Abyssinia, 64
Adams, John Quincy, 101
Adulis, 45
Aegean, 32–33
Afghanistan, 42
Africa, 40. See also specific countries
postcolonial, 159
African Elephant Conservation Act, 180, 202
African elephants, 18, 50, 174. See also specific topics
never threatened, 66
population, 174
African ivory, 113, 159. See also specific topics
African Society in London, 133
African Wildlife Foundation (AWF), 177–80, 251
Africans and elephants, 66–69
Afro-Portuguese ivories, 68–69
Ahab, 29–30
Aksum, 45
Alexander, Shana, 91–92
Alexander the Great, 36–38
Alice (elephant), 92
Alpers, Edward A., 26–27, 120, 172
Amboseli, 178
American Museum of Natural History, 17
Amin, Idi, 171
Angola, 171–72
animal welfare and animal rights groups, 179, 216, 218–19, 239, 251–52, 254, 256
Arab traders, 120, 125, 126, 131, 137
Arnold, Cheney and Company, 3, 108, 109, 112, 113, 124–27
Arnold, Hines and Company, 124
art, 6, 11–13, 200. See also painting; sculpture
artistic use of ivory, 61–62
Egyptian, 26
in Late Bronze Age, 28–29
Arthasastra, 41
Ashurnasirpal II, 30–32
Assyrians, 30–32
Athi Plains, 181
Australia, 181
Baghdad, caliph of, 60
Bangui, 176
Barbier, Edward, 186
Barnes, T. A., 131
Barnes Circus, 147
Barnum, P. T., 91
baroque, 75
battues, 31–32
Beachey, R. W., 120
beads, 9–10
Beard, Peter, 167
Beauty Revealed (Goodridge), 94
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 96
Begram, 42
Beilenson, Anthony, 180
Bell, Walter Dalrymple Maitland, 136, 138, 140–44
Benci, Ginevra de’, 62
Benin, 68
Bible, 55
billiard balls, 100, 102–6, 134
billiards, 100–102
Birmingham, England, 65
birth control, 216–17
“blitzkrieg” hypothesis, 20–23
boar. See also pigs
ivory, 87
boar, wild (Sus scrofa scrofa), 33
bone, 53–54
Bonner, Raymond, 160, 173, 178, 179
Born Free Foundation, 252, 254
Botswana, 157, 174, 188–90, 192, 215, 220, 246, 253, 255, 256
bracelets, ivory, 9
Brazil, 70
Britain, 94–96, 127. See also London; United Kingdom British colonialists, 159, 160
British East Africa Protectorate, 159
British East India Company, 70
British Museum, 42, 52, 69, 130. See also Natural History Museum
Britner, George C., 102
Broadfoot, W., 103–4
Broadwood, Thomas, 96
Broadwood and Sons, 96
Browne, Thomas, 59
Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama), 41
elephants in, 41
“buffer zones,” 231
Bunyoro, Uganda, 138
Burroughes, James, 106
Bush, George H. W., 180
Buss, Irven, 161
Byzantine empire, 53
Byzantine world, 48
Byzantium, 52
cachalots, teeth of, 87–88
Caligula, emperor, 44
camel caravans, 51
cameras, 129
Cameron, V. L., 118
Canada, 181
Caribbean, 65
Carthaginians, 39
carving, ivory, 10, 15, 52–53, 68
Chinese, 72
“Egyptianizing” style of, 29
Gothic, 57
in India, 41–42
revival in Europe, 75–76
Catullus, 44
Cellini, Benvenuto, 62
“cemeteries,” elephant, 133, 143
Central African Republic, 176
Chad, 255
chain saws, 172
chair, ivory, 44
Champu Bhanjie, 128
Charles the Bold, 59
Charles V, 61
Chen Mei, 72
Cheney, George Arthur, 85, 86, 123, 124
Cheney, George L., 112
Cheney and Company, Arnold. See
Arnold, Cheney and Company Chickering, Jonas, 97, 98
Childs and Company, 115
China, 42–43, 71–72, 76, 169, 208
carvings exported to Japan, 72–73
ivory ban and, 197–99, 245–46, 254
Chinese in Africa, 70–71
Chinese ivory carving, 72
chinoiserie, 90
Chobe National Park, 242
Christofori, Bartolomeo, 96
chryselephantine sculpture, 34–35
Chu, prince of, 43
circuses, elephants in, 91, 147, 158
CITES. See Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
Civil War, 126
Claudian, 47
Cleland, John, 74
Cleopatra, 75–76
colonialists
in East Africa, 159–60
German, 159
Comstock, Cheney and Company, 86, 98, 110, 112, 123, 124, 127, 128, 151
