Albert, Sam, 154–155
Alcala, Austin, 226
alcohol. See drinking
Alpha Tau Omega, 29–30, 53, 82, 119, 123, 238–239
alumni, fraternity
donations by, 7
fraternity national organizations and local, 113
See also specific alumni
alumni, SAE
college disciplining SAE confronted by, 67–69, 111–114, 126–130, 133–134, 160
mandatory fraternity acceptance of women confronted by, 116–118
SAE national organization confronted by, 113
University of Oklahoma, 137–138, 143, 160–167
See also specific alumni
Amherst College, 182
Andre, Marie Lourdes, 38–39
Animal House (movie), 9, 27, 59, 218, 242
anti-Semitism, of Ivy League schools, 179–180
anti-Semitism, SAE, 170, 180, 181, 217
See also discrimination, SAE
Armstrong, Elizabeth, 83
Arnot, Robert, 54
Asian American fraternities, 178
hazing in, 57
Association of American Colleges, 82
Atlantic, 29
Ayers, Blaine K. (“Boomer”), 3, 113, 223, 225
Baker, J. D., 152–153
Baldwin, Norman, 203–204
Balfour, L. G., 181
Barbour, Haley, 121
Baruch College, 57
Bayh, Birch, 119
Becherer, Hans, 117
Becker, Tony, 54
beer
beer busts, 25
beer-chugging, 20
beer-pong, 15–16
See also drinking
Bell, Stuart, 201
Best, Russell, 3–4
binge drinking. See drinking, binge
black fraternities, 164
hazing in, 56–57
overview, 199
white fraternities compared to, 197, 199
black students
black female students and sororities, 202
SAE racist targeting of, 146–147
in student government, 205–207
blacks
black sororities, 196
football players, 157–158
leaders, 156
as SAE members, 140, 148–150, 152–153, 157, 161, 163–167, 182, 184, 185, 187–188, 195–197, 202–203, 210–211
See also minorities; race
Bloom, Hamilton, 193
Blow, Charles, 56–57
Booth, Ivan, 75–76, 92–96, 98, 104
Boren, David, 142–143, 153, 154, 158, 160–163
Braddock, G. Holmes, 172–173, 176–177
Brierley, Garrett, 104
Britton, Jackson, 208–210
Brock, Bill, 120–121
Bronner, Simon, 26
Brown University, 167, 178, 239
Bunting, Betsy, 128–129
Burgard, Dennis, 133
Bush, George H. W., 6
California Polytechnic State University, 116
California State University at Long Beach, SAE chapter, 87
Calvert Brewing Company, 68
Canty, Ashlee, 196
Cape Fear Men’s Club, 109, 130, 131
Capone, Al, 24
Carothers, Robert, 241–242
Catholic fraternities, 178
Chandler, John W., 240
Chun Hsien Deng, 57
Clark, Thomas Arkle, 53
Cohen, Bradley, 215–217, 220–229, 250
college administrators
conservatives and, 129
politics of, 111–112
See also college disciplining fraternities
College Alcohol Study, 27–28
college all-male organizations. See final clubs
college bans, of drinking, 113, 241–244, 251
college bans, of SAE chapters, 161
integration and, 185
See also SAE bans; SAE chapter suspensions
college bans, on fraternities, 112, 183, 239–241
on fraternity freshmen recruitment, 114–116
on SAE drinking, 113
college disciplinary hearings
right-to-counsel laws and, 126–129, 131, 132
on SAE wrongdoing, 107–111, 113, 124–130, 134
college disciplining fraternities
fraternity defenders, 153–154
fraternity leaders confronting, 111–112
FratPAC confronting, 122–123
North-American Interfraternity Conference confronting, 114–116
public disclosure of, 251–252
See also college bans, on fraternities
college disciplining SAE
for drinking, 18–19, 28–29, 40–41, 58, 59, 64, 133, 134
SAE alumni confronting, 67–69, 111–114, 126–130, 133–134, 160
SAE chapters confronting, 110, 113–114, 125–134
SAE members expulsions, 80, 147, 154, 156
See also college bans, of SAE chapters; SAE chapter suspensions
college fraternities. See fraternities
college oversight, of fraternities, 251
fraternity culture interventions, 241–245
mandating fraternity acceptance of women, 116–119
