1. C. B. Macpherson, The Real World of Democracy (Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 1965); C. B. Macpherson, Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973).
2. For a general survey of the field, see Paul Durbin, ed., A Guide to the Culture of Science, Technology, and Medicine (New York: The Free Press, 1980), particularly Part I, chapter 2; Part II, chapter 5; and Part III, chapter 7. For special aspects, see P. L. Bereano, ed., Technology as a Social and Political Phenomenon (New York: John Wiley, 1976); Stephen Hill, The Tragedy of Technology (London: Pluto Press, 1988); Donald MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman, eds., The Social Shaping of Technology: How the Refrigerator Got its Hum (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1985); Joan Rothschild, ed., Machina Ex Dea: Feminist Perspectives on Technology (Toronto: Pergamon Press, 1983).
3. For definitions of technology, see Carl Mitcham, “Philosophy of technology,” in Paul Durbin, ed., A Guide to the Culture of Science, Technology, and Medicine; George Grant, “Knowing and making,” in Royal Society of Canada Proceedings and Transactions, 4th series, 12:59-67, 1974.
4. The quoted definition is from Kenneth E. Boulding, “Technology and the changing social order,” in David Popenoe, ed., The Urban-Industrial Frontier (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1969). See also Kenneth E. Boulding, The Image (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1956); Kenneth E. Boulding and L. Senesh, eds., The Optimum Utilization of Knowledge (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1983); R. P. Beilock, ed., Beasts, Ballades and Bouldingisms (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1980); Kenneth E. Boulding, Three Faces of Power (London: Sage Publications, 1989). For technology as practice, see also Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947).
5. David F. Noble, “Present tense technology” in Democracy, Spring/Summer/Fall, 1983. Reprinted as a monograph, Surviving Automation Madness (San Pedro, CA: Singlejacks Books, 1985).
6. Ursula M. Franklin, “The beginning of metallurgy in China, a comparative approach,” in G. Kuwayama, ed., The Great Bronze Age of China: A Symposium (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1983).
7. Vita Sackville-West, “The Land,” from Collected Poems (London: The Hogarth Press, 1934).
8. M. J. Herskovits, Economic Anthropology (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952).
9. For a general discussion on the division of labour and the factory system, see Christopher Hill, Reformation to Industrial Revolution, volume 2 of The Pelican Economic History of Britain (New York: Penguin, 1967); Eric Hobsbawm, Industry and Empire: From 1750 to the Present Day, volume 3 of The Pelican, Economic History of Britain (Baltimore: Penguin, 1977); Andre Gorz, ed., The Division of Labour (Hassocks: Harvester, 1978).
10. D. P. S. Peacock, Pottery in the Roman World (London: Longman, 1982). For Roman technology in general, see K. D. White, Greek and Roman Technology (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984).
11. Ursula M. Franklin, “On bronze and other metals in early China,” in D. N. Kneightley, ed., The Origins of Chinese Civilization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983). See also Franklin, “The beginning of metallurgy in China,” and P. Meyers and L. Holmes, “Technical studies of ancient Chinese bronzes,” in G. Kuwayama, ed., The Great Chinese Bronze Age of China.
12. Ursula M. Franklin, J. Berthrong, and A. Chan, “Metallurgy, cosmology and knowledge: The Chinese experience,” Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 12:4, 1985.
13. Langdon Winner, The Whale and the Reactor: A Search for Limits in an Age of High Technology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986).
14. The notion of externalities and the related concept of total costing is discussed extensively, particularly in relation to technological assessment. For a general perspective, see Canada as a Conserver Society (Ottawa: Science Council of Canada, Report #27,1977).
15. Maxine Berg, The Machinery Question and the Making of Political Economy, 1815-1848 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
16. Ursula M. Franklin, “Where are the machine demographers?,” Science Forum, 9:3, 1976.
17. R. P. Beilock, ed., Beasts, Ballades and Bouldingisms (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1980).
1. The word “vernacular” is not used here exactly in the sense that it is woven into the work of Ivan Illich; however, I chose to use this term in order to emphasize the resonance with Illich’s thought, for instance in his essay “Vernacular values” in Shadow Work (Boston: M. Boyars, 1981).
2. For background information on feminism, see, for instance, Jessie Bernard, The Female World (New York: Free Press, 1981); Marilyn French, Beyond Power (New York: Summit Books, 1985).
3. W. H. Vanderburg, The Growth of Minds and Cultures (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985) and “The John Abrams Memorial Lectures,” in Man-Environment Systems (special issue on science, culture, and technology) 16:2/3, 1986.