Comstock, Samuel Merritt, 85–86, 123, 127, 128
Comstock and Company, S.M., 85, 86
Congo, 132, 137, 138, 168, 169, 204, 206
Congo River, 66
Connecticut River, 84
Connecticut River Valley, 151
Conrad, Joseph, 138
conservation, 224. See also elephants, legislation protecting
conservation organizations, 177, 180, 196, 251
conservation treaty, first, 160
Constantinpole, 52
container, duck-shaped, 29
contraception, 216–17
“control” schemes, 163
Convention for the Preservation of Animals, Birds and Fish in Africa, 160
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 176, 220, 249, 254
“appendix approach,” 173, 182, 186, 188–91, 205–6, 246, 250
conferences
1989, 178
2007, 249
1994 and 1997, 189–90
Fourteenth Conference of the Parties, 249–52
hippopotamus and, 205
logo, 249–50
Martin on, 245
MIKE (Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants) program, 203, 220
Nigel Hunter on, 247
overview, 173
as public relations forum, 189
“resting period,” 256
Seventh Meeting, 181–82
South Africa and, 184, 188, 189, 255–57
Córdoba, 51
Córdoba, caliph of, 51
corruption, 5, 172. See also under Kenya
Cosimo III de’ Medici, 76
Cosway, Richard, 93
covers. See veneers craft trade, 90–91
Crete, 32
cross-hatching, 23–24
Crusades, 56
culling, 164–67, 170, 181, 225, 227. See also elephant killings
in South Africa, 183–84, 213–14, 219–20
Cunard, Nancy, 149
customs seal, 175
David, King, 55
David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust, 221
de Servière, Nicholas Grollier, 78–79
Death of Cleopatra, The (Elhafen), 75
Deep River, 86–87, 98, 122, 123, 127, 132
Deep River Historical Society, 89–90
Deinotherium, 18
dentibus Indis (Indian teeth), 44
dentin, 15–16, 24, 26, 54–56, 205
sources, 87
“devil’s-work balls,” 72
Diocletian, 45
DNA analysis, 204–5
Dodoma, 107
Domansky, Ernst R. See Moore, Ernst D.
domestic objects, 73
Douglas-Hamilton, Iain, 162, 174, 181, 236, 256
Drummond, Henry, 159
duck-shaped ivory container, 29
Dyer, Tony, 236–37
East Africa, 5, 64, 85, 118. See also Mombasa; Zanzibar
colonialists in, 159–60
soft ivory from, 88–89, 113, 127, 128. See also Zanzibar
East African Professional Hunter’s Association, 236
East India Company, 70
East-West fusions, 70
Edict of Maximum Prices, 45
Egypt, 25–31
“Egyptianizing” style of ivory carving, 29
Elephant Hall, 210–12
“elephant holocaust,” 179
elephant killings, 106, 133, 134, 137, 179, 203. See also culling; hunting
in Mediterranean world, 31–32
in Nigeria, 68
not necessary to obtain ivory, 184
punishment for, 41
record levels in East Africa, 5
spectacle of, 48
Elephant Protection Bill, 180
capturing wild, 38
dangers faced from, 229–34
dangers of eradication, 47
as diplomatic gifts, 60
domestication, 40
Edward Topsell on, 74–75
as endangered species, 5
entertainment/performing, 47–48, 75, 147. See also circuses Greeks and, 36
identification with, 48
legislation protecting, 41, 159–60, 179, 180, 182. See also poaching; specific legislation
in literature and film, 146
observed in nature, 157–58, 161–62
populations, 164
reconciling dreams and realities for, 244
starving to death, 166–67
traditional migration, 215
vocalizations, 162
Elephas maximus, 40
Elhafen, Ignaz, 75–76
Elizabeth I, 59
endangered species, elephants as, 5
Endangered Species Act, 202
Ethiopia, 45, 133, 169. See also Abyssinia Ethiopians, 38
Europe
revival of ivory carving, 75–76
secular use of ivory after 1400, 61–65
European Community, 180
Europeans’ arrival in Africa, 69
factories, 83–88, 99. See also industrial revolution; specific factories
Connecticut, 87, 98, 108, 122, 127
Japanese, 193–95
modern, 198
Faro, André de, 65–66
fence posts, 125
fences, electric, 234
Fez, 51
