Index
Note: t after a page number indicates a table.
Access. See also Digital rights; Free and open-source software (FOSS)
accessibility of Swedish broadband, 56, 59–60, 61t
Access Impediment Act, 50
ACTA involuntary disconnection provisions, 25–26, 96–97, 103, 136
democracy and, 21
EU free market principles and, 91
as fundamental digital right, 152
Internet access as inalienable right, 95, 166n4
IP address blocking, 4, 50, 108–109
to knowledge and culture, 4, 37, 75, 111, 114
as pirate principle, 3–4, 9, 36–37, 137
social inclusion and, 25–26
to software and media, 63
Swedish open-access tradition, 65–67
ACTA. See Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement
ACTN (Advisory Committee on Trade Negotiations), 79
Act on Copyright in Literary and Artistic Works (Sweden), 91
Adbusters, 138
Advisory Committee on Trade Negotiations (ACTN), 79
Alternative cybercultures. See also Cultural commons
Alternative Jukebox, 2, 159n2
Christiania as symbol for, 69–71, 109
coexistence with hostile techno-systems, 23
Andersdotter, Amelia, 131, 159n4
Andersson, Jonas
on blank media levies, 88
on file sharing, 9
on IP authoritarianism, 19, 73
on normative vs. juridical discourse, 161n5
on the null hypothesis, 30
on pirate anti-U.S. sentiment, 149
Anonymity, 3–4, 113–114. See also Free speech
Anonymous. See also Hacktivism
“defensive” actions by, 116
denial of service attacks, 161n8
Guy Fawkes mask and, 51
hack targets of, 34t
as leaderless collective, 32–33
as pirate ally, 16, 148
radicalism of, 30
Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA)
coordinated transnational resistance against, 11–12, 54, 110
negotiating stakeholders in, 40–41, 41t, 46, 97
overview of legislative action, 13–15
Pirate Party and, x
possible reestablishment of, 39
rejection of, 41, 76, 95–99, 105, 154
Silverman cable disclosures and, 104
Swedish adoption of, 80
Anti-Piracy Bureau, 3–4, 17
Antipiracy initiatives. See Regulation
Antipiratbyrån, 80–81, 82t, 103
Antisec, 16, 33
Arab Spring, 136
Arato, Andrew, 19, 35, 118, 137, 138–139
Ask, Beatrice, 104
Assange, Julian, 146, 148, 152
Australia, 96, 99
Authoritarianism. See also Criminal prosecutions; Juridification; Law and policy; Regulation
antiauthoritarianism in pirate discourse, 19, 33, 69–70
discontinuity thesis and, 119
global coordination in, 73–81, 106–109
“IP authoritarianism” defined, 73–74
IP “ratchet” enforcement mechanism, 71–76, 99–100
replication of bureaucratic-administrative logic in the lifeworld, 111
BayFiles, 62
Belgium, 100–101
Benkler, Yochai, 6, 29, 110
Bennett, W. Lance, 100, 162n11
Berne Convention, 39–40, 64, 84–85, 164–165n10
Better Regulation Directive, 95
BitTorrent, 56, 62, 160nn6–7
Blank media levies, 88
Bono, Guy, 25–26
Boyle, James, 6–7, 20, 66, 68, 141, 163n21
Braman, Sandra, 40, 71, 109, 125
Brazil, 80, 84
British Telecom, 108
Brunei, 99
BSA (Business Software Alliance), 23, 26, 83t
Bush, George W., 12, 99
Business Software Alliance (BSA), 23, 26, 83t
Canada
ACTA ratification, 96
criminalization of file sharing, 73–75
IIPA “significant piracy concern” designation, 84
Pirate Party of Canada, 46, 144
promotion of trade agreements, 72
TPP opposition in, 99
Capitalism
benefits of the intellectual commons to, 110
digital/informational capitalism, 117–119
Green Party platform on, 143–144
innovation and, 99–100, 110
intellectual-commons discourse and, 7
private property reform agenda and, 31
Celestial Jukebox. See also Entertainment industry; Internet content industry
as ACTA model, 15
DRM regionalization, 63–64
entertainment industry lobbyists support for, 38, 76–78
European Celestial Jukebox, 84–85
origin of term, 159n2
“Swedish Model” for media production/distribution, 62–64
Censorship. See also Free speech
absence in commons and public sphere, 7
ACTA as, 13
involuntary disconnection provisions and, 96–97, 103