colleges
benefits of fraternity and sorority connections to, 112
challenging final clubs, 82–83, 118–119
fraternity national organizations’ connections to, 112–113
Collegiate Housing and Infrastructure Act, 121
the Confederacy
SAE members as veterans of, 178
SAE themes of, 182
Confessions of an Ivy League Frat Boy (Lohse), 60
conservatives
college administrators and, 129
contributions to FratPAC, 121
Republicans, 120–123
views of freedom, 111–112
Cornell University
TKE chapter, 44–45
Corwin, Robert Nelson, 180
Counts, Jack, III, 155–158, 162–163
Counts, Jack, Jr., 158–163
Crawford, Norman, Jr., 67
Crimson White (student paper), 201, 202
Croughan, Will, 118
Dartmouth
Alpha Delta fraternity, 200
SAE chapter, 59–60
date-rape drugging
Davis, Jonathan, 165
Davis, Tommy, 184
Davis, Will, 148–149
Dax, Bob, 237
deaths
drinking and, 11, 30, 38–45, 57, 58, 116, 222–225
hazing and, 11, 30, 38–45, 52, 56–59, 222, 225
SAE drinking and, 11, 30, 38–45, 58, 116, 222–225
SAE related, 10–11, 30, 38–45, 58, 59, 222–225
Delta Kappa Epsilon, 52, 79, 118
Delta Sigma Chi, 68
Demer, Ron, 42
Dennis, Devontae, 10
Desdunes, George, 15–20, 33–45, 64, 113
DeVotie, James H., 177
DeVotie, Noble Leslie, 22–23, 173, 177, 178, 194
DeVotie Memorial Hall, 194
Dill, James, 113
discrimination, college
anti-Semitism of Ivy League schools, 179–180
integration and, 183
Truman and, 181
See also racism, college
discrimination, fraternity
colleges and public disclosure of, 252
demographics, 197–198
dispensing with, 238–239
integration and, 181–184
legacies and, 195
overview and history, 175–176, 178–184
See also racism, fraternity
discrimination, SAE, 169
blackballing system, 183–187
demographics, 197–198
diversity and inclusion efforts, 196, 245
exclusionary membership rules, 170–175
outsiders and, 178–179
overview, 176–177
SAE governing laws and, 170–175, 185–187, 217
SAE leaders and, 170–177, 183–186
secret ritual and, 173
See also anti-Semitism, SAE; racism, SAE; University of Alabama, SAE chapter
Dixon, Howard, 161–162
Domenici, Pete, 89
Dorfman, Bill, 2–3
drinking
results of drinking age changes, 243–244
sexual assault link to, 78
See also underage drinking
drinking, at SAE parties
sexual assault and, 88–91, 97, 98, 102, 104–105
underage students and, 74, 88–91, 115
underage women and, 73–77, 88–91, 98, 99
women and, 73–77, 88–91, 98, 99
See also underage drinking, at SAE parties
drinking, binge, 18
dangers of, 19
fraternity members’ sexual consent attitudes and, 78
fraternity party sexual assault and, 78
research, 27–28
drinking, college
cracking down on, 28
interventions to reduce, 243–244, 251
research, 27–28
See also drinking, fraternity
accidents, 29–30
bans by colleges, 113, 241–244, 251
bans by fraternity national organizations, 218–219
college interventions to reduce, 243–244, 251
hazing and forced drinking, 57
lawsuits over, 31–32, 40–44, 58
overview, 20–22
reemergence after 60s and 70s, 25–27
See also drinking, SAE
college bans of, 113
deaths from, 11, 30, 38–45, 58, 116, 222–225
disciplining, 18–19, 28–29, 40–41, 58, 59, 64, 133, 134
early SAE members and, 22–25
pledges and, 18–20, 34, 36–37, 39–43, 50, 57–58, 62–63, 109–110, 113, 116–117, 124–125
SAE national organization’s attempted bans of, 218–219, 222, 226
temperance movement and, 24–25
See also drinking, at SAE parties
deaths, 11, 30, 38–45, 57, 58, 116, 222–225
See also drinking, binge
drinking games, hazing and, 57, 58
beer busts, 25
beer-chugging, 20
beer-pong tournament, 15–16
pre-gaming, 15–16
Dudley-Eshbach, Janet, 65
Edgewater Beach Hotel, SAE convention (1951), 169–175
