Index
Abacus, 1–3, 5, 6–8, 146n11
Academy of Sciences, 18, 121–122
Adam, Walter, 60, 70
Adorno, Theodor, 101
Alberti, Leon Battista, 12
Algebra, 12–14, 42
Anti–aircraft predictor, 90
Anti–gunfire predictor, 90–91
Applicatory method
calculus and, 97
French methodology and, 97
General War Academy and, 72, 75, 158n75
graphemes and, 102
historiography and, 72–75
mathematical education and, 96–97
strategy and, 72–75
A priori theory, 127
Ardennes offensive, 36
Arithmetic, 91
Baroque power games and, 13, 24
Battle of Numbers and, 2, 5–7, 10
Bergmann and, 146n11
Du-Bois Reymond and, 123
Frege and, 167n1–3
Hilbert and, 118, 137
programming languages and, 140
Zuse and, 140
Ars characteristica, 12, 15
Ars inveniendi, 12, 14–15, 29
Ars iudicandi, 12
Ars magna, 16
Artillery, 74
Cochenhausen and, 80
creeping barrage and, 105–109, 113, 164n32
efficiency and, 107–108
FEKA, 114
friendly fire and, 164n36
geodesy and, 95
heavy howitzer, 103–104
light field, 104
Pulkowski method and, 107, 164n33
shell trajectories and, 105, 107
tactics for, 104–114, 164n36, 165n57
trigonometry and, 94
war games and, 35, 49, 53
Wittgenstein and, 103
Alexander the Great, 64
Altenstein, Karl von Stein zum, 94
Altrock, Konstantin von, 33n3
Aristoteles, 13n13
Asilo, 4, 8
Aspern, 34–39
Assassination, 71, 83
Assault battalions, 106, 164n36
Astrolabe, 2
Astronomy, 20, 99, 126–127
Atomic bomb, 89–91
“Attempt at a Tactical Game Based on Chess” (Hellwig), 47
Auerstedt, 37, 96
August, Duke of Braunschweig-Lüneburg, 19–20, 28
Austria, 34, 37–39, 80
Austro-Hungarian Army, 103, 105, 116
Axioms
formalism and, 21, 99, 114, 118–128, 136, 142–143, 168n111, 172n202
set theory and, 128–131, 142–143, 172n202
theorems and, 94, 129, 142, 167n103
Babbage, Charles, 93
Bacon, Francis, 99–100
Ballistics, 95–96, 104
Balzac, Honoré de, 35–36
Barbarossa, 9, 71, 157n70
Baroque power games
arithmetic and, 13, 24
drawing and, 13–14
geometry and, 12–13, 15
King’s Game and, 19–28, 31
Leibniz’s graphemic strategies and, 14–19
play as knowledge and, 11, 27–30
reason and, 11
semiotics and, 11, 14–15, 28–30
sign systems and, 11, 28
spaces of play and, 11–14
Weickmann’s power game and, 19–27
Battle formations, 3, 16, 24, 43
Battle of Numbers, 133
abacus and, 1–3, 5–8
arithmetic and, 2, 5–7, 10
Asilo and, 4
Boethius and, 1–2
Borst and, 145n3, 146nn15,29
caracteres and, 7–8
formations of, 1–3
game board of, 2–4, 6, 8
game pieces and, 3
geometry and, 2–3, 5, 8
Germany and, 4
Hermann the Lame and, 2
implantation of mathematics in, 4–8
as novellae plantationes, 4–5
Rithmomachia and, 1–2, 145n3
semiotics of, x, 3, 5–10
Worms school quarrel and, 4–5
writing and, 4–5, 7–8
Baudrillard, Jean, XII, 62
Becker, Oskar, 121, 147n13, 167n104
Being, 30
Bell Telephone Laboratories, 89
Benjamin, Walter, 57
Bergmann, Werner, 146n11
Bergson, Henri, 133–134
Berlin Association for the Promotion of the Sciences, 29
Berlin University, 42, 79, 91–94, 98–99
Bernays, Paul, 121, 125
Bernoulli, Jakob, 28–29
Bismarck, Otto von, 73–74
Bletchley Park, 139–140
Blind spot, 124
Blind thinking, 14
Blitzkriegspiel, 79
Boethius, 1–2, 8
Bohemia, 34
Boineburg, Johann Christian von, 18
Bombes, 140
Borel, Émile, 142
Borst, Arno, 4, 145n3, 146nn15,29
Bourbaki, Nicolas, 174n214
Brandes, Georg, 55
Bredow, Ferdinand von, 68
Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan, 170n166, 172n202
formalism and, 118–119, 121, 124, 127–132, 135
Hilbert and, 129, 166n89, 168nn32,121
Leibniz and, 127
mentors of, 168n132
metalanguage and, 135
photogrammetry and, 128, 169nn136,139
trigonometry and, 128
Weyl and, 129–130, 132
Wittgenstein and, 119
Bruchmüller, Georg Heinrich, 105–108, 164n32
Brusilov Offensive, 105, 109
Brühl, Karl von, 39n26
Brühl, Marie von, 39n26
Bülow, Bernhard Wilhlem von, 59
Bülow, Heinrich von, 43, 59
Bundeswehr, 73
Bush, Vannevar, 89
Charles of Austria, Archduke, 34
Calculus
applicatory method and, 97–98
Baroque power games and, 12, 28
Church and, 171n184
Dirichlet and, 97–98
higher mathematics and, 95, 97–99
Hilbert and, 167n103
infinitesimal, 97
lambda, 138
universal machine and, 138, 140–141
Zuse and, 140–141, 172n191
Cambridge University, 103, 110–111, 136, 166n85, 167n103, 171n188
Cameralistic order, 31–32
Conrad II, 4
Cantor, Georg, 130–131
Caracteres, 7–8
Cardano, Girolamo, 13n8
Carnap, Rudolf, 119–120
Carolingian monks, 5
Carroccio, 9–10
Cassini, Jean Dominique Comte de, 53
Cassiodorus, 2
Cassirer, Ernst, 42n37
Catholic Church, 9
Cavalry, 55, 71
Chains of command, 36, 84–88, 111, 158n96
Champagne-Marne offensive, 106
Chaos theory, 48
Charles, Archduke of Austria, 34
Checkmate, 20, 118, 172n202
Chemistry, 89, 99
Chess, 146n8
as Caturanga, 166n82
checkmate and, 20, 118, 172n202
endgame of, 124
formalism and, 118, 120, 123–124, 126, 131, 136
game boards and, 3, 6
King’s Game and, 19–22
Murray and, 166n82
Turing and, 172n199
war games and, 28, 35, 52, 117–118
Weyl and, 166n85, 167n103, 170n165
Zermolo and, 172n202
Zuse and, 141
Chosref Pasha, 55
Christians, 9, 29
Church, Alonzo, 137–138, 171nn184,188
Civil wars, 29, 76
Clausewitz, Carl von
Aspern and, 37
Bülow and, 43
changed front of, 39
contingencies and, x, 37–38
doctrine of war and, x
drawing and, 43
enterprising spirit and, 42–43