IP address blocking, 4, 50, 108–109
pirate opposition to, 46, 50
Chaos Communication Congresses, 157
Chile, 99
China, 84, 98–99
Christiania, 69, 109, 163n1
Citizen Rights Directive, 95
Class
class-based “blocked ascendancy,” 18, 30, 135–136, 166n5
cyberutopianism and, 150–151
engineering professionals and, 134–136
middle-class radicalism, 26–27, 30–31, 133–134
Cloud computing, 105–106
Cohen, Jean, 19, 35, 116, 118, 132, 137, 138–139
Colonization. See also Commodification; Juridification; Lifeworld structures; Online lifeworld
Christiania as symbol for, 69–70, 109
Habermas colonization thesis, 117–118
information resource conflicts, 125–126
lifeworld-colonization thesis, 3, 26–27, 36–38, 67, 113–114
network power and, 140
NSM theory and, 35–38, 54–55
patent law and, 90
reproduction of technoculture and, 146
social movements and, 132, 139–140
subscription services and, 113
trade-related agreements and, 72
unaccountability of governments and, 14–15, 130
workplace colonization, 137
Commodification
exclusivity/secrecy in policies for, 97
information as commodity, 110
of information professionals, 136
loss of freedom and meaning in, 122
“pay-per” commodification of digital content, 71–72
proposed political limits on commodification, 55, 58–59, 139, 145–146
Swedish national broadband infrastructure and, 59–60
Commons. See Cultural commons
Communicative action, theory of. See also Rationality
coordinated transnational resistance and, 54–55
cyberutopianism and, 150–151
online lifeworld defense and, 117
pirate politics as case study, 3, 26–27, 33, 35–36
“prosumer” economic action and, 31, 70
protest actions and, 51–52
strategic vs. communicative action, 122–123
Cookies, 105, 113
Copyright. See Intellectual property rights
Copyright maximalism, 35, 37, 75–76, 100
Countercultural movements, 116, 133, 142–143, 147
Counterfeiting
as focus of copyright maximalists, 75
IPRED criminal provisions, 87, 89, 92–93
organized crime association with, 86
TRIPS criminal provisions, 85
USTR anticounterfeiting agenda, 70
Creation and Internet Law (France), 106–108
Creative Commons, 144
Criminal prosecutions. See also Authoritarianism; Law and policy
costs to society of, 110, 136
Eldred v. Ashcroft (United States), 6
file sharing prosecutions, 38–39
In re Aimster (United States), 70
Napster/Grokster court verdicts, 38, 70
“Pirate Bay Four” (Sweden), 4–5
TeliaSonera data-retention case (Sweden), 89–90
Cult of the Dead Cow, 33
Cultural commons. See also Alternative cybercultures
Alternative Jukebox model, 2
anarchistic individualism and, 134
Creative Commons framework, 144
cultural environmentalism and, 65–66, 140–142
data haven model, 16
decolonization of the online lifeworld and, 35, 36–37
enclosure of digital commons, 6, 140
file sharing as basis for, 7–8, 28–30
hackerspaces, 49, 56, 126, 148
intellectual commons movement, 110
Internet access as inalienable right, 95, 166n4
Internet open platform period and, 27
normative vs. juridical arguments, 20–21, 153–154, 161n5
norms vs. rights in, 153–154
popular demand for online engagement, 115–116
public-sphere social theory and, 7
Swedish participation in “convivial technologies” and, 55–56, 162n15
youth culture and, 43, 47
Cultural environmentalism
allemansrätten communal property rights, 65–67
codification of rights and, 153–154
environmental equivalencies with, 5–7
pirate politics as NSM and, 3
principles of, 141–142, 163n21
rational use of resources, 22
SPP electoral expression and, 43–44
Cultural studies, 27, 35
Cyberliberties. See Digital rights
Cyberliberties activism. See also New social movement (NSM) theory; Pirate politics discourse
anti-ACTA protests, 13, 41
boomerang strategy, 32
codification of rights and, 153–154
coordinated transnational resistance, 52–54, 116–117
copyright pranks, 6
culture jamming, 10, 125–126
Cyberliberties activism (cont.)