4. M. L. Benston, “Feminism and the critique of scientific method,” in Feminism in Canada, A. Miles and G. Finn, eds. (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1982); H. Rose and S. Rose, eds., Ideology of/in Natural Sciences (Cambridge, MA: Schenkman, 1980).
5. B. J. Bledstein, The Culture of Professionalism (New York: Norton, 1976); Barbara Ehrenreich and Dierdre English, For Her Own Good: 150 Years of the Experts Advice to Women (London: Pluto Press, 1979); Carolyn Marvin, When Old Technologies Were New (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988). W. Armytage, The Rise of the Technocrats: A Social History (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965); David Collingridge, The Social Control Of Technology (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980); M. J. Mulkay, Science and the Sociology of Knowledge (London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1979); J. R. Ravetz, Scientific Knowledge and Its Social Problems (Clarendon: Oxford University Press, 1971).
6. Cheris Kramarae, ed., Technology and Women’s Voices (New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988); Heather Menzies, Fast Forward and Out of Control (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1989); Ruth Schwartz Cowan, “The Consumption function,” in The Social Construction of Technological Systems, W. E. Bijker, T. P. Hughes and T. J. Pinch, eds., (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987); Donna Smyth, “The Citizen scientists — What she did not learn in school,” in Canadian Women’s Studies, 5:4, 1984.
7. Jerry Mander, Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television (New York: Morrow, 1978); Paul Goodman, New Reformation: Notes of a Neolithic Conservative, (New York: Random House, 1970); Stewart Brand, The Media Labs: Inventing the Future at MIT (New York: Viking, 1987); Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion, Our Social Skin (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984); Todd Gitlin, ed., Watching Television (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986); Mark Crispin Miller, Boxed In: The Culture of TV (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1988); Eric Pooley, “Grins, gore and videotape,” in New York magazine, pp. 75-83, 9 October 1989. For a self-defence textbook prepared under the aegis of the Association for Media Literacy, see Barry Duncan, Mass Media and Popular Culture (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1988).
8. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).
1. Heather Menzies, Fast Forward and Out of Control (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1989); Donald MacKenzie and Judy Wajcman, eds., The Social Shaping of Technology: How the Refrigerator Got its Hum (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1985).
2. The Science and Praxis of Complexity; contributions to the symposium held at Montpellier, France, 9-11 May 1984 (Tokyo: United Nations University, 1985).
3. Jacques Ellul, The Technological System, translated by J. Neugroschel (New York: Continuum, 1980). See also: W. H. Vanderburg, Perspectives on Our Age: Jacques Ellul Speaks on His Life and Work, translated by J. Neugroschel (Toronto: CBC Enterprises, 1981).
4. Within the extensive literature on systems, these two books show the classic foundations and the conceptual developments: L. von Bertalanffy, General System Theory (New York: George Braziller, 1968); Anatol Rapoport, General System Theory (Tunbridge Wells: Abacus Press, 1986).
5. Pam McAllister, ed., Reweaving the Web of Life: Feminism and Nonviolence (Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1982); Vandana Shiva, ed., Staying Alive (London: Zed Books, 1988).
6. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish, translated by A. Sheridan (New York: Vintage Books, 1979).
7. C. Babbage, On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (London: C. Knight, 1832).
8. David F. Noble, “Present tense technology,” in Democracy, Spring/Summer/Fall, 1983. Reprinted as a monograph Surviving Automation Madness.
9. William Petty, “Of the growth of the city of London,” in The Economic Writings of Sir William Petty, vol. 2, 1682, C. H. Hull, ed., (Cambridge: The University Press, 1899).
10. Maxine Berg, The Machinery Question and the Making of Political Economy, 1815-1848 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980).
11. Robert Owen, A View of Society and Report to the County of Lanark, V. A. G. Gattrell, ed., (London, 1962); Robert Owen, The Life of Robert Owen, Written by Himself (New York: A. M. Kelley Publishers, 1967); Sidney Pollard and J. Salt, eds., Robert Owen, Prophet of the Poor (London: Macmillan, 1971).
12. Lewis Mumford, The Condition of Man (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1944).
13. David S. Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Changes and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969); Paul McKay, Electric Empire: The Inside Story of Ontario Hydro (Toronto: Between the Lines Press, 1983); Siegfried Giedion, Mechanization Takes Command (New York: Norton, 1969).
14. Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880-1930 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983).