factory of tactics of, 40–43
General War Academy and, 32, 42, 47
geometry and, 43
Heidegger and, 73
intellectual history and, 48
mathematics and, x
military doctrine of, x–xi
psychologism of, 69
Reiswitz and, 47
strategy and, 40–43, 73
surveys and, 43
theory of the small war and, 32, 40, 42
Clavius, Christoph, 15
Cochenhausen, Friedrich von, 79–81, 83, 159n116
Collège de France, 97
Combinatorics, 7
Du Bois-Reymond and, 123–124
Gödel and, 120–121
Leibniz and, 12, 15–16, 18
Neumann and, 120
sign systems and, 120–121
terrain pieces and, 53
Communist Party of Germany (KPD), 67–68, 155n51
Conant, James, 89
Confidants, 38, 49–50, 55, 70
Conrad II, 4
Contingencies, x, 29, 35, 37, 47, 101, 107–108, 133
Copenhagen model, 143–144
Counterintelligence, 37–38
Creeping barrage, 105–109, 113, 164n32
Crisis of European Sciences (Husserl), 135–136, 138
Cryptology, 5, 109, 111, 144, 164n15
Bletchley Park and, 139–140
bombes and, 140
ENIGMA and, 140, 161n157
OKW and, 140
Turing and, 139–140
Cybernetics
feedback and, 90
graphemic operators and, 15
McCulloch and, 87–88
Macy conferences and, 88
ontology of life and, 90
redundancy of potential command and, 87
Wiener and, 90
Dahlmann, Friedrich Christoph, 34–38, 150n8
Dannhauer, Ernst Heinrich, 54, 55n77
Death tolls, 34
Decker, Carl von, 53, 55
Delbrück, Hans, 77
Deliciae Mathematicae (Harsdörffer), 15–16, 20
Denkring (thought-ring), 16–17
Deployment plans, 31, 51
Descartes, René, 12, 19, 95
Dieudonné, Jean, 101, 121
Dirichlet, Gustav Lejeune, 121, 163n35
boundary conditions and, 95
calculus and, 97–98
cross-branch applications of, 95
fabrication of physico-mathematical objects and, 98–99
Fermat’s Last Theorem and, 94
Fourier analysis and, 95
Gaussian methods and, 94
General War Academy and, 92–102
geodesy and, 95–96, 99
higher mathematics and, 92–102
Humboldt and, 95–96
Jacobi and, 95
Kronecker and, 92
Kummer and, 92
mathematical physics and, 94–95
seminars and, 98–99, 101
Dissertatio de arte combinatoria (Leibniz), 15
Drawing, 11, 125
Baroque power games and, 13–14
Clausewitz and, 43
Faulhaber and, 147n10
Galton and, 134
Husserl and, 137
Napoleonic educational system and, 96
sensible models and, 137
seven liberal arts and, 14
Surveying and Drawing Bureau and, 53
terrain, 102 (see also Maps)
Drawing lots, 28
Du Bois-Reymond, Émile, 121–122
Du Bois-Reymond, Paul
defining mathematics and, 101
formalism and, 123–124, 126, 131–132
proof and, 126, 131–132
psychology and, 123–124
sign games and, 121–124
Duels, 104, 113–116
Du Priassac de Braissac, Sieur, 16, 19
“Duty of the General Staff, The” (von Schellendorf), 73
École polytechnique, 93–94, 96–98
Écoles d’application, 96–98
Edgerton, Samuel, 13
Egypt, 6, 18
Electoral Palatinate, 18
Elze, Walter, 76–80
ENIGMA, 140, 161n157
Enlightenment, 40–41, 48
Erdmann, Carl, 8–9
Euclidean space, 100
Euler, Leonard, 149n54
Euwe, Max, 141n202
Faulhaber, Johannes, 147n10
Feedback, 90, 107, 111, 171n188
FEKA (Fernkampfartillerie), 114
Feigl, Herbert, 119
Feller, Joachim Friedrich, 28
Fermat, Pierre de, 28–29, 94
Fifth Panzer Army, 36
Film industry, 63–64
Finck von Finckenstein, Wilhelm Leopold Friedrich, 55n77
First World War, ix, 101
assault batallions and, 106
Bruchmüller and, 105
Cochenhausen and, 80
duels and, 114
General Staff and, 60, 75
Heidegger and, 73
inventions of, 104
Jünger and, 113
loss of leaders and, 86–87
Ludendorff and, 40
map production and, 169n138
military elite and, 106
official depiction of, 74, 77
power of command and, 158n96
Seeckt and, 84
signal corps equipment and, 64
war trauma and, 86
Foot soldiers, 8, 43. See also Infantry
chess and, 166n82
creeping barrage and, 105–109, 113, 164n32
Formalism, 70
a priori theory and, 127
body concept and, 126–127
Brouwer and, 118–119, 121, 124, 127–132, 135
Copenhagen model and, 143–144
countably, 130
Du Bois-Reymond and, 123–124, 126, 131–132
Hilbert and, 118–130, 135, 137, 139, 142–143, 166nn85,89, 167n103, 168nn111,121
intuitionists and, 118–120, 127, 135, 172n202
Kelsen and, 131
legal theory and, 129–131
Leibniz and, 126–127
mathematics and, 118–131, 135, 141, 143, 147n13, 167nn100,103, 168n129
metalanguage and, 135
Neumann and, 119–120, 141–144, 167n100
space and, 126–127
Turing and, 136–141
uncountably, 130
Weyl and, 118–121, 124, 128–132
Wittgenstein and, 118–120
Formula games, 120–121, 124, 129, 132, 144, 167nn103,104
Foucault, Michel, 80
Fourier, Joseph, 97
Fourier series, 95
Franco-German War, 74
Fréchet, Maurice, 142n173
Frege, Gottlob, 121, 131, 139, 167n103
Friedrich I (Barbarossa), 9
Friedrich II, 29n54, 32
Friedrich Wilhelm I, 31–32
Friedrich Wilhelm IV, 42
Friedrich Wilhelm II, 32, 158n96
Friedrich Wilhelm III, 32, 37–39, 93
Friedrich Wilhelm University, 74, 76, 79, 105, 159n116
Friedlein, Gottfried, 2n10
Friendly fire, 164n36
Fromm, Friedrich, 83
Führer principle, 77
chain of command and, 88
cult of, 80–81
as military-technical term, 80
Oberführer and, 82–83, 160n134
Schmitt on, 83–84
surveys and, 81–82
“Führerschulung” (leadership training) (Cochenhausen), 80
Führerstab officers, 68
“Führertum” (Leadership) (Cochenhausen), 80–81
Fürst, Carl Joseph Maximilian von, 42
Furttenbach d. Ältere, Joseph, 26
Galician Tarnopol, 106
Galton, Francis, 134–135
Game boards, ix