cyber-realism and, 151
denial of service attacks, 161n8
digital rights fundamental components, 151–152
Freedom Not Fear rallies, 94
identity-based vs. resource-based approaches, 5–6, 31, 132, 160n11, 165n3
North American cyberliberties movement, 10
organizational structures, 50
political opportunity structures, 41
presence-events, 49
protest strategies, 48–49, 51–52, 149
technologies of dissent, 129
TPB support protests, 18
Cyber-realism, 151
Cyberutopianism, 4, 150–151
Czech Pirate Party, x, 144
Darknets, 29, 56, 113, 148
Data retention
copyright infringement and, 108
Data Protection Directive, 89–90
Data Retention Directive, 39, 50, 72–73, 80, 94
IPRED requirements for, 89, 101, 103
pirate opposition to, 139
protests against, 113
rationale for, 94
“right to be forgotten” proposals, 152, 165n1
Swedish TeliaSonera data-retention case, 89–90
Democracy
ACTA rejection and, 98
cyberliberties activism and, 7
Internet regulation opportunity structures and, 21
net neutrality and, 97
as pirate concern, 8, 19, 46, 50, 129–130
public sphere theory and, 7, 127, 145, 148
social media software and, 128
Swedish public culture and, 7
unaccountability of governments and, 14–15, 130
Denmark, 69
Digital Economy Act of 2010 (United Kingdom), 106–109, 144
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), 20–21, 86
Digital rights. See also Access; Anonymity; Free speech; Privacy
codification of rights, 153–154
digital rights fundamental components, 151–152
DRM and, 105–106
exclusion of, 73, 87
Internet access as inalienable right, 95, 166n4
overview of European provisions, 105–106
“right to be forgotten” proposals, 152, 165n1
Digital rights management (DRM)
ban on circumvention, 87, 140
critiques of, 20–21
DRM regionalization, 63–64
European user rights and, 105–106
fair use provisions and, 154
“pay-per” commodification of digital content, 71–72
pirate opposition to, 139, 140
USTR agreements and, 38–39
WIPO copyright treaty and, 39–40
DMCA (Digital Millennium Copyright Act), 20–21, 86
DNS blocking, 50
Downing, John, 20, 49
Drahos, Peter, 79–80, 164n9
DRM. See Digital rights management
Durkheim, Émile, 123–124
EC (European Commission). See European Union
Ecological argument. See Cultural environmentalism; Environmentalism
Eder, Klaus
on blocked ascendancy, 135–136
capitalist modernization and, 118
on countercultural movements, 143
on environmentalism, 22, 55, 140–142
on EU-EC power, 131
Habermasian approach of, 19
on middle-class anxieties, 114
EFF (Electronic Frontier Foundation), 48, 53–54, 150
Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), 48, 53–54, 150
Enclosure of digital commons, 6, 140
Engström, Christian
on the ACTA rejection, 41
on the EC Stakeholders Meeting on File Sharing, 46
“IP observatory” legislation and, 109–110
as member of Greens/European Free Alliance group of the EP, 2, 140–141
on pirate politics, 113
Telecoms Reform Package rejection and, 95
on youth culture, 47
Entertainment industry. See also Celestial Jukebox; Internet content industry
ACTA negotiations role of, 98
global IP authoritarianism and, 76–81
trade balance among nations, 78
UK antipiracy initiatives and, 108
U.S. telecom infrastructure deregulation and, 37–38
Environmentalism. See also Cultural environmentalism; Green Party
alternative modernity and, 55
ecocapitalism, 143
global cultural environmentalism, 67–68, 117
Environmentalism (cont.)
Green Party organizational model, 42
health and public safety concerns, 142
pirate politics ecological argument, 23–24, 37, 124–125, 140–141
rational use of resources, 22
Swedish understanding-oriented legal standards, 64–66
E-Privacy Directive, 105
Ericsson, 61, 162n16
EUCD. See European Union Directive on Copyright in the Information Society; InfoSoc Directive
European Commission (EC). See European Union
European Database Directive, 106
European Free Alliance. See Green Party
Europeanization, 11–12, 57–58, 69–71, 74, 113–114
European Union. See also Engström, Christian
ACTA passage, 13–15
Andersdotter, Amelia, MEP, 131, 159n4
constitutional legitimacy gap, 129–130
criminalization of file sharing, 73–74
EC as pirate political target, 149
EC Stakeholders Meeting on File Sharing, 40–41, 41t, 46
entertainment industry trade balance, 77–78, 77t
Internet Bill of Rights, 46
“lapdoggery” toward United States, 149
national vs. transnational power in, 52–53, 131–132
resistance to harmonization, 70–71
single-market initiatives, 87–88, 140
telecommunications legal structure, 39
trade-related normalization agreements and, 72
European Union Directive on Copyright in the Information Society (EUCD), 39, 80, 86–87
European Union Information Policy. See also Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA); Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement Directive (IPRED)
