*Hos 10:5a Beth-aven means “house of wickedness”; it is being used as another name for Bethel, which means “house of God.”

*Hos 10:5b Or will be taken away into exile.

*Hos 10:8 Aven is a reference to Beth-aven; see 10:5a and the note there.

*Hos 10:11a Hebrew Ephraim, referring to the northern kingdom of Israel.

*Hos 10:11b Hebrew Jacob. The names “Jacob” and “Israel” are often interchanged throughout the Old Testament, referring sometimes to the individual patriarch and sometimes to the nation.