15. This decision constituted an effective gate against other suppliers of electricity (see McKay above) and off-shore suppliers of appliances and machine tools. It should be noted that for the last twenty years new residences in Ontario have been wired for 220-volt dual phase power to accommodate appliances such as clothes dryers. However, this does not mean that any European gadget can be used in a Canadian home without modification. These points of clarification arose from correspondence with Mr. D. J. C. Phillipson.
16. Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974).
1. E. F. Schumacher, Small Is Beautiful; Economics as if People Mattered (New York: Harper & Row, 1973); George McRobie, Small Is Possible (London: Jonathan Cape, 1981); Hazel Henderson, Creating Alternative Futures (New York: Berkeley Publishing Group, 1978).
2. Here I am referring to an event that happened in the spring of 1985. The Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources informed me in a letter dated 15 April 1985 that I had been appointed to a two-year term on the five-member Atomic Energy Control Board. However, within days the Prime Minister’s Office announced that my appointment had not occurred and that the minister’s letter was sent due to an administrative error. For an account, see Hansard, vol. 128, nos. 90, 91, 92, 1985.
3. From the large body of writing on international peace, I have chosen a few examples that focus on the fundamental and structural aspects of the issues: Kathleen Lonsdale, Removing the Causes of War: The Swarthmore Lecture, 1953 (London: Allen and Unwin, 1953); American Friends Service Committee, In Place of War; An Inquiry into Nonviolent National Defense (New York: Grossman Publishers, 1967); Suzanne Gowan, Moving Toward a New Society (Philadelphia: Society Press, 1976); Nuclear Peace, a CBC Ideas program by Ursula Franklin, Jan Fedorowicz, David Cayley, and Max Allen (CBC Enterprises broadcast transcript, Toronto, 1982); Johan Galtung, There are Alternatives!: Four Roads to Peace and Security (Nottingham: Spokesman, 1984); Seymour Melman, The Demilitarized Society (Montreal: Harvest House, 1988).
4. Anatol Rapoport, “The technological imperative,” in Man-Environment Systems 16:2/3, 1986.
5. For historical roots, see Mulford Q. Sibley, The Quiet Battle (New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1963). For the current Canadian situation, see Conscience Canada Newsletter, Victoria, B.C.
6. Berit As, “On female culture,” in Acta. Sociologia (Oslo), vol. 2-4:142-161,1975.
7. Thomas Berger, Northern Frontiers, Northern Homeland, report of the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry, vols. 1-2 (Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada, 1977).
8. Canada as a Conserver Society (Ottawa: Science Council of Canada, Report #27, 1977).
9. Carolyn Merchant, The Death of Nature (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980); Barry Commoner, The Closing Circle (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971).
10. Nigel Calder, ed., The World in 1984, vols. 1-2 (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1964).
1. See ch. 2, ref. 1.
2. Herbert Marcuse, One Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964).
3. Humphrey Jennings, Pandaemonium: The Coming of the Machine as Seen by Contemporary Observers, 1660-1886 (London: A. Deutsch, 1985).
4. Marshall McLuhan, The Mechanical Bride (New York: Vanguard Press, 1951).
5. Dennis Gabor, Innovations: Scientific, Technological, and Social (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970); Tracy Kidder, The Soul of a New Machine (London: Allen Lane, 1982).
6. See ch. 2, ref. 6.
7. Cheris Kramarae, “Lessons from the history of the sewing machine,” in Technology and Women’s Voices, Cheris Kramarae, ed. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987).
8. Joan Rothschild, ed., Machina Ex Dea: Feminist Perspectives on Technology (Toronto: Pergamon Press, 1983); Sandra Harding, The Science Question in Feminism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986); Evelyn Fox Keller, Reflections on Gender and Science (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1985); Cynthia Cockburn, Machinery of Dominance (London: Pluto Press, 1985).
9. Karin D. Knorr-Cetina and Michael Mulkin, eds., Science Observed: Perspectives in the Social Study of Science (London: Sage Books, 1983); Sally Hacker, Doing It the Hard Way: Essays on Gender and Technology, Dorothy Smith and Susan M. Turner, eds. (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1990); C. DeBresson, M. L. Benston, and J. Vorst, eds., Work and New Technologies: Other Perspectives (Toronto: Between the Lines Press, 1987); Sally Hacker, Pleasure, Power and Technology: Some Tales of Gender, Engineering, and the Cooperative Workplace (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
10. Ursula M. Franklin, “Will women change technology or will technology change women?,” in Knowledge Reconsidered: A Feminist Overview, selected papers from the 1984 annual conference (Ottawa: Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women, 1984).