Better Regulation Directive, 95
Citizen Rights Directive, 95
European Union Data Protection Directive, 89–90
European Union Data Retention Directive, 39, 50, 72–73, 80, 94
European Union Directive on Copyright in the Information Society (EUCD), 39, 80, 86–87
European Union Framework Directive, 74, 164n6
European Union Telecommunications Directive, 39
European Union Telecommunications Reforms Package, 80, 95, 105, 110
European Union Universal Service Directive, 60
Framework Directive, 74, 164n6
Euroskepticism, 57–58, 69–70
Facebook, 127, 151, 152–153
Fair Trade, 138
Fair use, 154
Falkvinge, Rickard
on copyright law, 9
on European “lapdoggery” toward United States, 101, 149
on internet censorship, 103
on IPR reeducation initiatives, 45
on pirate politics, 1
political affiliations of, 134
Section 301 blog reports, 84
on the Silverman cable WikiLeaks disclosures, 101–105
on SPP membership, 18, 160n2
Feminism, 155–157, 159n5
FFII (Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure), 90–91, 97
File sharing
criminalization of, 38, 70, 73–75
freedom of expression and, 4
IPRED2 criminal sanctions, 85, 92–93
multilateral policy on, 73–75
as normative social activity, 26–27, 28–30, 69–71
North American cyberliberties movement and, 10
privacy and, 3–4
Finland, 59, 84, 162n18, 163n19
Finnish Pirate Party, 48
FIPR (Foundation for Information Policy Research), 88
Försvarets Radioanstalt (FRA), 42
FOSS. See Free and open-source software
Foundation for a Free Information Infrastructure (FFII), 90–91, 97
Foundation for Information Policy Research (FIPR), 88
FRA (Försvarets Radioanstalt), 42
Framework Directive (European Union), 74, 164n6
France, 72, 78, 106–108
Fraser, Nancy, 19, 116
Free and open-source software (FOSS)
benefits to small business, 110
egalitarianism of developers of, 124
social media software, 127–129
software patent protection and, 90–91
Swedish IT industry and, 61–62
TPB use of, 8
Free Democratic Party, 49
Free speech. See also Anonymity; Censorship; Cultural commons; Digital rights; Free and open-source software (FOSS)
communicative rationality and, 121
as cyberliberties fundamental component, 151–152
cyberutopianism and, 4
protections for journalists, 101
software as a variety of, 90–91, 126
WikiLeaks and, 152
Gandy, Oscar, 86–87
GATS (General Agreement on Trade and Services), 76–77
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), 85
Geek culture, 126, 155–157
Gender, 47, 155–156, 159n5, 162n13
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 85
General Agreement on Trade and Services (GATS), 76–77
German Green Party, 2, 50
German Pirate Party
civil society support for, 116–117
election strategy of, 43–44
emergence of, 50
gender issues and, 47, 156, 162n13
LiquidFeedback software use, 128
open discussions in, x
Pirate Bay significance to, 8–9
political platform, 58, 136–137, 161n9
protest strategies of, 49–51
queer and feminist culture in, 159n5
social media software and, 127–128
Germany
anti-ACTA protests, 13
copyright law in, 92
Europeanization and, 57–58
Stuttgart 21 protests, 134
as Swedish trading partner, 56–57
Gift economy, 56
Global civil society, 100, 117, 147–148
Globalization. See also Harmonization
antiglobalization as pirate position, 12, 117, 121–122, 137–138
effects of international patent laws, 90–91
entertainment industry trade balance, 77–78, 77t
information policy secrecy and, 114
regulation of transnational communicative space, 11
trade-related agreements, 22–23, 39–40, 72
Google, 151, 152–153
Gouldner, Alvin, 18, 30, 166n5
Great Recession of 2008, 30
Green Party
consumer rights agenda, 142
emergence and success of, 2, 42
Engström affiliation with, 2, 140
gender issues and, 162n13
Green-Pirate alignment, 2, 134, 140–143
maturation of, 146
party platform, 143–144, 159n3, 166n7
protest strategies of, 49
Grokster, 26, 38, 70
Habermas, Jürgen
on Euroskepticism, 57–58
evaluation of NSMs, 35, 138
historical siting of, 117–118
Internet normalization thesis and, 27
lifeworld-colonization thesis, 67
on modernization, 19
on the purpose of laws, 130
on rationality in NSMs, 3, 118, 123–124
resource mobilization and, 132, 134
on strategic vs. communicative action, 122–123
Hackerspaces, 49, 56, 126, 148, 157
Hacktivism. See also Anonymous
environmental mindset in, 141
Hacktivismo, 33
information resource conflicts and, 125–126
Napster shutdown and, 8
NSM theory and, 32–33
pirate alliance with, 16, 109, 129
political engagement with, 149
HADOPI (France), 106–108
Harmonization
commercial rationale for, 163n4
entertainment industry pressure and, 81
information policy secrecy and, 114
pirate vs. media-economics perspective on, 63–64
resistance to, 70–71, 109–111
Swedish support for, 40
trade, 53