figurines, 4, 11, 12, 15, 63, 74, 151, 202, 205
Finch Hatton, Denys, 145
France, 75, 179, 203, 209, 226
Frere, Bartle, 124
Friedel, Robert, 102, 105, 148
Fujian Province, 71
Ango-Indian, 69
wooden, 30
Furuyashiki, Kumi, 192
gazettement, 165
George Read and Company, 98
German colonialists, 159
southwest, 11
Gesner, Conrad, 60
Gold Coast, 65
gold combined with ivory. See chryselephantine sculpture
Golden Palace of Nero, 44
Gomes, A. C., 129
Gomphotherium, 18
Gonarezhou, 214
Goodridge, Sarah, 93–94
Gospels, 55
Gothic ivory carving, 57
Grace, Edward, 199–202
Graffman, Gary, 208
Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Park, 214
Greece, 33–38
Greene, Rufus, 123–24
Greenland, 54
Guangdong Province, 71
Guangxi Province, 71
Guinea, 66
Gujarat, 41
hammer stone, 15
Han Dynasty, 43
hanko (name seals), 177, 192–95
Hannibal, 39–40
Hansing and Company, 126
Harland, David, 189
Hashimoto, Ryutaro, 192
HEC (“human-elephant conflict”), 230, 232, 233. See also elephants, dangers faced from
Heiden, Marcus, 78
Henry III, king of England, 60
Hickok, Wild Bill, 149
Hinduism, 50
elephants in, 41
hippopotamus, 25–26
ivory, 4, 25, 26, 33, 87, 205–6
population, 206
Hiram of Tyre, King, 29
Hochschild, Adam, 137
Hohle Fels, 11
Homer, 32–33
Hong Kong, 169, 176–77, 179, 181, 186, 202, 206
Horace, 44
Horn of Windsor, 59
“horns” and unicorns, 58–59
Hume, David, 101
humidity, 31
Hunan Province, 71
Hunter, John A., 145–46, 152, 153
elephants, 67–68, 140–41, 144–45. See also specific topics
dangers of, 140
weapons for, 38, 67, 140–42, 171, 172, 245
mammoths, 19–23
Hyatt, John Wesley, 105
hybridization, 204
Iliad (Homer), 33
Alexander the Great’s invasion of, 36–37
elephants in, 41. See also elephants
ivory carving in, 41–42
purchasing ivory from East Africa, 118–19
Indian culture, ivory objects in, 50
Indian firms and Zanzibar, 126
Indian ivory traders, 114
Indian Ocean coast, 64
industrial revolution, 77, 79. See also factories; machines
International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), 251, 256
Italy, 39
IUCN (World Conservation Union), 180, 251
Ivan the Terrible, 4
ivory. See also specific topics
bartering for, 120
composition, 15–17
connotations and symbolic meanings, 4–6, 25, 27, 29–30, 56, 60, 74, 149–50
cutting, 15, 34, 52–53, 151. See also carving
discovery, 10
“don’t buy ivory” message, 178–79, 189
efficiency of extraction, 45
and familiarity with elephants, 60–61
first attempts to work, 10
“found” (recovered from elephants that died of natural causes), 133
as hydroscopic, 31
insatiable appetite for, 5, 134
in literature, 74
oldest found, 10–11
permanence, 14
sources, 33, 204. See also specific animals
stacking raw, 184
stockpiled, 187
synthetic substitutes for, 105, 151–52, 208–9. See also plastic substitutes for ivory
tactile qualities, 98, 134, 149–50, 208
terminology, 44
thinly splitting, 35
as treasure/luxury item, 25, 27
types of, 24
“lesser ivories” vs. “true” ivory, 16
soft vs. hard, 113
uses, 25, 113. See also specific uses
universal, 74
Ivory: General Information (Lewis and Peat), 133
Ivory: Scourge of Africa (Moore), 110, 131, 132
Ivory Coast, 65
“ivory fever,” 138
Ivory Floor of Port of London Authority, 94–95
“Ivory House.” See Nyumba Pembi
Ivory Matching Room, 99
ivory objects/items. See also specific objects
advertising, 91
mass-production, 83
with smallest divisions, 41–42
types of, 25, 44, 50, 61, 76–77, 87, 90, 169, 193
“ivory problem,” 104, 106
ivory trade, 114. See also specific topics
geographical origins/ports, 113
ivory trade bans, 5. See also Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora; specific topics
distinguishing objects from pre- vs.