Embry, David A., 176
Emory University, SAE chapter, 91
Enochs, John, 84
Espinoza, William, 48, 49, 63, 66
Esquire, 82
Ewbank, James, 31
Faust, Drew, 83
Ferguson, Hill, 205
Fierberg, Doug, 42, 43, 105, 250
final clubs
colleges challenging, 82–83, 118–119
colleges mandating acceptance of women by, 118–119
sexual entitlement attitudes of members of, 83
Fine, Ari, 45
Flanagan, Caitlin, 29
Florida State University, SAE chapter, 218–219
football
black players, 157–158
fraternities and, 151, 157–158, 161–162
Ford, Gerald, 6
Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, 128
Fraling, Matthew, 98–99, 102, 104
fraternities, 4–5
benefits of college connection to, 112
changes to improve, 237–239, 252–253
clash of ideals and reality, 4–5
creeds of, 9
critics of, 250
current challenges, 8, 11, 250
exemption from Title IX, 119
football and, 151, 157–158, 161–162
founders, 249
influence on student life, 5–6
membership, 8–9
non-white, 8–9
overview, 249
Phi Beta Kappa as precursor of, 20–21
role in higher education, 7
See also Greek organizations; Sigma Alpha Epsilon; specific topics
Fraternity and Sorority Political Action Committee (FratPAC), 6, 119–123
mandatory fraternity acceptance of women confronted by, 118
separations from national organizations, 239
See also SAE chapters; specific chapters
fraternity culture
college interventions, 241–245
election of Trump and, 249–250
fraternity leaders
college disciplining fraternities confronted by, 111–112
politics of, 111–112
See also SAE leadership
fraternity members
Cohen on redemption of, 229
experiences and opportunities of, 6
government officials as, 6, 119–123
misogyny of, 79–80
research on rape by, 82
women students pressured for sex by, 81
See also alumni, fraternity; black fraternities; SAE members; white fraternities
fraternity members, sexual consent attitudes
binge drinking and, 78
fraternity party sexual assault and, 78, 90
rape-supportive attitudes, 82, 90
fraternity misbehavior. See fraternity wrongdoing
fraternity national organizations, 8
chapter separations from, 239
connection to colleges, 112–113
drinking bans by, 218–219
hazing and, 53
insurance and, 31
local alumni and, 113
undergraduates and, 31, 113, 119–120, 122
fraternity organizations, 8
financial holdings, 6
government officials and, 119–123
See also fraternity national organizations
fraternity wrongdoing, 7
lawsuits over, 30–32, 40–44, 58, 117
See also college disciplining fraternities; SAE wrongdoing; specific topics
FratPAC. See Fraternity and Sorority Political Action Committee
freedom, conservative and progressive views of, 111–112
“Friends” (SAE song), 139
fuck boy, 75
fuck dates, 81
gang rape, fraternity, 78–79, 81–82
Garland, Landon, 22
gay SAE members, 234
Geiger, Roger L., 21
Georgia Tech, Phi Kappa Tau, 79
Gilbow, Beauton, 165
Gillibrand, Kirsten, 123
Goodwyn, Benjamin Carter, 190–191, 193, 210, 211
Goodwyn, George Thomas, 190
Gove, Ian, 107–111, 124–127, 130, 132–133
Grady, David, 86
Grambling State University, 57
Graves, John, 173–174
Greek life
alumni oversight of, 43
debauchery and ambition in, 20
non-white students, campus geography and, 198
Greek organizations
careers of members of, 200
student government and, 199–200, 205–206
See also fraternities; sororities; specific topics
Halbert, Henry, 177–178
Hall, G. Stanley, 53
Hall, Maria Dixon, 156
Hallam, Chris, 231–236, 245–248, 250
Hamilton, Laura, 83
Hanlon, Philip, 242–243
Harrison, Benjamin, 22
Harvard University, 82–83, 118, 184
hazing
anti-hazing law, 122
pre-fraternity history, 51
sorority, 57
University of Maine survey on college, 56