Baroque power games and, 12, 19–22, 24, 28
Battle of Numbers and, 2–4, 6, 8
Leibniz and, 12, 28
Weickman’s “King's Game” and, 19–22, 24, 28
Games
Alberti on, 12
ars characteristica and, 12, 15
ars inveniendi and, 12, 14–15, 29
ars iudicandi and, 12
battlefield and, ix
formula, 120–121, 124, 129, 132, 144, 167nn103,104
language, 116–121
Leibniz and, 12, 15, 29
mathematics and, ix (see also Mathematics)
purpose and, 11
sign, 118, 121–124, 133, 135, 137, 167n104
zero-sum, 144
Game theory
Baroque Period and, 11–30
Copenhagen model and, 143–144
cryptology and, 139–140
Leibniz and, 11, 14–19
Morgenstern and, 142
Neumann and, 69, 88, 119–120, 141–144, 145n1, 161n157, 167n100, 171nn188,190, 173n209
origins of, 133–144
play as knowledge and, 11, 27–30
purpose and, 11
sign systems and, 5–6, 11, 28, 120–129, 133–138, 141, 143–144, 147n104, 167n104, 171nn175,184
spaces of play and, 11–14
universal machine and, 133–144
Weickmann and, 19–27
Wiener and, 88, 90, 141, 161n157
Gans, Eduard, 95
Gas masks, 108
Gauss, Carl Friedrich
distributions and, 170n164
formula games and, 121
geometry and, 99
heliotrope and, 99
higher mathematics and, 93–95, 99–100
magnetometer and, 99
surveys and, 99
theory of quantities and, 123
Gayl, Wilhelm von, 70n64
General-Ober-Finanz-Kriegs und Domänen-Direktorium, 31
General Staff
aerial photographs and, 128
applicatory method and, 72–75
assault battalions and, 106
chains of command and, 36, 84–88, 111
dissolution of Great, 68, 159n97
founding of system of, 35
Führergehlife and, 160n135
Führer principle and, 78–84
higher mathematics and, 92–96
historiography of, 60–61, 68, 72–84
Krebs and, 72
Manstein and, 60–61
Marcks and, 157n70
Müffling and, 51–53, 55, 73, 92–93, 96
Quartermaster General and, 161n136
Reiswitz and, 51–52
revival of, 75–78
Scharnhorst and, 35
Schellendorf compendium on, 73
Verdy and, 72–74
war games and, 35–37, 43, 51–55, 60
General War Academy, 85
applicatory method and, 72, 75, 96–97, 158n75
ballistics and, 95–96
Clausewitz and, 32, 42, 47
Dirichlet and, 92–102
education methods and, 99
geodesy and, 95–96, 99
higher mathematics and, 89–102
Lilienstern and, 97
war games as, 51–56
Geodesy, 95–96, 99
Geometry
Baroque power games and, 12–13, 15
Battle of Numbers and, 2–3, 5, 8
Bergmann and, 146n11
Bergson and, 133
Clausewitz and, 43
Descartes and, 95
Euclidean space, 100
Gauss and, 99
geodesy and, 95–96, 99
higher mathematics and, 95
Husserl and, 136
George, Stefan, 78
Gerbert of Aurillac, 7
Germany
Battle of Numbers and, 4
Denkring and, 16–17
ENIGMA and, 140, 161n157
language of, 16–18
navy codes and, 139–140
polytechnic school for, 93–94
Prussia and, 32 (see also Prussia)
regionalism and, 32
Reichswehr and, xi–xii, 59–61, 65–70, 76, 79–86, 154n23, 155nn50,51, 156n64, 158n96, 159n118, 160n135
Third Reich and, ix, 57, 80
Wehrmacht and, 36–37, 60, 62, 65, 67, 70, 72, 77–82, 85–86, 154nn23,29, 157n70, 158n96
Worms school quarrel and, 4–5
Geyer, Hermann, 164n36
Gneisenau, August Neidhardt von, 38–39, 42
Go, 29
God, 30, 38
Gödel, Kurt, 119–121, 137
Goebbels, Josef, 72, 82–83
Göring, Hermann, 76, 84
Göttingen Mathematical Society, 143
Göttingen Seven, 34
Graphemes
applicatory method and, 102
cybernetics and, 15
Fourier series and, 95
Leibniz and, 14–19
Schnelle and, 15
semiotics and, 8, 14–19
traces and, 102
Greeks, 8, 148n26
battle formations and, 16
letter-numbers and, 5, 7, 146n28
mathematics and, 13–14
Griesheim, Karl Gustav Julius von, 74–75
Grimmelshausen, Hans Jakob Christoffel von, 22
Groener, Wilhelm, 61, 159n118
Grolmann, Karl Wilhelm Georg von, 38–39
Guilbaud, Georges,142n206
Gurian, Wlademar, 57n2
Gutenberg press, 1, 7
Habsburg, Marie-Louise von, 38
Haeften, Hans von, 77
Hahlweg, Werner, 77
Hamlet (Shakespeare), 57–60
“Handbook for the Application of Pure Mathematics” (von Radowitz), 94
Handbook of the Modern Military Sciences (Cochenhausen), 80–81, 83–84
Handelshochschule (college of commerce), 67
Harsdörffer, Georg Philipp, 15–20, 148n33
Hartlaub, Felix, 77–78
Harvard University, 89
Hasenjäger, Gisbert, 140
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 74–75
Heidegger, Hermann, 73, 158n77
Heidegger, Martin, 30, 109, 144, 167n104
Heinrich, Maximilian, 24
Heliotropes, 99
Hellwig, Johann Christian Ludwig, 47
Hermann the Lame, 2
Herodotus, 6
Heß, Rudolf, 84
Heydrich, Reinhard, 62
Heyting, Arend, 119–120
Hierl, Konstantin, 82
Higher mathematics
anti–aircraft predictor and, 90
anti–gunfire predictor and, 90–91
Berlin University and, 92–94
boundary conditions and, 95
fabrication of physico-mathematical objects and, 98–99
General War Academy and, 89–102
graphemically elaborated trace and, 102
Prussian military collapse and, 100–101
Hilbert, David, 169n135
arithmetic and, 118, 137
Brouwer and, 129, 166n89, 168nn32,121
calculus and, 167n103
formalism and, 118–130, 135, 137, 139, 142–143, 166nn85,89, 167n103, 168nn111,121
Gödel and, 119
Göttingen school and, 142
infinity and, 126
Konigsberg conference and, 118–119
metalanguage and, 135
physico-mathematical objects and, 98
positivism and, 122
Rockefellers and, 142, 173n208
Second International Congress of Mathematicians and, 122
sign systems and, 121, 126
space and, 126–127
Weyl and, 129, 168n121
Hilbert spaces, 99, 143