post-ban ivory, 204
Ivory Trade Review Group, 186
ivory turning machine, 76
Ivoryton, Connecticut, 85–87, 98, 127
Asian ivory market and, 169–70
ivory trade regulations, 190–97, 254, 256, 257
Japan Wildlife Conservation Society (JWCS), 196
Japanese factories, 193–95
Jesus Christ, 57
Jones, Joseph A., 112
Joseph Rodgers and Sons, 95, 130
Julius Ceasar, 44
Jumbo (elephant), 91
“junking” machine, 89
Kalahari Desert, 157
Karamojo, 140
Keftiu, 32
Keita, Oumar, 201
Kenya, 142–43, 152, 169. See also British East Africa Protectorate; Laikipia; Nairobi; Tsavo National Park
abandoned ivory catches in, 186
CITES and, 254–55
corruption and smuggling, 172–73, 181, 186
dangers from elephants in, 229–34
elephant losses, 186
history, 224–26
lifted, 239
John Frederick Walker in, 221–47
Northern Frontier District, 172
poaching in, 172, 173, 228, 255
tourism, 187
trade ban, 226
Tsavo National Park, 165–68, 172, 235
wildlife department, 160. See also Kenya Wildlife Service
Kenya Game Department, 145, 161, 170
Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), 181, 226, 233, 236, 241, 253, 256. See also Kenya, wildlife department
Kenyatta, Jomo, 172
Kilimanjaro, 165
Kilimanjaro tusks, 2, 129–30, 143, 247
Kilwa district, 163
kimonos, 73
King, Anthony, 233–35
knife, stone, 15
Knight, Charles R., 19
Knossos, 32
Konjore, Willem, 255
Kruger, 183–85, 209–10, 212–16, 218–19, 245, 257
Kuya, Ittensai, 194
labor, 9–10
Lacey Act, 202
Lado Enclave, 136, 138–40, 144, 237, 238
Laikipia Wildlife Forum, 233
lance, 9
Lapatin, Kenneth, 35
Late Bronze Age, 28–29, 32, 33
Laws, Richard, 161–62, 164, 166
Layard, Austen Henry, 30
Le Marchand, David, 75
Leonardo da Vinci, 62
Leopold II, king of the Belgians, 137–38
Lepidoptera, 139
Letaba, 213. See also Elephant Hall
Lewis and Peat, Ltd., 133
Lewis chessmen, 56
Lieberman, Susan, 254
Limpopo National Park, 214
Limpopo Valley, 64
Livingstone, David, 3, 118, 121, 123, 125, 131
Liwale district, 163
Loango, 66
London, 94–95, 127, 130, 133, 168, 203
mammoth ivory shipped to, 62
Lothal, 41
Louis IX, 60
Lucian, 35
machines, 78–79, 83–84, 92. See also factories
maharajas, 152
Mainka, Sue, 251
Malawi, 205
Mali, 254–55
mammoth ivory, 64
from Siberia, 62–63
from Soviet Union, 152
mammoth tusks, 9, 15, 19, 22, 63–64, 206
mammoths, 19–22. See also woolly mammoth
extinction, 20–23
hunting, 19–21
number of buried, 206–7
Mammuthus jeffersonii, 19
Mani-mani, 143
Marine Mammal Protection Act, 202
Marks, Stuart, 163
Marrakesh, 51
Martial, 44
Martin, Esmond Bradley, 195, 197
background and overview, 244
John Frederick Walker and, 244–46
on number of elephants killed, 134, 203
Mary, mother of Jesus, 56–57
Masatoshi (Nakamura Tokisada), 193–94
Masudi, al-, 49–50
Maxamilian, Duke of Bavaria, 78
Maximum Prices, Edict of, 45
Maya, Queen, 41
Mbewe, Edward, 253
Mbinga district, 229
medical devices, 91
Mediterranean, 33. See also specific countries and regions
megafauna, 227
Meiji period, 195
Menelik, King of Ethiopia, 133
Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, 69