See also pledging
hazing, fraternity, 5, 6, 7, 69–70
Asian American fraternity and, 57
in black fraternities, 56–57
deaths from, 11, 30, 38–45, 52, 56–59, 222, 225
defense of, 55–56
forced drinking as, 57
fraternity national organizations and, 53
history, 51–55
kidnappings, mock, 52
legal challenges, 59
overview, 51–60
pledging as, 51
tubbing, 52
University of Maine survey on, 56
See also drinking, fraternity
hazing, SAE
brutal history of, 57–59
college disciplinary hearings on, 107, 124, 125
deaths from, 11, 30, 38–45, 58, 59, 222, 225
disciplining, 59, 60, 64–66, 68
family night, 62
mock kidnappings, 34–37, 39, 45
personal servitude, 61–62
reverse-hazing, 40–42
SAE national organization and, 59, 222
Salisbury University, 47–51, 60–71
whistleblowing on, 59–60, 63–66, 70
See also drinking, SAE; initiations, SAE; pledges, SAE
Hochschild, Arlie Russell, 111
Hughes, Benton, 210
Hughey, Matthew, 143–144
The Hunting Ground (documentary), 10, 85
“If You’re Happy and You Know it, Clap Your Hands” (SAE racist song), 2, 140
Indiana University, 83–84, 197–199
initiations, fraternity. See hazing, fraternity; pledging
initiations, SAE, 18, 48–50, 109
See also hazing, SAE; pledges, SAE
insurance, fraternity, 11, 32–33
for sexual assault, 78
undergraduates, fraternity national organizations and, 31
integration
college bans of SAE over, 185
colleges and, 183
fraternities and, 181–184
Truman and desegregation, 181
of University of Alabama’s Greek organizations, 200–211
See also segregation
Iowa State University, SAE chapter, 87
James, William Bruce, III, 164–167
Jamison, Greg, 113
Jews
Ivy League schools’ anti-Semitism, 179–180
Jewish fraternities, 178
SAE anti-Semitism, 170, 180, 181, 217
Johns Hopkins University
Pi Kappa Alpha, 96
SAE chapter, 73–77, 92–106, 219
John O. Moseley Leadership School, 176
Johns Hopkins News-Letter, 96
Johnson, Ben, 167
Johnson, Gary, 89
Jones, Fred, Jr., 138
Jones, James, 117
Jordan, David Starr, 24–25
Kappa Alpha Order (KA), 9, 79, 105–106, 120, 123, 127
University of Alabama, 208–210
Kappa Alpha Psi, 56–57
Kaubin, Sam, 49
kidnappings, mock, 52
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 131, 145, 183
Krumheuer, Evan, 92, 93, 95, 98, 100–101
Lake, Peter, 31–32
Lambda Chi Alpha, 32, 114, 120, 152
Lambda Phi Epsilon, 69
Latino fraternities, 178
legacies
fraternity discrimination and, 195
University of Alabama SAE chapter and, 190–191, 195
legal issues, fraternity
anti-hazing law, 122
challenges to hazing offenses, 59
contracts, 33
lawsuits, 30–32, 40–44, 58, 117
Minerva’s Shield safety rules and, 19, 33, 50
race and class in trial outcomes, 105–106
right-to-counsel laws, 126–129, 131, 132
risk-management policies, 32
sexual assault prosecutions, 78, 79
See also insurance, fraternity
legal issues, SAE, 11, 40–44, 58
race and class in trial outcomes, 105–106
SAE governing laws, 170–175, 185–187, 217, 223
SAE national organization and, 218
sexual assault prosecutions and trials, 86, 87, 97–106
Leggett, Mortimer, 52
Levere, William C., 24–25, 175, 177, 179
Levere Memorial Temple, 25, 54–55
Little Ivies colleges, 240
Lohse, Andrew, 59–60
Lopez, Gabriela, 73–77, 92–106
Lopez, Maria, 73–76, 92–95, 98, 99, 102
Loschiavo, Chris, 128
Loyola Marymount University, SAE chapter, 91
Lucy, Autherine, 205
Lukianoff, Greg, 241
Machine. See Theta Nu Epsilon
Majesty of the Seas, SAE leadership cruises, 1–4, 11
Mann, Benjamin, 40
Marshall, Dwight, 66–67
masculinity
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
fraternities, 9
SAE chapter, 187–188
McAllister, Charles E., 174
McCardell, John, 243
McCaskill, Claire, 123
