 1080Cell division, 86, 94–96, 95
f,
97
f,
98Cell extensions of bone, 168Cell level of body organization, 4, 4
f
Cell life cycle stages, 94–96, 95
f,
96, 97
f
Cell-mediated immunity, 795Cell membranes.
See
Plasma membranesCell metabolism.
See
MetabolismCell migration, 106Cell regeneration.
See
RegenerationCells, 58–102active membrane transport, 75–77, 75–78
f
aging and, 96, 1109attachment proteins, 64
bone and, 169–70of bone and bone tissue, 166–70, 168
f
cancer, 98carrier proteins of, 67, 67
f
cell structure, 59
f
centrioles and spindle fibers, 59
f,
86, 86
f
cilia and flagella, 86–87, 87–88
f
cytoplasm of, 77–78, 79
f
defined, 4endoplasmic reticulum, 81, 81
f
enzymes, 69functions of, 59–61, 60–61tgene expression in, 88–93gene expression, overview, 88–89, 90
f
gene expression regulation, 92Golgi apparatus, 81–82, 83–84
f
life cycle stages in, 94–96, 94
f
lysosomes, 83, 84
f
marker proteins, 64membrane lipids of, 63–64, 63
f,
64
t,
81membrane protein functions in, 64–69, 65
t
membrane transport, 69–77membrane transport, overview, 69–70, 70
t
microscopy and, 61–62, 62
f
microvilli, 87–88, 88
f
mitochondria, 85, 85
f
of nerve tissue, 369–74nucleus of, 79–80, 80–81
f
organelles, 79–88organelles, overview, 60–61
t,
79passive membrane transport, 70–74, 71–74
f
peroxisomes, 83plasma membrane of, 61–62, 63
f
proteasomes, 83–85receptor proteins of, 67–68, 68–69
f
ribosomes, 80–81, 82
f
secretory vesicles, 83structure of, 59, 60–61ttranscription, 89–90, 91–92
f
translation and, 91–92, 93
f
transport proteins, 64–67, 65–68
fSee also specific cell types
Cell surfaces of tissues, 105Cellular clock, 96Cellular respiration, 823Cellulose, 42Centers of ossification, 174, 175
f
Central canal of spinal cord, 434, 436
f
Central canals, 171, 171
f
Central chemoreceptors, 856, 857–58
f
Central diabetes insipidus, 986Central nervous system (CNS)aging and, 1109brain and.
See
Braincranial nerves and.
See
Cranial nervesdevelopment, first year, 1108development of, 434, 434–36
f,
435–36
t
digestive system and, 874, 886, 889diseases and disorders of, 446, 448–49, 460
t
function of, 366–67
f,
366–70glial cells of, 370–71, 373
t
nerve tissue and, 374spinal cord.
See
Spinal cordCentral olfactory cortex area, 508, 508
f
Central sensitization, 477Central sulcus of cerebrum, 443, 443
f
Central tendon, 834