Himmler, Heinrich, 62n29
Hindenburg, Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und, 70
Hindu-Arabic digits, 1
Historiography, xii, 152n55
applicatory method and, 72–75
chains of command and, 84–88
Führer principle and, 78–84
Leibniz and, 28
ongoing war and, 75–78
Ott and, 65–72
the real of simulations and, 62–64
theater of war and, 57–62
Hitler, Adolf, 77
attempted assassination of, 71, 83
continuous briefings of, 72
Führer principle and, 78–84, 80, 82
Nazis and, 59, 171n190
Schmitt and, 59
seizure of power by, 71
von Schleicher and, 59
Hoetzendorf, Conrad von, 80
Hofmann, Rudolf, 36
Hohenzollern kings, 32
Holy Roman Empire, 31
Homburg, Friedrich von, 33–34, 38, 114, 150n26
Horkheimer, Max, 101
Howitzer Regiment, 103–104
Huber, Ernst Rudolf, 66, 70, 156n64
Humboldt, Alexander von, 74, 92–96, 99–100
Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 92
Husserl, Edmund, 135–138, 170n172
Huygens, Christian, 29
Iconology, 9, 22
Independent thinking, 40, 86, 87–88
Individual actions, 106–108, 112, 114, 127
Infantry
assault battalions and, 106, 164n36
creeping barrage and, 105–109, 113, 164n32
individual actions and, 106–108, 112, 114, 127
ready rifles and, 113
tactics for, 104–108, 111, 113
war games and, 36, 43, 55, 63, 72
Infinity, 126
Information theory
redundancy of potential command and, 87
Shannon and, 87, 141, 144
universal machine and, 136–141
Intuitionists, 118–120, 127, 135, 172n202
Jacobi, Jacob, 95, 101
James I, 58–59
James Stuart 57–59, 153n7
Jena, 37, 91, 96
Jesuits, 93
Jewett, Frank, 89
Jews, 77
John II Casimir, King of Poland, 18
Johann Moritz von Nassau-Siegen, 16
Jünger, Ernst, 73, 112–113, 115–116, 153n16, 165n58
Kalmár, László, 141n202
Kant, Immanuel, 40–42, 48, 114, 126–127, 131, 151n37
Kelsen, Hans, 131
Kessel, Eberhard, 77
Keynes, John Maynard, 19
Kiesewetter, Johann, 42
King’s Game
chess and, 19–20
drawing lots and, 28
eruptions of temperament and, 24
figures of, 20–22
game boards of, 19–20, 24
hierarchy and, 22
insult and, 22
inward battle of, 24
Leibniz and, 27–28
power and, 24
protestation and, 22
rule’s of, 20
semiotics of, 20–24
tableau of, 20
topology of, 26–27
Weickmann and, 19–28, 31
Kittler, Friedrich, 109
Kittler, Wolf, 33–34
Klein bottles, 101
Kleist, Ewald von, 36
Kleist, Heinrich von, xi, 44
double game of, 34
Kant crisis of, 151n37
Kittler and, 33–34
Lilienstern and, 97
plays of, 33–34, 38, 114, 150n26
reinstatement of, 38–39
suicide of, 34, 39
war games and, 33–39
Kleist, Marie von, 38–39, 44, 150n26
Kling, Thomas, 83n140
Knesebeck, Karl Friedrich von dem, 34, 36–38
König, Dénes, 72n202
Köpke, Gerhard, 61
Krebs, Hans, 72
Kriegspiel, 79
Krieg und Krieger (Jünger), 73
Kronecker, Leopold, 92
Kummer, Eduard, 92, 96–98, 101, 105
Lake Naroch, 106
Lambda calculus, 138
Lampe, Erich, 97
Language
games and, 116–121
mathematics and, 116
metalanguage and, 102, 135
programming, 141
Wittgenstein and, 109–111, 116–121
Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 97
Law of large numbers, 29
League of Nations, 61, 65
Legal theory, 129–131
Leibniz, Gottfried Willhelm, x
academy of games and, 29
albegra and, 14
ars characteristica and, 12, 15
ars inveniendi and, 12, 14–15, 29
ars iudicandi and, 12
blind thinking and, 14
Brouwer and, 127
Drôle de Pensée and, 29
formalism and, 126–127
graphemic strategies of, 14–19
historiography and, 28
intellectual work and, 14
law of large numbers and, 29
machine design and, 14
pictorial space and, 14
politics and, 18–19
rigid calculability and, 28
semiotics and, 11, 14–15, 28
spaces of play and, 11–12
University of Altdorf and, 18
Weickmann and, 27
writings of, 14
Letter-numbers, 5, 7, 146n28
Libellus Scolasticus (von Speyer), 8
Lilienstern, Otto August Rühle von, 97
List, Wilhelm, 88
Locarno treaties, 61
Logic, 5, 140
a priori theory and, 127
axioms and, 21, 99, 114, 118–128, 136, 142–143, 168n111, 172n202
Baudrillard and, 62
Blumenberg and, 164n15
Brouwer and, 129
Church and, 138, 171n184
circular, 114
Clausewitz and, 43
Du Bois-Reymond and, 124
duels and, 114–116
formalism and, 118–131, 135, 141, 143, 147n13, 167nn100,103, 168n129
Hilbert and, 118
identity and, 115
intuitionists and, 118–120, 127, 135, 172n202
Kant and, 48
place-value systems and, 6
Polish school of, 171n190
probability and, 19
proof and, 12, 94, 114, 117–133, 136–137, 142–143, 166n85, 167n103, 172n202
real of simulation and, 62–64
Reiswitz and, 48
Russell and, 104–105, 118–119, 167n103, 168n121
Scholz and, 138–139, 172n194
semiotic, 10, 14 (see also Semiotics)
suspicion toward field of, 145n4
Turing and, 136–141
Weyl and, 131
Whitehead and, 105, 118, 139
Wittgenstein and, 104, 109–110, 114–118
Zuse and, 141
Lombard cities, 9
Los Alamos, 89
Lotteries, 29, 149n54
Louis XIV, King of France, 18
Ludendorff, Erich, 40, 63, 105–106
Ludwig Wilhelm von Nassau-Siegen, 16
Lukasiewicz, Jan, 139n190
Lullus, Raymundus, 16
McCulloch, Warren, 87–88
Machines, ix–x
Adam Smith and, 134
Babbage and, 93
calculating, 18, 29–30, 93
calculus and, 138, 140, 141
Clausewitz and, 43
conduct of war as, 42
enemy, 88
fictive, 135–141
game theory and, 133–144
imaginary, 134
Leibniz and, 14
Napoleonic educational system and, 96
Neumann and, 143–144
paper, 13–14, 42, 136, 138–139, 171n175, 172n199