McEneaney, Eamon, 16–17
McKinley, William, 45, 120, 232
McLaurin, George, 150
Meanwell, Walter “Doc,” 171, 176
Miller, Gary, 126, 128, 129–130
Minerva’s Shield (SAE safety rules), 19, 33, 50
minorities
in white fraternities, 144, 147, 152–153, 157, 160–161, 163–167
See also race; specific discrimination topics
misogyny, 4
of fraternity members, 79–80
of SAE members, 80
See also specific sexual assault topics
MIT. See Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Mixon, Joe, 153
Moore, Emmett B., 170
Moore, Mike, 235, 236, 246–247
Morton, Kyle, 15
Moseley, John O., 174, 175, 176
Moses, Dylan, 219
Murphy, Paddy, 24
Mynhardt, Lee John, 32
Myrick, Svante, 40
Naff, Holden, 191–192
National Panhellenic Conference, 123
Ness, Eliot, 24
New Row fraternities, 189
Nippert, Alfred, 170–171
North Carolina State University, Pi Kappa Phi, 80
North-American Interfraternity Conference, 8, 80, 123, 176, 244, 252
college disciplining fraternities confronted by, 114–116
mandatory fraternity acceptance of women confronted by, 116–118
Northwestern University, SAE headquarters, 24
Levere Memorial Temple, 25, 54–55
Nuwer, Hank, 57
Office of Greek Life, 5
Ohio State University, fraternities, 232
Ohio State University, SAE chapter
Hallam and improvement of, 231–236, 245–248
lion statues mascots of, 231–233, 236, 245–247
proud history of, 232
recruitment, 234
Zeal award, 235
Oklahoma City, 163
Old Row fraternities, 189–193, 202, 207, 208
Omega Psi Phi, 70
O’Neill, Kevin, 119–120, 122, 123
Paddock, William W., 171
Park, Julie, 144
Parkhurst, Garrett, 141, 154, 163
parties, fraternity
Old South, 209
rules and dangers for young women at, 77–78
See also sexual assault, at fraternity parties
parties, SAE
ghetto party, 166
invite-only, 74
racist theme parties, 145–146, 166, 220–221
See also drinking, at SAE parties; sexual assault, at SAE parties
Pattie, Lucie, 81
Patton, Darin, 226
Pearce, Linda, 130
Pearlman, Steven, 92–93, 95, 104, 105
Perkins, Robert M., III, 100–102
Pettit, Levi, 141, 142, 154, 156
Pennsylvania State University, 251
Phi Beta Kappa, 20–21, 22, 237–238
Phi Delta Theta, 22, 28, 120, 218, 219, 244
Phi Kappa Tau, 79
Phi Mu, 110
Phinn, Melissa, 104
Pi Delta Psi, 57
Pickens, T. Boone, 215–216
pledges, SAE
Cornell University, 18–20, 34–37, 39–43, 45, 63
drinking and, 18–20, 34, 36–37, 39–43, 50, 57–58, 62–63, 109–110, 113, 116–117, 124–125
mock kidnappings and, 34–37, 39, 45
pledge educators, 48
SAE bans of pledging, 55, 215, 222–227, 250
Salisbury University, 47–51, 60–67, 69–71
as whistleblowers, 59–60, 63–65, 70
See also hazing, SAE; initiations, SAE; specific topics
pledging
as hazing, 51
pledge ass, 57
See also hazing
political correctness, racism and, 147
politics
different views of freedom, 111–112
of fraternity leaders and college administrators, 111–112
Porcellian, 118–119
President’s Leadership Class, 152, 155
Princeton, 180
SAE chapter, 59
race
civil rights era, 183–184
in fraternity trial outcomes, 105–106
SAE racial composition survey, 148
white fraternities and, 147–148
See also blacks; integration; minorities
racism, college
historical ties to slavery, 167
Ivy League schools, 180
segregation, 150
sorority, 144–145
student organization, 144
See also discrimination, college
Confederacy themes, 182
overview, 144–145
racist incidents, 147
violence and animosity of, 145, 179
racism, political correctness and, 147
racism, SAE, 2, 10, 40, 127, 188, 217
Confederacy themes, 182
historical ties to slavery, 167
incidents, 146–147
jokes, 174
racial hostility, 167
racist songs, 140–143, 145–146, 148–167
racist theme parties, 145–146, 166, 220–221