Havel, Václav, 19, 115, 120
Heller, Christian, 152
Hong Kong Blondes, 33
Honneth, Axel, 139
Hungary, 154
Hyde, Lewis, 6, 7
Icelandic Modern Media Initiative, 16, 148
Identity
collective identity in pirate discourse, 116–117, 147
identity-based vs. resource-based approaches, 5–6, 31, 132, 160n11, 165n3
ISP identity-disclosure requirements, 102–103
online anonymity software, 90
online identity formation, 52, 67, 121, 126–127, 144–146, 157
persistent identity services, 152–153
IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), 80, 104, 166n6
IIPA (International Intellectual Property Alliance), 79, 80–81, 83t, 84, 98, 101–102, 164n8
Illich, Ivan, 55–56
IMF (International Monetary Fund), 77, 85, 137–138, 164n7
India, 80, 84, 98–99
Indymedia, 124
Information policy harmonization. See Harmonization
InfoSoc Directive 80, 86–87. See also European Union Directive on Copyright in the Information Society (EUCD)
Intellectual property rights (IPR)
antitrust critique of, 9
blank media levies proposal, 88
copyright maximalism, 35, 37, 75–76
copyright reform (Sweden), x, 11–12, 37, 46
European copyright law, 72–73
European-wide patents, 140
fair use provisions and, 154
file sharing influence for, 26
geographical indications, 15, 160n10
indefinite copyright renewal, 110, 140
innovation and, 99–100, 110
IP “ratchet” enforcement mechanism, 71–76, 99–100
IPR reeducation initiatives, 44–45, 107
McLeod Situationist interventions against, 6
media governance and, 147–148
normative vs. juridical discourse and, 20–21, 153–154, 161n5
path dependency in, 40, 71, 87, 100
software patent protection, 90–91, 110
TPP provisions for, 99–100
USTR agreements and, 38–39
Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement Directive (IPRED)
establishment of, 39
as Europeanization, 11–12
IPRED2 criminal sanctions, 85, 92–93
overview of, 87–92
protests against, 113
purposes of, 72–73
rejection of IPRED2, 105
rise of SPP and, 22
software patent expansion provisions, 110
Swedish adoption of, 80, 88
user privacy and, 105
WikiLeaks disclosures on, 103
International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), 80, 104, 166n6
International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA), 79, 80–81, 83t, 84, 98, 101–102, 164n8
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 77, 85, 137–138, 164n7
International Telecommunications Union, 154
Internet content industry. See also Celestial Jukebox; Entertainment industry
antipiracy initiatives as prop for poor business models, 25–26
emergence from open platform model, 27
European copyright law and, 72–73
juridical discourse and, 20–21, 153–154, 161n5
reaction to SPP election success, 44
Sweden as regulationist target, 101
Swedish hacktivist orientation toward, 62–64
trade policy lobbying by, 23
UK antipiracy initiatives and, 108
Internet normalization thesis. See Colonization
Internet Relay Chat, 148
Internet service providers (ISPs)
accessibility of Swedish broadband, 56, 59–60, 61t
ACTA involuntary disconnection provisions, 25–26, 96–97, 103, 136
broadband tax proposal, 88
fading immunity from content infractions, 97, 104
forced gatekeeping by, 108
net neutrality initiative and, 46, 96–97
opposition to ACTA, 13–14, 96
opposition to IPRED, 88
peering relationships and, 27
Internet Zapatismo, 32, 161n7
IP authoritariansm. See Authoritarianism
IPR. See Intellectual property rights
IPRED. See Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement Directive
Ireland, 163n19
ISPs. See Internet service providers
Italy, 84
ITunes, 63
Japan, 72, 73–75, 96
Johns, Adrian, 20
Jónsdóttir, Birgitta, 148
Journalism
free speech protections for, 101
pirate citizen journalism, 49
unaccountability of governments and, 130
Julia Group, 16
Juridification. See also Authoritarianism; Colonization; Law and policy; Piracy discourse; Regulation
allemänsskyldighet (Swedish land care obligation), 67
decolonization of the online lifeworld and, 124–125
of everyday life, 37–38
loss of freedom and meaning in, 122
NSM theory and, 145–146
of the online lifeworld, 113
Kaye, Loz, 108–109
Kazaa, 61
Knowledge Ecology International (KEI), 97–98, 150
Kopimism, 28–29, 160–161n3
Labor movement, 142–143
Laclau, Ernesto, 118–119
La Quadrature du Net, 150
Law and policy. See also Authoritarianism; Criminal prosecutions; Juridification; Regulation
Digital Economy Act of 2010 (United Kingdom), 106–109
DMCA critiques, 20–21
European copyright law, 72–73
EU telecommunications legal structure, 39
HADOPI (France), 106–108
international accommodation of Internet regulation, 21
involuntary disconnection (“three-strikes” rules), 4, 96–97, 101, 103, 106–108, 137, 140
IPRED criminal provisions, 87–88
Swedish IPR legal structure, 39–40, 55–56
Swedish understanding-oriented legal standards, 64–66