perspectivist techniques and, 13
redundancy of potential command and, 87
strategy and, 141–143
theater and, 27
Turing, 136–141
universal, 136–141
Zeus, 170n165
Zuse and, 139–141
Macho, Thomas, 109
McKinsey, John C. Chenoweth, 139n190
Macrae, Norman, 143n209
Macy conferences, 88
Magnetometers, 99
Mahoney, Michael S., 87n153
Mainz, 18
Manstein, Erich von, 60–61, 65–67, 71, 154nn19,29
Maps, 78, 159n111, 169n38
aerial photographs and, 128
Alberti and, 12
Brouwer and, 128
captured enemy, 64
exercises in, 36–37, 65, 71, 80, 84, 157n70
four-color problem and, 151n37
tacticians and, 111
trigonometry and, 94
war games and, 12, 36–37, 48, 50, 53–55, 64–65
Wittgenstein and, 111, 117
Marcks, Erich, 67, 71, 157nn67,70, 159n118
Marwitz, Charlotte von, 39n26
Marxism, 131
Mathematics, ix, xi
abacus and, 1–3, 5, 6–8, 146n11
algebra, 12–14, 42
applicatory method and, 96–97
arithmetic and, 2 (see also Arithmetic)
astronomy and, 99, 126–127
axioms and, 21, 99, 114, 118–128, 136, 142–143, 168n111, 172n202
ballistics and, 95–96, 104
Battle of Numbers and, 4–8
Boethius and, 1–2
boundary conditions and, 95
Bourbaki and, 174n214
calculus, 95 (see also Calculus)
Cassiodorus and, 2
Clausewitz and, x
combinatorics, 12, 15–16, 18, 53, 120–121, 123–124
competition and, 1–2
defining, 101
demonstrability of, 91
established numerical designations and, 5–6
Euclidean space, 100
fabrication of physico-mathematical objects and, 98–99, 101
formalism and, 118–131, 135, 141, 143, 147n13, 167nn100,103, 168n129
foundations of, 116–129, 133–141, 166n89, 168n121, 171n188, 172nn194,202
Fourier analysis, 95
game theory, 133–144 (see also Game theory)
General War Academy and, 89–98
geodesy, 95–96, 99
geometry, 100 (see also Geometry)
graphemically elaborated trace and, 102
Greek letter-numbers and, 5, 7, 146n28
Greek texts on, 13–14
higher, 89–102
Hindu-Arabic digits and, 1
infinity and, 126
international congresses of, 122, 172n202
intuitionists and, 118–120, 127, 135, 172n202
language and, 116
law of large numbers and, 29
lectures and, 91–92, 97
music and, 1–3, 5, 8
number theory, 95, 125
Occidental and Oriental, 1
paths for applications of, 99–100
physics and, 19, 89–91, 94–95, 99, 105, 119, 133, 143
place-value systems and, 1, 6–7
probability, 19, 29, 42, 47, 165n38
proof and, 12, 94, 114, 117–133, 136–137, 142–143, 166n85, 167n103, 172n202
Prussia and, 92–97, 100–101
psychology and, 123–124, 131
Pythagorean, 2, 5
randomness, 142–143, 171n181
Renaissance and, 12
Roman numerals and, 5, 7
as science of intellectual education, 100
Second World War as battle of, 89–90
seminars and, 98–99, 101
semiotics and, 11, 13–14, 99–101, 114–115, 120, 137
set theory, 128–131, 142–143, 172n202
shell trajectories and, 105, 107
solvability and, 122
statistics, 134, 143, 170n164
strategy and, 8, 126, 140
theorems and, 94, 129, 142, 167n103
topology, 15, 20, 26
trigonometry, 94, 96, 128
Turing and, 136–141
unsolved problems of, 98
writing orders and, 5
zero and, 1, 145n2
Mathesis universalis, 8, 15
Maximilian, Heinrich, 24
Media, xii, 128
film, 63–64
newspapers, 36, 38, 62, 149n4
radio, 37, 61–64, 68, 71, 83, 91, 122, 140, 157n161, 168n109
real of simulations and, 62–64
sonar, 91
telegraphs, 56, 64, 74, 83, 99, 149n4
telephones, 64, 83, 89, 111–113
Melville, Herman, 59n16
Messter, Oskar, 128
Metalanguage, 102, 135
Michael, Horst, 67–70
Middle Ages, ix
artes liberales and, 5
Battle of Numbers and, 1–10
Occidental and Oriental calculation and, 1
seven liberal arts of, 14
sign systems and, 5–6
writing and, 14
Militär-Wchenblatt, 52, 55
Military History Research Institute, 73
Mirowski, Philip, 143
Mobius strips, 101
Model, Walter, 36
Moltke, Helmuth von, 43–44, 55–56, 74, 81
Monks, 4–5, 8, 16
Monochord, 2, 5–6
Montmort, Pierre Rémond de, 15
Morgernstern, Oskar, 142
Müffling, Karl von, 51–53, 55, 73, 92–93, 96
Müller, Aloys, 125
Murray, Harold J. Ruthven, 166n82
Music, 1–3, 5, 8
Musketeers, 16
Napoleon
Aspern and, 34
Austria and, 37–38
educational system of, 96
Prussia and, 39, 74
Reiswitz and, 43, 47
superior command structure of, 37
written orders and, 48
National Academy of Sciences, 89
National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), 89
National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), 67–68, 79, 82–83, 155n51, 170n172
Neuberg, Philipp Wilhelm von, 18
Neumann, Franz, 91
Neumann, Johann von, xii
feature-filters and, 88
formalism and, 119–120, 141–144, 167n100
game theory and, 69, 88, 119–120, 141–144, 145n1, 161n157, 167n100, 171nn188,190, 173n209
quantum mechanics and, 143
strategy and, 69, 142–143
Turing and, 171n188
Ulam and, 143
“Newly Invented Great King's Game” (Weickmann), 20
Newman, Max, 139n188
Newspapers, 36, 38, 62, 149n4
Newtonian mechanics, 42, 134
Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia, 56
Nonlinear systems, 48
Number theory, 95, 125
Oberführer, 82–83, 160n134
OKW, 77–78, 140
Olbricht, Friedrich, 71, 157n72
Oldenburg, Friedrich, 14n15
“On Computable Numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem” (Turing), 136, 139
On Concept and Object (Frege), 139
On War (Clausewitz), 42
Operation Barbarossa, 71, 157n70
Orientation, 40–41
Osterkamp, Ernst, 83n140
Ott, Eugen, 60