SAE members interviewed about, 150–159, 162–167
Southern, 177–178, 182, 184–186, 195
videos of racist songs, 142–143, 145–146, 148–167
violence of, 177
See also discrimination, SAE
Rader, Drew, 151–155
Rammstein, 47
Ramstead, George, 37–38
rape, campus
debate over, 78–79
See also sexual assault, campus
rape, fraternity
rape-awareness programs, 80
research on, 82
See also sexual assault, fraternity
rape, SAE
gang rape, 81
underage women and, 77
See also sexual assault, SAE
Ray, Rashawn, 197
Reagan, Ronald, 6, 26, 45, 120, 216, 250
Republicans, 120–123
Rice, Parker, 141, 142, 154, 156–157
risk-management policies, fraternity, 32
Rivera, Lauren, 200
Rolling Stone (magazine), 59, 78–79
Roosevelt, Theodore, 118
Rosow, Jason, 197
Roth, Lillian, 207–208
Roth, Michael, 117
Rudulph, John Barratt, 178, 194
Russell, Richard B., Jr., 169
Ryan, Paul, 121
SAE. See Sigma Alpha Epsilon
SAE Act. See Students and Administration Equality Act
SAE bans
of pledging, 55, 215, 222–227, 250
SAE chapter suspensions
by colleges, 40, 60, 65, 67, 89, 96–97, 113, 125–127, 130, 131, 134, 142–143, 161, 162, 233
by SAE national organization, 60, 65, 89, 142, 148, 151, 227
See also college bans, of SAE chapters
SAE chapters
autonomy from SAE national organization, 218
college disciplining SAE confronted by, 110, 113–114, 125–134
See also specific chapters
SAE chapters, Southern, 177–178, 182, 184–186, 195
See also University of Alabama, SAE chapter
SAE conventions
leadership, 28, 169–175, 215–216, 222–229
national conventions, 149, 167, 184–187, 215–218, 222–229
SAE leadership
conventions, 28, 169–175, 215–216, 222–229
SAE discrimination and, 170–177, 183–186
school, 176
singing, 137–142
SAE members
black, 140, 148–150, 152–153, 157, 161, 163–167, 182, 184, 185, 187–188, 195–197, 202–203, 210–211
drinking and early, 22–25
gay, 234
interviewed about SAE racism, 150–159, 163–167
loyalty amongst, 236–237
misogyny of, 80
as veterans of Confederacy, 178
women as, 81
See also alumni, SAE; discrimination, SAE; specific topics
SAE members, expulsions
by colleges, 80, 147, 154, 156
by SAE national organization, 142, 153
for sexual assault, 235
SAE national organization
alumni confronting, 113
chapter autonomy from, 218
chapter suspensions by, 60, 65, 89, 142, 148, 151, 227
drinking ban attempts of, 218–219, 222, 226
Eminent Supreme Archons or presidents, 68, 215–217, 220–229
financial holdings, 43–44
legal issues and, 218
racial composition survey, 148
rules against underage drinking, 113
SAE pledging ban and, 55, 215, 222–227, 250
SAE undergraduates and, 218, 220
Supreme Council, 130, 222–223, 225–227
SAE wrongdoing
college disciplinary hearings on, 107–110, 113, 124–130, 134
See also college disciplining SAE
Safe Campus Act, 122–123
Safe Campus Coalition, 123
Salih, W. Ahmad, 187
Salisbury University, SAE chapter, 48–51, 60–71
Sawyer, John Edward, 239–240
Scarborough, Michael, 67–69, 226
Schlather, Raymond, 41–42
Schriver, Alex, 120
Sederburg, William, 130–131
segregated fraternities. See black fraternities; discrimination, fraternity; white fraternities
segregation, 169
See also integration
Selden, Armistead I., 174, 175, 176
sex
double standard of fraternities, 81
“nonconsensual sexual contact” experienced by women students, 118
women students pressured by fraternity members for, 81
sexual assault, at fraternity parties
binge drinking and, 78
fraternity members’ sexual consent attitudes and, 78, 90
as predictable outcome, 83–84
research on, 83–85
sorority women’s chances of, 78
women students’ chances of, 78
sexual assault, at SAE parties
cherry-bust party, 87
