83 Minutes

Alvarez also happened to have recently given birth to Murray’s seventh child, but his first by her.
David Gardner, ‘Revealed: Conrad Murray’s Secret Double Life As A Deadbeat Dad And Compulsive Womaniser To The Stars’, Daily Mail, 8 November 2011.
Christina Caron, ‘Conrad Murray’s Girlfriends Testify’, ABC News, 4 October 2011.
Pete Samson, ‘Jacko Might Still Be Alive if Randy Doc Hadn’t Been On Phone To Me’, The Sun, 2011.
Pete Samson, ‘Jacko Might Still Be Alive if Randy Doc Hadn’t Been On Phone To Me’, The Sun, 2011.
Official court records, People v. Conrad Murray, testimony of Sade Anding, 7 January 2011.
Michael Jackson & The Doctor: A Fatal Friendship, October Films, 2009.
CPR is a first-aid technique that is used to keep blood and oxygen circulating within the body of a patient who is not breathing properly or whose heart has stopped by using chest compressions with rescue breaths.
His waist measurement at this point was only 27 inches.
Grace Rwaramba had been sacked in December 2008 for a second and final time after she had previously been sacked for supposedly calling in Jackson’s mother, Katherine, and his sister, Janet, in an effort to get the singer to address his drug addiction. Michael Jackson accused her of betraying his trust after she had worked for him for ten years. Rwaramba claimed that Jackson had such a reliance on drugs that she had to frequently pump his stomach.
Alberto Alvarez and Faheem Muhammad were the only security detail within the grounds of Carolwood on 25 June. Additional security guards were detailed to ‘outside security’. These included, Derrick Cleveland, Eric and Isaac Muhammad, and Larry and Lewis Muhammad. They assumed security duty at the gates of the mansion and in the grounds.
Faheem Muhammad was the driver who would take Michael Jackson on his visits to the clinic of Dr Klein in Beverly Hills. Jackson told Faheem that he had a skin condition which is why he had to see this doctor so often, but Faheem recalled Jackson being ‘intoxicated’ after his treatments by Klein and even said he saw the singer being brought downstairs by one of Klein’s office staff, who turned out to be Jason Pfeiffer.
In her testimony during the trial, Kai Chase said she didn’t go to get security as instructed because Prince was in her eyesight and she felt the best thing to do was to get Prince instead of running outside to get security. In the Jackson v. AEG trial, Chase said, ‘I went and got Prince because it was such a serious matter and he looked very panic-stricken. At that moment the fastest thing I could think of is go get the person that’s in my eyesight. I didn’t think it would have made any sense for me to drop what I was doing to go out to the security booth and look for security that may or may not have even been there.’
Propofol is not a benzodiazepine, but Lorazepam and Diazepam are.
In medical terms, the phrase autotransfusion is strictly used to describe a procedure where blood is collected from an active bleeding site and blood is reinfused into the same patient for maintenance of blood volume.
Official court records, People vs. Conrad Murry, testimony of Michael Amir Williams.
Faheem Muhammad had only been upstairs at Carolwood once or twice before and only then when asked.
In his book, Untouchable, author Randall Sullivan suggests this language could be ‘Patois Trinidad’, an uncommon foreign language spoken by many residents of Dr Murray’s home country.
The engine would remain parked outside the property on the road with one crew member staying with it at all times.
Highly experienced, Richard Senneff is no longer assigned as a firefighter-paramedic but has been promoted to an instructor at the LAFD Academy where he teaches emergency medical treatment to experienced firefighters over three-day courses.
Known within the fire department by the slang term of ‘run sheets’.
This referral to removing an IV needle from Jackson’s leg contradicts with the testimony of the paramedics who say they found an IV with a needle connected to Jackson, although it wasn’t working correctly.
Alberto Alvarez testified that this was not the first time that he had seen Murray with this device. He had seen Murray with it a few days earlier when the doctor had come into the security trailer asking for some batteries, which Isaac Muhammad provided him with.
Prince Jackson recalled at the 2013 Katherine Jackson v. AEG Live trial, ‘My sister was screaming the whole time saying she wants her daddy’. NBC News, ‘Michael Jackson’s Son Tears Up In Court As He Recalls Dad’s Death’ by Maria Elena Fernandez, 26 June 2013.