Manstein and, 66–67
map exercises and, 71
Michael and, 67–70
Papen and, 66, 69–70, 155n49
politics and, 66–67
Schleicher and, 66
Schmitt and, 66, 70
state of exception and, 65–72
war games and, 65–72
Papen, Franz von, 66, 68–70, 155nn49,50
Parisian Academy of Sciences, 97
Pascal, Blaise, 28–29
Pashukanis, Evgeny, 131
Paulus, Friedrich, 70n67
Pendulums, 12
Pépinère academy, 42
Perspectivism, 13–14, 26
Pfuel, Ernst von, 34, 37
Philipp Wilhelm von Neuburg, 19
Philologists, 2, 93
Photogrammetry, 128, 169nn136,139
Physics
aircraft and, 90
fabrication of physico-mathematical objects and, 98–99, 101
mathematics and, 19, 89–91, 94–95, 99, 105, 119, 133, 143
Newtonian mechanics and, 42, 134
war as battle of, 89
Physiology, 87, 121, 124
Place-value system, 1, 6–7
Planck, Erwin, 67
Planck, Max, 67, 133
Planisphere, 12
Play. See also Games
as knowledge, 11, 27–30
Leibniz and, 14–19
spaces of, 11–14
Weickmann and, 19–27
Poetology, 15, 18, 34, 100
Poisson, Siméon Denis, 97
Poland, 18–19, 60–65, 67, 70, 154n29, 155n51
Politics, 66
Communist Party and, 67–68, 155n51
Hitler and, 59
Hohenzollern kings and, 32
League of Nations and, 61, 65
Leibniz and, 18–19
National Socialist German Worker’s Party (NSDAP) and, 67–68, 79, 82–83, 155n51, 170n172
Ott and, 66–67
Social Democratic Party and, 67–68
sovereignty and, 24, 56–57, 84, 130–133, 153n16, 170n160
Weickmann and, 21
Weimar Reich regime and, 70
Positivism, 122, 131
Praissac de Braissac, Sieur du, 16
Praun, Albrecht, 63–71, 154n41
Principia Mathematica (Whitehead and Russell), 105, 139
Probability, 19, 29, 42, 47, 165n38
Programming languages, 141
Proof
axioms and, 21, 99, 114, 118–128, 136, 142–143, 168n111, 172n202
formalism and, 118–127, 130–131, 135, 141, 143, 147n13, 167nn100,103, 168n129
Hilbert and, 118
logic and, 12, 94, 114, 117–133, 136–137, 142–143, 166n85, 167n103, 172n202
solvability and, 122
theorems and, 94, 129, 142, 167n103
Turing and, 136–141
Propaganda, 61–64, 71, 80, 82
Prussia
Aspern and, 34–39
Auerstadt and, 37
Brusilov Offensive and, 105, 109
Clausewitz and, 32
coup of, 67
German regionalism and, 32
higher mathematics and, 92–97, 100–101
Hilbert’s positivism and, 122
Hohenzollern kings and, 32
Jena and, 37
Kleist and, 33
legal death penalty in, 114
Napoleon and, 39, 74
Reiswitz and, 33
semiotics and, 101
strategy and, 32
war of liberation of, 42
Przasnysz, 105
Pseudoparallelism, 49
Psychological warfare, 63, 69, 107
Psychology
blind spot and, 124
body and, 126
Du Bois-Reymond and, 123–124
Galton and, 134
mathematics and, 123–124, 131
neo-Kantian legal positivism and, 131
Puissant, Louis, 95
Pulkowski, Erich, 107
Pulkowski method, 107, 164n33
Pure games, 2
Pyta, Wolfram, 155nn50,51, 156n62
Pythagoreans, 2, 5
Quantum mechanics, 143, 173n209
Quartermaster General, 161n136
Radio
centimeter-wave, 91
cryptology and, 140, 157n161
general strike and, 68
Hilbert and, 122, 168n109
Hitler assassination and, 83
staged attack on Gleiwitz station and, 61–62, 71
ultra-shortwave, 37, 91
war games and, 61–64
Radowitz, Joseph Maria von, 93–97, 102
Railroads, 56, 74, 156n62
Randomness, 142–143, 171n181
Raymundus Lullus, 16
Reconnaissance, 37, 40, 102
instrumentation and, 111–112
ready rifles and, 113
Reiswitz and, 48
semiotics and, 111–112
Wittgenstein and, 104–105, 109–116
Reductionism, 12, 140–141
Redundancy of potential command, 87, 161n153
Referat IVa, 140
Referees, 49–50
Reiche, Ludwig von, 43
Reich Labor Service Hierl, 82
Reichswehr, xi–xii, 154n23, 156n64, 160n135. See also Wehrmacht
chains of command and, 84–86, 158n96, 159n118
Cochenhausen and, 80
Führer principle and, 82–83, 159n118
Great General Staff and, 76, 80
Ott and, 70, 155nn50,51
Schleicher and, 59–61
Virilio’s theory and, 79
war games and, 65–70
Reiswitz, Georg Heinrich Rudolf, 51–53, 55–56, 74
Reiswitz, George Leopold von, xi
background of, 32–33
Clausewitz and, 47
game pieces and, 48
instruction manual of, 51
intellectual history and, 48
Napoleon and, 43, 47
Prussia and, 33
reconnaissance and, 48
rule systems of, 47, 50
sandbox method of, 43–44
semiotics and, 49
terrain pieces and, 50–51
two rule systems of, 47
types of, 50–51, 133
war games and, 32–33, 36, 43–51, 133
written orders and, 48, 50
Renaissance, 12
Research and Development Corporation (RAND), 171n190
Riemann surfaces, 99
Ries, Adam, 1
Rintelen, Emil Otto Paul von, 61
Riga, 106, 108
Riley, Vera, 145n1
Rithmomachia, 1–2, 145n3
Ritter, Carl, 74
Rockefellers, 142, 173n208
Röhm-Putsch, 59–60, 153n2
Rohr, Willy, 106
Romania, 77
Roman numerals, 5, 7
Roon, Albrecht von, 74–75
Rotating musketeers, 16
Rühle von Lilienstern, Otto August, 97
Ruhr, 69
Rule systems, x, 16, 47, 50, 100, 111, 167n103
Russell, Bertrand, 104–105, 118–119, 139, 167n103, 168n121
Russia, 77, 157n70
alliance with, 38
Clausewitz and, 32, 39
creeping barrage and, 106
French invasion of, 44
gas masks and, 108
German regionalism and, 32
Jünger and, 113
Nicholas I and, 56
Operation Barbarossa and, 71
Wittgenstein and, 103
Salvo continuity, 16
Sandbox method, 43–44
Sand tables, 5
Sarvavarman, 117n82
Scharnhorst, Gerhard von, 35, 40, 53, 94
Schellendorf, Paul Bronsart, 73
Schleicher, Kurt von, 59–61, 66–71, 155n50
Schlieffen, Alfred von, 64
Schmitt, Anima, 57n3