TRIPS criminal provisions, 85
Legions of the Underground, 33
Lessig, Lawrence, 6, 20–21
LGBT activism, 157, 159n5
Libertarianism, 7, 25
Lifeworld structures. See also Colonization; Online lifeworld
in cyberliberties activism, 11, 21
European youth culture and, 9
file sharing and, 29–30
Internet open platform period and, 27
lifeworld-colonization thesis, 3, 26–27, 36–38, 67, 113–114
in Pirate Party NSM, 3
public domain as media lifeworld, 7
rationality in, 138–139
Linux, 61–62
LiquidFeedback, 128–129
Littorin-Ferm, Malin, 43
Lulzsec, 16, 33
Lundström, Carl, 24, 149–150
Malaysia, 99
Manning, Chelsea, 152
Marxism, 165n3
McCreevy, Charley, 163n2
McDonald, Kevin, 120–121, 124
McLeod, Kembrew, 6
Mead, George Herbert, 123–124
Media governance, 147–148
MegaUpload, 48, 53
Melucci, Alberto, 10, 115, 116, 118–119, 126, 139, 160n11
Mexico, 32, 133, 161n7
Microsoft, 91
Mind bombs, 49
Morocco, 96
Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), 26, 98
Multilateral Agreement on Investment (1995–1998), 12
Napster, 2, 8, 26, 38, 70
Neoliberalism, 117–118
Neotribalism, 120–121
Netflix, 63
Net neutrality, 46, 96–97
Networked publics, 54, 111, 115–117, 119–120, 146, 148
New Communalism, 133, 150
New social movement (NSM) theory. See also Cyberliberties activism; Pirate politics discourse
critiques of, 165n3
decolonization of the online lifeworld and, 35, 124–125, 139
discontinuity thesis and, 119
European overlapping political/legal systems and, 114
fluid communication networks in, 124
null hypothesis refutation and, 28–31
origin of, 19–20
pirate politics and, 2–3, 21–22, 27–30, 35–38, 132
political parties and, 116, 119–120
postindustrial connectivity and, 115
rationality and, 23, 118, 120–121, 138–139
social movements as “new politics,” x—xi
social/political agency in, 27–28, 31–32
transformative potential in, 138–139, 147
xenophobia and, 24, 149–150
New Zealand, 53, 96, 99–100, 144
Noisebridge, 157
Nokia, 162n16
Norway, 57–58, 65–67, 84
NSM. See New social movement (NSM) theory
Null hypothesis
in new social movements, 28–31
SPP electoral expression and, 42–44
Swedish environmentalism and, 67
transnational pirate cultural movement and, 157–158
Obama, Barack, 97, 99
Occupy movement, 136
Offe, Claus, 19, 116–118, 136, 145, 149, 165n3
Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR), 22–23, 38–39, 80–81, 97–98
Online lifeworld. See also Colonization; Lifeworld structures; Technoculture
colonization of, 3, 26–27, 36–38, 67, 113–114
communicative rationality in, 121–125
cyberliberties activism and, 11, 21
file sharing and, 29–30
identity formation and, 52, 67, 121
popular demand for online engagement, 113–116
resource mobilization and, 35–36, 46–47, 54, 65, 110, 133
theory of communicative action and, 117
OpenLeaks, 100–101
Open-source software. See Free and open-source software (FOSS)
PasteBay, 62
PasteBin, 127
Peering relationships, 27, 56
Persistent identity services, 152–153
Peru, 99
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers Association (PhRMA), 80, 101–102
PIPA (Protect IP Act), 76
Piracy Bureau (Piratbyrån), 5, 17
Piracy discourse. See also Authoritarianism; File sharing; Juridification
culture industry interests and, 25–26
file sharing and, 4
Piracy Bureau (Piratbyrån) as subversion of, 17–18
Pirate Bay, The (TPB)
cyberliberties activism strategies, 48
DNS blocking of, 50
“pirate bay dump” revirtualization strategy, 109
“Pirate Bay Four” prosecution, 4–5, 64, 80
police takedown of 2006, 1, 12, 17
as a public domain, 7–8
Silverman cable disclosures and, 104–105
SPP as Internet host for, 16
survival of, 8, 18–19
temporary shutdown of 2009, 160n7
UK blocking initiative, 108–109
U.S. opposition to, 74–75
Pirate Parties International (PPI), 48, 52–54, 144
Pirate Party. See also particular parties
gender representation in, 47, 155–156
impacts on EU information policy harmonization, 109–111
institutionalization of, 144–146, 149–150
international spread of, 12–13
LGBT participation in, 157
origins of, 1
overview of, ix–x
social media political system, 128–129
TPP opposition, 99
trade-related agreements and, 72
university students and, ix–x, 17, 31, 43, 45, 47, 135, 137
use of Internet messaging, 47–48
Pirate Party of Canada, 46, 144
Pirate Party of New Zealand, 144
Pirate Party-UK, 108–109, 144
Pirate politics discourse. See also Cyberliberties activism; Digital rights; New social movement (NSM) theory
antiglobalization in, 12, 117, 121–122, 137–138
civil society as constitutive field for, 115–117, 132, 147–148
code challenging by, 15–16
decolonization of the online lifeworld and, 35, 36–37, 113–114, 125
ecological argument, 23–24, 37, 124–125, 140–141
European political/legal systems and, 114
factors of success in, 100
global information-economy vitality and, 110