Meyer, H. A., 126
Michelet, Raymond, 149
Milliken, Tom, 203
Ming Dynasty, 71
miniature painting, 92–94
Minoan civilization, 32
Mnazi Moja, 128
Moi, Daniel arap, 181
Mombasa, 112–16, 123, 128, 130, 168–69
warehouse raided in, 170
Moore, Ernst D., 110, 120, 125, 144
on alternatives to ivory, 207
on appetite for ivory, 134
background and life history, 109, 111, 130–31
in Chester, Connecticut, 130–31
death, 135
on determining ivory’s origin, 175
on elephant extermination, 134, 244
on elephant slaughter and poaching, 133–37
in Mombasa, 130–33
participation in ivory trade, 108–9, 111–17, 127–28, 130, 134–35
return to United States, 130
on tactile qualities of ivory, 98
Zanzibar and, 116–17, 125, 127–31, 133, 135
Moore, Richard, 109–10
Moscow, mammoth ivory shipped to, 62
Mozambique island, 118
Mpala, 240–41
Mpala Research Center, 237
Mugabe, Robert, 256
Muhammad bin Khalfan, 127
Muhammad el Marjebi, Hamedi bin. See Tippu Tip
Murchison Falls National Park, 164, 166, 171
Muruthi, Philip, 251
musical instruments, 98. See also piano keys
mythological creatures, 58–60
mzigi-zigi, 129–30
Nabokov, Vladimir, 149–50
Nairobi, 173, 176, 223, 227, 229, 231–32, 244
Nairobi National Park, 181, 221–22
Namibia, 188–90, 192, 215, 220, 253, 255, 256
Namory, Bayo, 201
Nartov, Andrei K., 76
narwhal (Monodon monoceros), 58–59
“native gardens”/“native settlements,” 163
Natural History Museum (London), 130, 247–48. See also British Museum
Nchunga, Mushanana, 182
Ndunguru, Lazaro, 229
Nebraska, 18
neck rest, carved, 25
Neolithic rock paintings, 26
Neumann, Arthur H., 139
New England firms, 5
Nicomachorum, 46
Nigeria, 68
Nile, 27
Niskanen, Leo, 232
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 182. See also specific organizations
Norris, Christopher, 16–19
Norse society, 54
Northwest Palace of Ashurnasirpal II, 30
Norway, 54
Nubia, 27
Nujoma, Sam, 192
Nyasa, Lake, 118
Nyumba Pembi (“Ivory House”), 3, 125, 127, 129
Odyssey (Homer), 32–33
Okavango Delta, 157
okimono (finely carved ornaments), 194
“oliphants,” 51–52
Omduman, 198
Omondi, Patrick, 255
Osaka, 256
ivory arts and crafts association, 191
Osmond, Patrick, 253
O’Swald and Company, Wm., 126, 129
Outer Hebrides, 56
“overkill” hypothesis, 20–23
Ovid, 44
Owen, Richard, 24
paganism, 46
painting. See also art
on ivory, 92–94
palaces, 29–30
Paleolithic sites, 9
panels, 30
Paris, Matthew, 60
Park, Mungo, 67–68
parks. See also Tsavo National Park
elephants confined to, 164
Parthenon, 33–34
Parthians, 45
Patton, George S., 149
Pausanias, 34
Payne, Katherine, 162
Perry, John, 161
Persian wars, 52
Peter the Great, 76
pharoahs, 28
Phelan, Michael, 101
Philippines, 71
photography, 129
Physeter macroephalus, 87–88
piano keys, 5, 84, 98–100, 208
pièces excentriques, 79
pigs, 33. See also boar
pins, ivory, 9
plastic substitutes for ivory, 100, 148–51, 207, 208. See also ivory, synthetic substitutes for
Pleistocene overkill, 21–23
Pliny the Elder, 47–48
Plumier, Charles, 79
poaching, 160, 171, 177–79. See also elephants, legislation protecting