during Halloween holiday, 91–106
sexual assault, campus
debate over, 78–79
Safe Campus Act, 122–123
See also rape, campus
sexual assault, drinking link to, 78
sexual assault, fraternity, 5, 6, 7, 117
fraternity members’ attitudes about, 79, 90
insurance for, 78
public disclosure of, 251
research on, 83–85
See also rape, fraternity
drinking at SAE parties and, 88–91, 97, 98, 102, 104–105
during Halloween holiday, 91–106
member expulsion over, 235
reports and investigations, 86–91, 93–97
research on, 85–86
“Sexual Assault Expected” reputation, 85–86, 102
of sorority women, 88–91
See also rape, SAE
sexual consent
fraternity members’ attitudes about, 78, 82, 90
sexual entitlement attitudes of final club members, 83
Sheehan, Daniel, 184
Shepard, Sterling, 157
Shipp, Jen Palancia, 65–66
Shollenberger, Kevin G., 96
Sigma Alpha Epsilon (SAE)
deaths related to, 10–11, 30, 38–45, 58, 59, 222, 225
Eminent Supreme Recorder or executive director, 24
Founders Day, 140
founding, 22
Inner Circle, 68
legal judgments against, 11, 40–44, 58, 86, 102–106
mock kidnappings, 34–37, 39, 45
overview, 9–10
in popular culture, 10
risk-management policy, 44, 45
“The True Gentleman” creed of, 1–3, 11, 50–51, 80, 174–175, 248
See also specific topics
Sigma Chi, 9, 129, 147, 183, 200
Sigma Phi Epsilon, 9, 147, 198
“Sing, Brothers Sing” (SAE song), 159
singing and songs, SAE
at dance and celebration, 137–142, 151, 155
“Friends,” 139
“If You’re Happy and You Know it, Clap Your Hands,” 2, 140
Phi Alpha fight song, 138–139
racist, 140–143, 145–146, 148–167
SAE leaders and, 137–142
“Sing, Brothers Sing,” 159
“Songs of Sigma Alpha Epsilon,” 158–159
videos of racist songs, 142–143, 145–146, 148–167
“Violets” sorority serenade, 139
slavery, 167
Smithhisler, Pete, 114, 115, 123
“Songs of Sigma Alpha Epsilon,” 158–159
sororities
benefits of college connection to, 112
black, 196
exemption from Title IX, 119
hazing, 57
non-white, 8–9
racism, 144–145
See also Greek organizations; specific sororities
sorority women
chances of fraternity party sexual assault, 78
SAE sexual assault of, 88–91
South
Old South fraternity parties, 209–210
SAE chapters, 177–178, 182, 184–186, 195
SAE racism in, 177–178, 182, 184–186, 195
Spencer, Daryl, 66
Spillers, Elliot, 205–207
Stanford University
Kappa Alpha Order, 79, 105–106
SAE chapter, 24–25, 52, 54, 79, 80
Sigma Chi, 183
Starkey, Carson, 58, 116, 223–224
Stiffler, Alex, 100
Stollman, David, 9
Storey, Charles, 118–119
Striker, Erik, 157
Strunk, Lindsay, 162–163
Stuart, Justin, 47–51, 60–66, 69–71
student government
black students in, 205–207
Greek organizations and campus politics, 199–200, 205–206
students
college bans on recruiting freshmen, 114–116
Greek life, campus geography and non-white, 198
racism and student organizations, 144
underage drinking by, 74, 88–91, 115
underage drinking by freshmen, 115
See also black students; women
Students and Administration Equality Act (SAE Act) (2013), 126–129, 131, 132
Tau Kappa Epsilon (TKE), 9, 43–45, 126
temperance movement, 24–25
Ternier, McHenry, 148
Theta Nu Epsilon (“Machine”), 193, 203, 206, 208
Thomas, Cleo, 206–207
Thomson, Colin, 60
Title IX civil-rights law, 119
TKE. See Tau Kappa Epsilon
Townsend, Christopher, 39
“The True Gentleman,” 210, 253
as SAE creed, 1–3, 11, 50–51, 80, 174–175, 248
Truman, Harry, 181
tubbing, 52
Turner, Brock Allen, 79, 105–106
by freshmen, 115
underage drinking, at SAE parties
college disciplinary hearings on, 107, 110, 124–125
SAE national organization’s rules against, 113
by women, 73–77, 88–91, 98, 99
undergraduates, fraternity
fraternity national organizations and, 31, 113, 119–120, 122