information resource conflicts and, 125–126
libertarianism and, 25
NSM theory and, 21–22, 27–30, 35–38, 116, 132
origin of, 19
political grievances, 38
political realism in, 151–152
rooted cosmopolitanism and, 53, 133
as self-limiting radicalism, 137
social movements and, 33
Swedish concept of integritet and, 154–156
technoculture and, 126–127
transformative potential in, 138–139, 147
Pirates of Catalonia, 53–54
Poland, 19
Poole, Christopher “moot,” 148
Pornography, 50, 90, 93
Post-privacy condition, 152–153, 166n8
Poststructuralism, 30–31
PPI (Pirate Parties International), 48, 52–54, 144
Privacy. See also Digital rights
as anonymity, 113–114
closed-circuit cameras and, 154
copyright infringement and, 108
as cyberliberties fundamental component, 151–152
data retention and, 94, 108
identity-cloaking software, 90
opt-in and cookie regulations, 105
as pirate concern, 3–4
post-privacy ontological condition and, 152–153, 166n8
“right to be forgotten” proposals, 152, 165n1
SPP platform and, 37
Swedish “convivial technologies” and, 55–56
Swedish concept of integritet and, 154–156
Swedish TeliaSonera data-retention case, 89–90
Property Rights Alliance, 44
Protect IP Act (PIPA), 76
Public domain. See Cultural commons; Networked publics
Public Knowledge, 98
Public Software Group, 127–128
Public-sphere social theory, 7, 127, 145, 148
Radical media, 10, 125–126
“Ratchet” enforcement mechanisms. See Authoritarianism
Rationality. See also Communicative action, theory of
constitutional legitimacy and, 130
in cyberliberties activism, 11
cyberutopianism and, 150–151
ecological argument and, 23–24
Habermas conception of, 3
NSM theory and, 23, 118, 120–121, 138–139
online lifeworld and, 121–125, 138–139
strategic vs. communicative action and, 122–123
surplus communicative rationality, 35
Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), 26, 98
Reding, Viviane, 25, 165n1
Regulation. See also Authoritarianism; Juridification; Law and policy
common-carrier telephony as model, 4
competency of Internet regulators, 9
DNS blocking, 50
European antipiracy initiatives, 22
Europeanization of transnational communicative space, 11–12
intellectual-commons discourse and, 7
IPR reeducation initiatives, 44–45, 107
locus of national/transnational power, 52–53
Resource mobilization (RM), 5–6, 22, 35–36, 46–47, 54, 65, 110, 132–134
RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America), 26, 98
“Right to be forgotten” proposals, 152, 165n1
Romanticism, 23–24, 120–121, 150
Rooted cosmopolitanism, 53, 133
Russia, 84
Russian Pirate Party, 144
Samuelson, Pamela, 20
Schattschneider, E. E., 5–6, 162n12
Schramm, Julia, 145, 152, 166n8
Schutz, Alfred, 145
Schwab, Susan, 99
Searle, John, 123
Section 301 review process, 81, 83–84, 101–105, 164n8
Segerberg, Alexandra, 100, 162n11
Singapore, 96, 99
Skype, 61
Slovak Pirate Party, 48
Social media software, 127–129
Social movements. See New social movement (NSM) theory
Social Sciences Research Council, 164n8
SOPA (Stop Online Piracy Act), 76
South Korea, 96
Spain, 84, 136
Speech acts, 123
Spotify, 62
SPP. See Swedish Pirate Party
Starset, Rubin, 157
Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA), 76
Strangelove, Michael, 30, 33
Subscription services, 113
Sundaram, Ravi, 30
Sun Microsystems, 90
Surveillance
anonymity and, 113
closed-circuit cameras and, 154
commodification of digital content and, 71–72
FRA electronic surveillance provisions (Sweden), 42
Internet architecture and, 27
“IP observatory” legislation, 109–110
IPRED data retention provisions, 89–90
IPRED enforcement and, 22, 42
ISP customer surveillance, 4
post-privacy ontological condition and, 152–153, 166n8
Svartholm, Gottfried, 146
Swartz, Aaron, 146
Sweden
accessibility of broadband Internet, 56, 59–61, 61t
adoption of EC copyright policy, 40, 74
allemansrätten communal property rights, 65–67
“convivial technologies” in, 55–56, 62, 67–68, 162n15, 163n19
copyright law in, 91–92
cultural reasons for SPP electoral success, 42–44
Data Retention Directive implementation, 94
entertainment industry trade balance, 78
as ICT exporter, 57–62, 74
IIPA recommendations for, 84
IPRED adoption, 80, 88
IPR legal structure, 39–40, 80–81
“lapdoggery” toward United States, 149
Pirate Bay Four prosecution and, 64–65
planned economy in, 56–59, 57t
reception to pirate politics, 55–56
Silverman cable disclosures and, 101–105
“Swedish Model” for media production/distribution, 62–64
trade-related normalization agreements, 72
as WikiLeaks server site, 100–101
WTO membership, 85
Swedish Copyright Act, 39–40
Swedish Patents Act, 91
Swedish Pirate Party (SPP)
as activist ISP, 16
civil society support for, 116–117
copyright reform and, 12, 37, 45–46
Swedish Pirate Party (SPP) (cont.)