corruption and, 5
and elephant population, 174
emergence of large-scale organized, 170
increasing demand and, 171
ivory ban and, 186, 187, 193, 197, 198, 231
John A. Hunter and, 146
Moore on, 135–37
poor wildlife management and, 255
in Tanzania, 228
war and, 245
poaching gangs, 172
Polybius, 39
Poole, Joyce, 162
Port of London Authority, 94–95
Portugal, 65
Pratt, Julius, 87, 92, 122, 127
Pratt, Phineas, 83–87
Pratt, Read, and Company, 86, 98, 110–12, 122, 127, 151, 152
Pratt, Read Player Action Company, 110
Proboscidea, 18
Proclus of Naucratis, 45
Providence, Rhode Island, 121, 123
Ptolemais Theron, 38
Pueschel, Peter, 254
Pursuit of Pleasure in the Course of the Seasons, The (Chen Mei), 72
Pygmalion, 44
Qianlong, Emperor, 72
Qing Dynasty, 71–72
Raphia, Battle of, 39
Read, George, 84, 98, 122, 123, 127
Reagan, Ronald, 180
religious meanings of ivory, 56–57
Rensberger, Boyce, 166–67
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), 209
Rhine, lower, 56
Ringling Brothers, Barnum & Bailey Circus, 147
Rodgers, Joseph, 130
Rodgers and Sons, Joseph, 95
Rokugocho, 196
Roman empire, 43–48
elephants and, 45–48
ivory, elephant population, and, 47
Roman poets and writers, 44–45
Rome
fall of, 53
Punic Wars against, 39–40
royalty, 25, 29, 44, 68, 72, 75–78
Ruhehe, 229
Ruhlmann, Émile-Jacques, 151
Russia, 9, 63, 76–77. See also Siberia; Soviet Union
Rwanda, 225
Sabie Game Reserve, 213
Sabie River, 209
Sahara, 26
sailing vessels, 84
Sainte Chapelle Virgin, 57
Salem, Massachusetts, 121
Sayyid Ali bin Hamud Al-Busaidi, 128
scepter, ivory, 44
Schreger pattern, 23–24
science, development of, 60
sculpture, 25, 34–35, 55–56, 62
Sebald, William, 194
Seereiter, John, 101
Seleucids, 39
Self-Portrait (Goodridge), 93–94
Selous, Frederick Courteney, 139
Seneca of Younger, 43–44
sex toys, 15
Shang Dynasty, 42
Shayt, David, 95
Sheldrick, David, 165, 166, 173, 221
signature seals, 177
silk, 43–44
skeletons, 9
slavery, 65
ivory trade and, 4–5, 65, 107–8, 119, 131, 132
in Tanzania, 119
in Zanzibar, 118, 119, 124, 127
smuggling, 172–73, 181, 188–89
Snake River, 18
Somalia, 176
Song of Solomon, 29
South Africa, 177–78. See also Kruger; Limpopo Valley
CITES and, 184, 188, 189, 255–57
culling, 183–84, 213–14, 219–20
elephant population, 174, 177–78
export permits proposed by, 255–57
flagship national park, 183–84
hippo ivory from, 206
tusks shipped to, 205
Soviet Union, 152. See also Russia; Siberia
Spain, 71
Islamic, 51
Sri Lanka, 70
Stanley, Henry Morton, 3, 118, 123, 124, 126, 131
Steinway and Sons, 97, 98, 100, 208, 209
Steinweg, Heinrich, 97
sterilization, 216–17
subfossils, 17–18
Anglo-Egyptian, 138
sundials, 61
Sungir, 9
“sustainable use” elephant policy, 191–92
Swahili, 116, 119, 121, 132, 143, 168
Swann, Alfred J., 107–8, 121–22
Switzerland, 181
Syria, 45
Syrian elephants, 30, 31. See also Phoenicians
Tabora. See Unyanyembe
Tana River, 165
Tanganyika, Lake, 118
Tanzania, 107, 119–20, 163, 169, 186, 206, 228, 229
tauga, 149
taxes, ivory collected as, 133
Indian, 44
of marine animals, 206