Schmitt, Carl, 155n47, 170n160
Benjamin and, 57
as crown jurist of Third Reich, 57
formalism and, 130, 132–133
Führer principle and, 83–84
Hitler and, 59
Marcks and, 71, 159n118
Melville and, 153n16
Michael and, 67–69
Ott and, 66–67, 70
political science working group of, 67
private sphere and, 57
readings of Hamlet and, 57–60, 153nn3,8
state of exception and, 56
Schnelle, Helmut, 15
Scholz, Heinrich, 19, 138–140, 171n190, 172n191
Schönborn, Johann Philipp von, 18
Schönflies, Arthur Moritz, 128
Schottelius, Justus Georg, 18
Schutzstaffel (SS), 59, 62, 154n29, 160n134
Schramm, Percy Ernst, 78n105
Schwenter, Daniel, 15–16, 18
Screenplays, 63–64
Second World War, xii, 36, 57, 140
Adorno and, 101
applicatory method and, 72–74
atomic bomb and, 89–91
civilians and, 89
cybernetics and, 90
detained Wehrmacht generals and, 65
encryption and, 144
Führer principle and, 80
Hitler’s Reichstag speech and, 84
Horkheimer and, 101
Los Alamos project and, 89
Militär-Wochenblatt and, 52
Neumann and, 144, 145n1
promotions and, 81
as radio play, 62
Scholz and, 139
Shannon and, 144
Turing machine and, 138–139, 172n199
as war of mathematicians, 89–90
zero-sum games and, 144
Seeckt, Hans von, 65, 67, 75, 84–85
Semiotics
applicatory method and, 72–75, 102, 158n75
Baroque power games and, 11, 14–15, 29–30
Battle of Numbers and, x, 6, 8–10
carroccio and, 9–10
Christian, 9
combinatorics and, 120–121
duels and, 114–115
flags/standards and, 9–10
graphemes and, 8, 14–19, 95
Greek texts and, 13–14
iconology and, 9, 22
King’s Game and, 20–24
Leibniz and, 11, 14–19, 28
mathematics and, 11, 13–14, 99–101, 114–115, 120, 137
musketeer rotation and, 16
Prussia and, 101
reconnaissance and, 111–112
Reiswitz apparatus and, 49
signifer and, 8
sign systems and, 8–10 (see also Sign systems)
Turing and, 136–141
tutorial system and, 98
universal machine and, 133–144
Wittgenstein and, 114–115, 120
Set theory, 142, 172n202
Cantor and, 130–131
Frege and, 131
Neumann and, 143
Weyl and, 128–139
Zermelo-Fraenkel, 143
Seven Years’ War, 73
Shakespeare, William, 57–58, 60
Shannon, Claude E., 87, 141, 144
Shell trajectories, 105, 107
Sign games, 167n104
Du Bois-Reymond and, 121–124
Gödel and, 121
metalanguage and, 135
origins of game theory and, 133–144
Turing and, 136–141
universal machine and, 133–144
Wittgenstein and, 118
Signifer, 8
Sign systems, 171nn175,184
Baroque period and, 11, 28
Battle of Numbers and, 8–10
combinatorics and, 120–121
Du Bois-Reymond and, 121–124
formalism and, 120–129
game theory and, 133–138, 141, 143–144
Gödel and, 120–121
Hilbert and, 121, 126
Middle Ages and, 5–6
Simulacra, 62
simulation, 72
AMA Top Management Decisions Simulation and, 160n122
imitative framework of, 69
King’s Game and, 24
real of, 62–64
Smith, Adam, 32, 134
Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), 67–68
Solitaire, 29
Sonar, 91
Sovereignty, 24, 56–57, 84, 130–133, 153n16, 170n160
Soviet Union. See Russia
Spain, 1, 31, 39
Speer, Albert, 72
Spengler, Oswald, 139
Spring Offensive, 105, 110
Stanislaw, Ulam, 143
State of emergency, 58, 66–70, 114
Statistics, 134, 143, 170n164
Stauffenberg, Claus von, 83, 157n72, 159n111, 161n140
Stein, Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum, 38–39
Stevin, Simon, 26
Strategy, 155n50
applicatory method and, 72–75
chains of command and, 36, 84–88, 111
Clausewitz and, 40–43, 73
contingencies and, x, 29, 35, 37, 47, 101, 107–108, 133
Edgerton on, 13
Führer principle and, 78–84
Greek, 8
Humboldt and, 96
language games and, 117–118
Leibniz’s graphemic, 14–19
limits of cabinet, 32, 51
Manstein and, 60
mathematics and, 8, 126, 140
Neumann and, 69, 142–143
obstruction and, 67
Prussia and, 32
real dimension of battlefields and, 51
Research and Development Corporation (RAND) and, 171n190
rotating mechanics and, 16, 18
salvo continuity and, 16
tactics and, 32 (see also Tactics)
theater and, 58
transmission of, 84
universal machine and, 141–143
Virilio and, 79
Sturmtruppen (assault troops), 106, 164n36
Suicide, 34, 39, 56, 105, 114
Surveys, 111, 125. See also Maps
Clausewitz and, 43
Führer and, 81–82
Gauss and, 99
heliotropes and, 99
land, 94, 99–100
magnetometer and, 99
Müffling and, 53
Napoleonic educational system and, 96
ordnance, 117
photographs and, 128, 169n38
population, 32
trigonometry and, 94
Süssmilch, Johann Peter, 32
Tactics, 9
artillery and, 104–114, 164n36, 165n57
assault battalions and, 106, 164n36
battlefield space and, 32
cameralistic order and, 32
chains of command and, 36, 84–88, 111
Clausewitz and, 40–43
creeping barrage and, 105–109, 113, 164n32
efficiency and, 107–108
game theory and, 140–144
gas use and, 108
incalculability of space of, 32
individual actions and, 106–108, 112, 114, 127
infantry and, 104–108, 111, 113
limit of cabinet wars and, 32
linear, 16
Pulkowski method and, 107, 164n33
Reiswitz and, 32–33, 36, 43–56, 74, 133
Tiedemann and, 42
universal machine and, 136–141
Tanks, 63–64, 71–72
Tartaglia, Niccolò, 13n8
Tear gas, 108
Technische Nothilfe (Technical Emergency Relief organization), 68–69
Telegraphs, 56, 64, 74, 83, 99, 149n4
Teleological Society, 90
Teleology, 11, 90
Telephones, 64, 83, 89, 111–113
Terrain pieces, 50–51, 53
Theorems, 94, 129, 142, 167n103
“Theory of Parlor Games” (Neumann), 142–144