election successes, 2–3, 4–5, 28, 42–44
IPRED enforcement and, 22
mainstream criticism of, 166n6
membership profile, 18, 160n2
origin of, ix, 1, 12–13, 16–17
Pirate Bay significance to, 7–9, 17–18
political platform, 37, 55, 136–137, 161n9
protest against EC-EU information policy, 40
protest strategies of, 49
social media software and, 127–128
university students and, ix—x, 17, 43
WikiLeaks support, 101–103
Swetorrents, 89–90
Tactical Media Crew, 124
Technoculture. See also Online lifeworld
egalitarian social action in, 124, 127, 157
engineering professionalism and, 134–136
European protest movements and, 5
geek culture and, 126, 155–157
personal integrity in, 134, 154–156
Swedish “convivial technologies” and, 55–56, 62, 67–68, 162n15
Telecomix, 16, 33, 116
Telecoms Reform Package, 80, 95, 105, 110
Telia, 61
TeliaSonera, 89–90
Terrorism, 90, 93, 94
Theory of communicative action. See Communicative action, theory of
Tilly, Charles, 47, 132–133
Torvalds, Linus Benedict, 61–62
Touraine, Alain, 31, 118–119, 160n11
TPB. See Pirate Bay, The
TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement), 99
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement, 39–40, 64, 76–77, 83–85, 98–100
Transnationalism
complex transnationalism, 148–149
coordinated transnational resistance, 54–55, 110, 147–148
global civil society, 100, 117, 147–148
networked publics, 54, 111, 115–117, 119–120, 127, 146, 148
transnational pirate cultural movement, 157–158
transnational social movements, 53
Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP), 99
Troberg, Anna, 134, 155–156
Twitter, 127, 152–153
Ukraine, 84
Ung Pirat youth league, 43
United Kingdom
British Pirate Party, 108–109
closed-circuit cameras in, 154
Digital Economy Act of 2010, 106–109, 144
entertainment industry trade balance, 78
“rambling” tradition in, 66–67
trade-related agreements, 72
United Nations. See also World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
declaration of Internet access right, 95, 166n4
treaty negotiation framework, 86
United States
ACTA ratification, 96–98
Berne Convention and, 164–165n10
criminalization of file sharing, 73–75
DRM debate in, 20–21
entertainment industry IP influence, 37–38, 76–81, 108
entertainment industry trade balance, 77–78, 77t
environmental reforms in, 142
European “lapdoggery” toward, 101, 149
forum shifting strategy of, 80, 164n9
IPR reeducation initiatives, 44–45
North American cyberliberties movement, 10
as pirate political target, 149
Section 301 review process, 81, 83–84
Silverman cable WikiLeaks disclosures, 101–105
social mobility protests in, 136
TPB takedown and, 74–75
trade-related agreements, 72
as WikiLeaks server site, 100–101
Urban Ka0s, 33
Uruguay Round trade negotiations, 80, 85
User rights. See Digital rights
USTR. See Office of the U.S. Trade Representative
UTorrent, 62
Vietnam, 99
Weisband, Marina, 136
Wexler, Robert, 166n6
WHO (World Health Organization), 80
WikiLeaks
on ACTA, 14
“defensive” actions by, 116
free speech costs of, 152
pirate data dumps, 129
Pirate Party-UK and, 108–109
server location strategy, 100–101
Silverman cable disclosures, 101–105
SPP as Internet host for, 16, 129
Williams, Raymond, 120
WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization), 39–40, 80, 86
World Bank, 85
World Economic Forums, 12
World Health Organization (WHO), 80
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 39–40, 80, 86
World Trade Organization, 72, 80
World Trade Organization (WTO)
antiglobalization protests against, 137–138
Doha Round trade negotiations, 99
entertainment industry IP influence, 76–77
IP dispute resolution process, 81, 83–84
SPP agenda for, 161n9
Swedish membership in, 85
Uruguay Round trade negotiations and, 80, 85
WTO. See World Trade Organization
Xenophobia, 24, 149–150
Youth culture
cultural commons as domain for, 43, 47
online identity formation and, 67, 121
Pirate Party youth support, 18
YouTube, 62
Zapatistas, 32, 133, 161n7
Zennström, Niklas, 61