whale, 87–88
Tenggren, Gustaf, 222
Thailand, 169
Thebes, 27
Themistius of Constantinople, 47
Thutmose III, 27
Tiffany and Company, 130
Timbuktu, 51
Tippoo, 108
Tippu Tip, 3, 108, 121, 125, 127
toilet seats, 134
Tokyo Bay, 190
Tokyo ivory arts and crafts association, 191
“tops.” See veneers
Topsell, Edward, 74–75
Tsavo National Park, 165–68, 172, 235
Tusko, 147–48
Tusko (elephant), 147–48
tusks. See under Kilimanjaro tusks
elephant, 205
CITES permits required export of, 175, 176
pattern in cross-section of, 23–24
“prime,” 134
weight, 177
mammoth, 9, 15, 19, 22, 63–64, 206
of marine animals, 206
Uganda, 140, 143, 169, 173, 206, 225
elephant population, 163–64, 171
wildlife department, 160
Uganda Protectorate, 159
Uganda Railway, 116
United Arab Emirates, 176. See also Dubai
United Kingdom (UK), 179, 203. See also Britain; London
United States, 83, 87–88, 90–91. See also specific topics
billiards, 100–106
circuses, 91–92
Fish and Wildlife Service, 174, 199–200, 209, 225
ivory ban and, 199–203
painting, 92–94
pianos, 97–100
wildlife laws dealing with ivory, 202
Zanzibar and, 122–27. See also Zanzibar
Unyanyembe, 119–20
vadrangis, 70
Van Couvering, John, 66
van Rooyen, Karen, 183–84
“vegetable ivory,” 149
veneers, 35, 86, 92, 93, 98–99, 195, 209
Venus figures, 14
Verdoom, Gerhard, 255
Victoria and Albert Museum, 45–46
Victorian England, 95–96. See also Britain
Viking traders, 54
Vili, 66
Vining, Frank W., 117
Virgin Mary, 56–57
Visram, Ali, 115
Vladimir, 9
Vogelherd cave, 11
Volga Bulgars, 54
Wadleigh, T. B., 106
wagons, 88
Waliangulu, 165
walrus ivory, 54–56
walrus teeth, 4
walrus tusk, 54
Wanyamwezi, 119
war. See also specific wars
poaching and, 245
Wasser, Samuel, 204–5
water, absorbed by ivory, 31
weapons
containing ivory, 149
for elephant hunting, 38, 67, 140–42, 171, 172, 245
Webster, Daniel, 94
whales, sperm, 87–88
White, Randall, 9–10
Whyte, Ian, 213–20
wildlife departments, 160
Williams, Ezra, 84
Williams, J. H., 227
Wit, Frederick de, 49
Witsen, Nicolaas, 63–64
Wm. O’Swald and Company, 126, 129
woman forms, 14
woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), 10–11, 18–19. See also mammoths
World Conservation Union (IUCN), 180, 251
World War II, 151
World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 177, 179, 180, 251
Wurm, Ole, 59
Yakuts, 63
Yermak Timofeyevich, 62
Yerushalmi, Ophra, 209
Yunnan Province, 71
Zahra, Madinat al-, 51
Zanj, 49–50
Zanzibar
Americans and Europeans in, 126. See also under Zanzibar ivory trade
clove plantations, 119
Moore in, 116–17, 125, 127–28, 130, 131, 133, 135
political changes in, 128–29
slavery and slave trade, 118–22, 124, 127
Zanzibar ivory
abundance of, 126
characteristics, 128
stolen, 175
Zanzibar ivory trade, 2, 85, 108, 113, 117, 118, 127, 128
Germany and, 126
overtaken by Mombasa, 129
United States and, 122–27
Zhangzhou, 71
Zhejiang Province, 42
Zimbabwe, 174, 177, 188–90, 192, 206, 225, 253, 255, 256
Zôgei Bukai (Ivory Importers’ Group), 191
zoos, elephants in, 146–47, 158, 162
Zuo Zhuan, 43