insurance and, 31
Union College, 21
United States (US)
fraternity membership of government officials, 6, 119–123
fraternity organizations and government officials, 119–123
University of Alabama
black students in student government, 206
Ferguson Student Center, 204–205
segregation history and desire for progress, 204–205
University of Alabama, fraternities
Kappa Alpha Order, 208–210
Old Row fraternities, 189–193, 202, 207, 208
white fraternities, 202–203
See also University of Alabama, Greek organizations; University of Alabama, SAE chapter
University of Alabama, Greek organizations
integration of, 200–211
See also University of Alabama, fraternities; University of Alabama, sororities
University of Alabama, SAE chapter, 22, 140, 167, 177, 182, 185, 188
DeVotie Memorial Hall, 194
as Old Row fraternity, 189–193
prominent, blue-blooded members, 189–193
secrecy of, 193
swaps, 192
as white fraternity, 194–195
See also University of Alabama, fraternities
University of Alabama, sororities, 191, 192, 208
black female students and, 202
See also University of Alabama, Greek organizations
University of Arizona, SAE chapter, 29, 30, 220–221
University of California, San Diego, SAE chapter, 28–29
University of Iowa, SAE chapter, 86
University of Kansas, SAE chapter, 58
hazing survey, 56
SAE chapter, 113
University of Maryland, 66, 69, 71
University of Missouri, SAE chapter, 186–187
University of Nashville, Western Military Institute, 177
University of New Mexico, SAE chapter, 87–91
University of North Carolina, Wilmington, SAE chapter, 81, 107–110, 113, 123–134
University of Oklahoma
Bizzell Memorial Library, 150
football, 151, 157–158, 161–162
Headington Hall, 151
SAE alumni, 137–138, 143, 160–167
SAE chapter, 137–143, 146, 148–167
University of Pennsylvania, Alpha Tau Omega, 82
University of Rhode Island
drinking ban, 241–243
SAE chapter, 148
University of Texas
campus politics and Greek organizations, 199–200
fraternity members’ fuck dates, 81
US. See United States
Valenza, Robert, 30
Veidlinger, Rebecca Leitman, 85
Veldkamp, Steve, 197–198
“Violets” (SAE sorority serenade), 139
Walker, Mike, 126
Walker, R. B., 193
Walker, Steve, 185–186
Wall Street, 10, 16, 17, 71, 117, 200
Buffett, Warren, 6
Paulson, Henry, 10
Pickens, T. Boone, 10, 215–216
Waller, Brian, 64
Waller, Johannes, 25
Washington and Lee University, 30, 120, 209, 222
Wayland, John Walter, 174–175
Wechsler, Henry, 27–28, 78, 243, 244
Weghorst, Brandon, 4
White, Aaron, 115
black fraternities compared to, 197, 199
minorities in, 144, 147, 152–153, 157, 160–161, 163–167
racial reality of, 147–148
racism, 144–145
SAE as historically, 196
social barriers maintaining, 194–195
See also discrimination, fraternity; North-American Interfraternity Conference; specific fraternities
Wiederrick, Joseph, 113
Wilcox, Ella Wheeler, 228
Willey, Larry, Jr., 113–114
College of William and Mary, 21
Williams College, fraternities, 239–240
Wilson, Frederica, 122
Witt, Robert E., 201
women
chances of fraternity party sexual assault, 78
colleges mandating final club and fraternity acceptance of, 116–119
drinking at SAE parties and, 73–77, 88–91, 98, 99
as fraternity members, 116–119, 252
fraternity party rules and dangers for young, 77–78
as honorary SAE members, 81
“nonconsensual sexual contact” experienced by, 118
pressured by fraternity members for sex, 81
SAE rape and underage, 77
See also sorority women
Woolfolk, Justin, 210–211
Worcester Polytechnic Institute, SAE chapter, 86
Wren, Jason, 58
Yale University
Delta Kappa Epsilon, 79
SAE chapter, 146–147
Ziering, Amy, 85