Theory of the small war, 32, 40, 42
Thermodynamics, 48
Third Reich, ix, 57, 80
Thirty Years War, 18–19, 21, 24, 31, 114
Tiedemann, Karl Ludwig Heinrich von, 42
Topology, 15, 20, 26–27
Tractatus Logico-Philosphicus (Wittgenstein), 109, 116
Treaty of Versailles, 65, 76, 84
Treschkow, Henning von, 71
Trigonometry, 94, 96, 128
Troschke, Theodor von, 33n3
Tsars, 18, 38, 56, 106
Turing, Alan
Bletchley Park and, 139–140
bombes of, 140
calculable numbers and, 136–137
cryptology and, 139–140
famous paper of, 136
fictive machines and, 136–141
formalism and, 136–141
proof and, 136–141
semiotics and, 136–141
universal machine and, 101, 136–141, 161n157, 171nn175,181,188, 172nn192,194,199
Weyl and, 171n188
Tutorial system, 97–98
Type theory, 104
Ulam, Stanislaw, 143
Universal-Film AG (UFA), 63
Universal machine
calculus and, 138, 140, 141
Galton and, 134–135
game theory and, 133–144
metalanguage and, 135
Neumann and, 143–144
origins of, 133–144
sign games and, 133–144
strategy and, 141–143
Turing and, 101, 136–141, 161n157, 171nn175,181,188, 172nn192,194,199
University of Altdorf, 18
Upper Silesia, 60
Vaihinger, Hans, 66n47
van Creveld, Martin, 85–86
Valkyrie Plan, 71, 83, 157n72
Van Reyd, Everard, 16n26
Venturini, Georg, 47
Verdy du Vernois, Julius von, 72, 74, 158n75
Viète, François, 12
Virilio, Paul, 79
Vogel, Henriette, 39
Volkshochschule, 57
Wagner, Richard, 66n47
Waismann, Friedrich, 118
Waldenburg, Siegfried von, 36–37
Wallhausen, Johann Jacob von, 24
Walther von Speyer, 8
War games
as absurd, 36
applicatory method and, 72–75, 102, 158n75
artillery and, 35, 49, 53
as War Academy, 51–56
battle formations and, 3, 16, 24, 43
cameralistic order and, 31–32
carroccio and, 9–10
Clausewitz and, 32, 40, 42
construction/destruction and, 50
data collection and, 50
deployment plans and, 31, 51
disaster prevention guise and, 71–72
film and, 63–64
flags/standards and, 9–10
friction losses in communication and, 49–50
Führer principle and, 78–84
historiography and, xii (see also Historiography)
Kleist and, 33–39
limits and, 32, 43, 48
Manstein and, 60–61, 65–67, 71
media and, xii, 56, 62–63, 91, 111, 128, 149n4
official posts and, 31–32
Ott and, 60, 65–72
as productive concept, ix
purpose of, 36
real of simulation and, 62–64
referees and, 49–50
Reichswehr and, xi–xii, 59–61, 65–70, 76, 79–86, 154n23, 155nn50,51, 156n64, 158n96, 159n118, 160n135
Reiswitz and, 32–33, 36, 43–56, 74, 133
Röhm-Putsch and, 59–60, 153n2
sandbox and, 43–44
screenplays and, 63–64
seriousness of, 36–37
sham attacks and, 62
state of emergency and, 58, 66–70, 114
state of exception and, 65–72
strategy and, 32 (see also Strategy)
terrain pieces and, 50–51, 53
theory of the small war and, 32, 40, 42
time constraints and, 37, 49–50
Valkyrie Plan and, 71, 83, 157n72
Waldenburg and, 36–37
written orders and, 48, 50
War of the Spanish Succession, 31
Weather conditions, 107
Wehrmacht, 154nn23
Barbarossa and, 157n70
chain of command and, 36, 84–88, 111, 158n96
Führer principle and, 77, 80–84, 88, 160n134
Hartlaub and, 77–78
OKW and, 77–78, 140
Ott and, 60, 67
radio and, 37
reconstruction of, 65
Schleicher and, 60, 67, 70
Speer and, 72
staged Polish attacks and, 62, 154n29
states of exception and, 65
Weickmann, Christoph
chess and, 19–20
drawing lots and, 28
dream of, 19
game boards of, 20–22, 24, 28
King’s Game and, 19–28, 31
Leibniz and, 27
politics and, 21
power and, 24
tableau of, 20
topology of, 26–27
Weierstrass, Karl, 92
Weimar Reich regime, 70
Weizsäcker, Victor von, 133
Welchmann, Gordon, 140
Weyl, Hermann
Brouwer and, 129–130, 132
chess and, 167n103, 170n165
formalism and, 118–121, 124, 128–132, 168nn121,129
Hilbert and, 129, 168n121
set theory and, 128–129
Turing and, 171n188
Wittgenstein and, 166n85, 167n100
Whitehead, Alfred North, 105, 118, 139
Wiener, Norbert, 88, 90, 141, 161n157
Wilhelm, Friedrich Karl von Oranien-Nassau, 16
Wilhelm I, 43, 44
Wilhelm, Ludwig, Count, 16n26
Wilhelm, Friedrich, crown prince, 106
Winterbotham, Frederick William, 140
Wittgenstein, Ludwig
Austro-Hungarian Army and, 103–105, 116
background of, 103
Brouwer and, 119
disrespect for, 103–104
formalism and, 118–120
Heidegger and, 109
language and, 109–111, 116–121
logic and, 104, 109–110, 114–118
positional warfare and, 109–110
as reconnaissance officer, 104–105, 109–116
semiotics and, 114–115, 120
suicide and, 114
transfers for, 104
as unfit for military service, 103
war diary of, 103–104, 109, 114–116, 164n15
war metaphors of, 110
Wolfenbüttel, 18, 27
Worms school quarrel, 4–5
Writing, 16
abacus and, 6
Battle of Numbers and, 4–5, 7–8
captured enemy maps and, 64
compilation techniques and, 15
embodiment and, 137
Gutenberg press and, 1, 7
Kleist and, 33–34, 38–39
life rules and, 105
Middle Ages and, 14
mistakes in, 51
Rithmomachia and, 2
seven liberal arts and, 14
tools for, 138
war panoramas and, 36
Written orders, 48, 50
Würzburg school, 4–5
Young, John P., 145n1
Zenge, Wilhelmine von, 42n37
Zermelo, Ernst, 143, 172n202
Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, 143
Zero, 1, 145n2
Zero-sum games, 144
Zeus machine, 170n165
Zuse, Konrad
arithmetic and, 140
calculus and, 140, 141, 172n191
electromechanical computing machine and, 139–141