Senneff testified that one of the security detail said to him, ‘Somebody should do CPR’. If this was the case, how did the security guards outside know what was going on in Jackson’s room?
At the trial in 2013 of Katherine Jackson v. AEG Live, Prince Jackson, by now 16 years old, took the witness stand and described what he saw when he entered the bedroom: ‘My dad was hanging halfway off the bed and his eyes were rolling back in his head. Murray was doing CPR’. NBC News, ‘Michael Jackson’s Son Tears Up In Court As He Recalls Dad’s Death’ by Maria Elena Fernandez, 26 June 2013.
Dr Murray failed to notify the paramedics that he was a cardiologist.
Murray appeared specific in the bottles and vials that he instructed Alvarez to earlier put in bags and had not made any effort to conceal the vials and bottles scattered elsewhere around the room.
Martin Blount testified that Dr Murray told him that ‘… the patient has gone to his private physician probably like a week prior to this episode.’ Who was Murray referring to? He had considered himself as Jackson’s private physician for some weeks now, so whom was he suggesting? It could possibly be Dr Klein. If so, was it an attempt by Dr Murray to plant the seed of another physician being responsible, in some way, for Jackson’s death?
Dr Murray had previously purchased an Ambu Bag. It was noted in one of his earlier medical equipment orders, but it appears he never used it at this critical time.
Martin Blount recalled overhearing Murray tell Senneff that Jackson had been down ‘… about a minute’ before calling 911.
To estimate the time of death, the temperature of the body is used to make approximations. Following the moment of death, the body does not begin cooling immediately as some heat production occurs after death. The time before the body begins to cool is known as the ‘temperature plateau’. This can last from one to six hours after death. In order to accurately determine the length of time that has elapsed since death the investigator would need to know the temperature at death and the length of the temperature plateau. Drugs can cause the temperature of a living person to be higher than normal. Consequently, if the person dies while under the influence of drugs, it is likely that their body temperature will have started out significantly higher than normal. For Senneff to have noticed that Jackson was cool to the touch, taking into account Jackson’s physiological and chemical state, it is not unreasonable to assume that Jackson had been dead for at least 90 minutes, and that is a conservative estimate. He could have been dead even longer as the room he was in was unusually hot. In her book, Starting Over, LaToya Jackson commented that, when she visited Carolwood on the evening following her brother’s passing, the room was excessively hot posing the question – was the room kept hotter than normal in order to keep Jackson’s body warm and so hide the actual time of death?
Jackson’s blood had become depleted of oxygen, signalling heart failure.
An EKG machine tests for problems with the electrical activity of the heart. It translates the heart’s electrical activity into line tracings on paper through a series of spikes and dips. No sign of activity will result in a flat line.
A capnography reading measures the carbon dioxide levels from the body.
They administered three rounds of starter drugs at 12:34pm, 12:36pm and 12:40pm.
Veins are much more difficult to find in a patient when blood has not been circulating for some time.
In his interview to LAPD, Dr Murray said he started CPR again and this was effective and, it was during this CPR, that he felt Jackson’s femoral pulses with his compressions. He said, ‘So I knew that his circulation was intact, was being kept going with my effort.’ It was when Dr Murray checked for Jackson’s femoral pulse in his groin area that Martin Blount first noticed the singer’s condom catheter.
Based on Los Angeles County EMS protocols, a patient found without a pulse, not breathing, pupils fixed and dilated, and having received attempted resuscitation for more than 20 minutes with no response to the resuscitation efforts can be pronounced dead in the field.
Bicarbonate can be used to combat acidosis in a patient having a cardiac arrest. It works by mixing with lactic acid that forms in low perfusion states and in periods of inadequate oxygenation, such as cardiac arrest, converts into a form of carbonic acid that turns into carbon dioxide, which, in turn, is expelled through the lungs during ventilation. A central line is a long, thin flexible tube used to give medicines, fluids, nutrients or blood products through a catheter inserted into the arm or chest, through the skin and into a large vein. Magnesium has been investigated as a first line drug in cardiac arrest in addition to the standard interventions as per advanced life support guidelines but no benefit was found in either out of hospital or in hospital cardiac arrest according to a report by P. Kaye & I. O’Sullivan of Bristol Royal Infirmary published in the Emergency Medical Journal, Volume 19, Issue 4, 2002.
Some of these treatments and routines were beyond the scope of a paramedic’s training and they didn’t carry the proper equipment with them.