Index

I-16

characteristics of, 579, 580 f chemistry of, 579–82, 581 f, 581 t defined, 577of digestive tract, 635diseases and disorders of, 586down-regulation of, 587, 588 f endocrine system and, 579–83, 580–82, 581 t, 632–34, 632 t glands and, 114glucagon and, 625, 625–26 t, 628growth, 610heart regulation and, 704hormonelike chemicals, 634 t, 635–37of hypothalamus, 601, 602–3, 602 f, 604 f, 604 t insulin and, 625, 625–26 t joints and, 245lipid-soluble, 580membrane-bound receptors and, 589 f, 590–91,590 t, 591–96 f muscular system and, 306nuclear receptors and, 589, 590 f nutrients and, 630–31, 630–31 f ovarian cycle and, 1058, 1060 t of pancreas, 624, 625 f of parathyroid glands, 612 t, 617–18, 617 f, 619 f, 620 t of parturition, 1102–3, 1103 f of pineal gland, 634–35, 634 t, 635 f of pituitary gland, 603–11, 604 t, 606 t, 607–9 f postmenopausal effects of, 1065, 1066 t of pregnancy, 1064–65, 1066 f receptors, 586–87, 586–87 f, 588–90 t renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism,767–70, 769 f of reproductive system, 7, 632–34, 632 t, 1030,1031 t, 1044–45, 1044 f secretion control, 583–84 f, 583–85secretion patterns of, 582–83, 582 f secretion regulation of, 583–84 f, 583–85smooth muscle, 302 f, 303–4of stomach, 886, 887 t of thymus, 634 t, 635of thyroid, 611–15, 612 t, 613 f, 614 t, 616 f, 616 t up-regulation of, 587, 588 f urinary system and, 980–87, 981–82 f, 984 f, 987 f water-soluble, 580–82, 581 t Host-verus-graft rejection, 800HR (Heart rate), 701H test, 515Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), 1045, 1061Human Genome Project, 1118–19, 1118 t Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 809, 1108Humanization, 812Human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 800Human microbiome, 5Humeroradial joint, 257, 257 f Humeroulnar joint, 257, 257 f Humerus, 226–27, 227 f, 255, 256 f, 257, 257 f Humoral immunity. See Antibody-mediated immunityHumoral stimuli for hormone secretion, 583–84 f, 583–85Hunger pangs, 442, 442 t, 890Hyaline cartilagebone and, 166joints and, 245, 246, 246 f as tissue type, 123, 123 t Hyaluronic acid, 116–17, 117 f Hydrocephalus, 448, 517

Hydrochloric acid, 886, 886 f Hydrogen, 26–28, 27 f Hydrogen bonds, 31, 33 f, 33 t Hydrogen peroxide, 83Hydrolysis reactions, 34 f, 35Hydrophilic and hydrophobic regionsin cells, 63–64, 63 f chemistry of, 45, 63 f Hydrostatic pressure, 1002–3Hydroxyapatite, 123–24, 167Hymen, 1054Hyoid bone, 195 t, 205, 207, 215, 215 t Hyoid musclesmastication and, 320, 322 f, 325 t, 327 t swallowing and, 325, 327 f, 327 t Hypercalcemia, 1014, 1014 t Hypercapnia, 857Hypercholesterolemia, 76Hyperextension, 220, 250–51, 250 f Hyperglycemia, 628, 629 f Hyperkalemia, 1012, 1012 t Hypermagnesemia, 1016, 1016 t Hypermetabolic state, 158–59Hypernatremia, 1012, 1012 t Hyperopia, 528, 528 f Hyperosmotic solutions, 72, 74 f Hyperplastic obesity, 952Hyperpolarization, 378, 379 f Hypertension, 517, 761Hyperthermia, 954Hyperthyroidism, 636–37, 637 f Hypertonic solutions, 72, 74 f Hypertrophic obesity, 952Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, 884Hypertrophy, 176, 177 f Hypertrophy of muscle, 295–96Hypoblast layers, 104, 1084, 1085 f Hypocalcemia, 379, 379 f, 1014, 1014 t Hypocapnia, 857Hypodermis, 142, 143 f, 149–50Hypoglossal canal, 204, 205 f, 206 t Hypoglossal nerve, 453 f, 459, 459 t, 460Hypoglycemia, 628, 629 f Hypokalemia, 379, 379 f, 1012, 1012 t Hypomagnesia, 1016, 1016 t Hyponatremia, 1012, 1012 t Hyponychium, 154, 154 f Hypophysis. See Pituitary glandHypopolarization. See DepolarizationHyposmotic solutions, 72Hypospadias, 1097Hypotension, orthostatic, 10Hypothalamic nuclei, 442, 442 t Hypothalamic osmoreceptors, 1003, 1004 f Hypothalamohypophysial tract, 603, 605 f Hypothalamusbody fluids and, 1003, 1004 f body temperature and, 952–54, 953 f brain and, 441–42, 441–42 f, 445, 446 f hormone secretion and, 583–84, 584 f overview, 601, 602 f pituitary gland and, 602–3, 604 f, 604 t Hypothenar eminence, 349, 350 f Hypothermia, 954Hypothyroidism, 586Hypotonic solutions, 72–74, 74 f Hysterectomy, 1070

I

I bands, 273, 274 f ICSH (Interstitial cell-stimulating hormone), 1044,1044 f IGFs (Insulin-like growth factors), 608Ileocecal junction, 892 f, 894Ileocecal sphincter, 892 f, 894Ileocecal valve, 892 f, 894Ileum, 892 f, 894, 904 f Iliac crest, 231, 231–33 f Iliac fossa, 231, 231 f Iliacus, 351, 352 f Iliocostalis muscle group, 333, 333–35 f Iliofemoral ligament, 258, 258 f, 259 t Iliohypogastric nerve, 424 f, 425Ilioinguinal nerve, 424 f, 425Iliopsoas, 351, 352 f Ilium, 231, 232 f Immobilization. See MovementImmune systembone and, 186cells and, 64, 64 t, 76, 76 f hormones and, 634 t, 635integumentary system and, 159microbiome and, 5respiratory system, 831, 862–63, 862 f tissues and, 116, 119, 120 t Immunity, 788–821acquired adaptive immunity, 808–10, 810 f active artificial immunity, 810active natural immunity, 810adaptive immunity, 794–808aging and, 817antibody-mediated immunity, 791 f, 803–5, 804 t, 805–7 f cell-mediated immunity, 791 f, 802 f, 805–8,808–9 f chemical mediators and, 790–92, 790 t, 791 f diseases and disorders of, 796–97, 800, 805, 809,811, 814–15, 814 f, 816 t humoral. See Antibody-mediated immunityimmune interactions, 812, 813 f immunotherapy, 812, 813 f inflammatory response, 793–94, 794 f innate, 790–94, 790 t, 791 f, 792 t, 794 f, 795 t lymphatic system and, 780lymphocyte activation, 796–800, 796 f, 798–99 f, 801 f, 801 t lymphocyte development, 789 f, 795–96, 796 f lymphocyte inhibition, 800–802nutrition and, 930overview, 788–90passive artificial immunity, 811–12passive natural immunity, 810physical barriers and, 790respiratory system and, 833white blood cells and, 790 t, 792–93, 792 t Immunization, 810Immunoglobulins, 804, 804 t, 805 f Immunotherapy, 812Impacted fractures, 184, 184 f Implantation, 1082, 1083 f Inactivation gates, 382, 383 f Incisors, 878, 878 f Incomplete dominance, 1114Incomplete fractures, 184, 184 f