11. Friedrich Klemm, A History of Western Technology (New York: Scribners, 1959); Ivy Pinchbeck, Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850 (London: Routledge and Sons, 1930; reprinted by A. M. Kelley, New York, 1969).
12. See ch. 2, ref. 5.
13. Norbert Wiener, The Human Use of Human Beings, 2nd edition (New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1954).
14. Elaine Bernard, “Science, technology and progress: Lessons from the history of the typewriter,” Canadian Women’s Studies, 5:4, 1984.
15. Helen Potrebenko, Life, Love and Unions (Vancouver: Lazara Publishers, 1987).
1. John Murra, The Economic Organization of the Inka State (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1980). For more information on the context and meaning of this setting, see, for instance, Sally Falk Moore, Power and Property in Inca Peru (New York: Columbia University Press, 1958).
2. Ilya Prigogine and Isabelle Stengers, Order Out of Chaos: Man’s New Dialogue with Nature (Boulder, CO: New Science Library, 1984).
3. C. S. Holling, “Perceiving and managing the complexity of ecological systems,” in The Science and Praxis of Complexity; contributions to the symposium held at Montpellier, France, 9-11 May 1984 (Tokyo: United Nations University, 1985).
4. Marcus G. Raskin and Herbert J. Bernstein, New Ways of Knowing: The Sciences, Society, and Reconstructive Knowledge (Totawa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, 1987); Sandra Harding and Merril Hintikka, Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science (Boston: D. Reidel, 1983).
5. See, for instance, Etienne Balazs, Chinese Civilization and Bureaucracy, translated by H. M. Wright (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1964); Alberto Guerreiro Ramos, The Science of Organizations: A Reconceptualization of the Wealth of Nations (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981). The scope of these lectures does not allow time for reflections on Max Weber’s thoughts on rationalization, though they are at the root of many later deliberations; for an introduction, see, for instance, Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills, eds., From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1946).
6. See ch. 4, ref. 7.
7. See ch. 4, ref. 8.
8. E. F. Schumacher, “Technology for a democratic society,” included in George McRobie, Small Is Possible (London: Jonathan Cape, 1981).
9. David Dickson, Alternative Technologies and the Politics of Technical Change (London: Fontana/Collins, 1974); Karl Hess, Community Technology (New York: Harper & Row, 1979); E. F. Schumacher, Good Work (New York: Harper & Row, 1979); Arnold Pacey, The Culture of Technology (Oxford: Blackwell, 1983).
10. For discourse along these lines, see, for instance, Gregory Baum and Duncan Cameron, Ethics and Economics (Toronto: Lorimer, 1984); Daniel Drache and Duncan Cameron, The Other Macdonald Report (Toronto: Lorimer, 1985).
11. Ursula M. Franklin, “New approaches to understanding technology,” in Proceedings of the International Seminar on Technology, Innovation and Social Change (Ottawa: Carlton University Press, 1984; reprinted in Man-Environment Systems 16:2/3, 1986); W. H. Vanderburg, “Political imagination in a technological age” in Democratic Theory and Technological Society, R. B. Day, Ronald Beiner, and Joseph Masciulli, eds. (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1988).
12. Henry A. Regier, “Will we ever get ahead of the problems?,” in Aquatic Toxicology and Water Quality Management, J. A. Nriagu, ed. (New York: John Wiley, 1989).
13. See, for instance, Paul Brodeur, Currents of Death (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989).
14. Brewster Kneen, From Hand to Mouth: Understanding the Food System (Toronto: NC Press, 1989).
15. Amory Lovins et al., Least Cost Energy: Solving the CO2 Problem, 2nd ed. (Snowmass, CO: Rocky Mountain Institute, 1989).
16. Ivan Illich, “Research by people,” in Shadow Work; R. Arditti, P. Brennan, and S. Caviak, eds., Science and Liberation (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1980).
1. “Christian faith and practice in the experience of the Religious Society of Friends,” London Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Frends (Quakers) 1960.
2. Stillman Drake, Mechanics in Sixteenth-Century Italy (Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1969).
3. Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down (London: Penguin, 1975).
5. For a more detailed discussion of this aspect see Ursula M. Franklin, “Silence and the notion of the commons,” in Procedings of the Conference in Acoustic Ecology (Banff 1993). A short version of the lecture was published in Musicworks 59 (The Journal of Sound Exploration) (Summer 1994).
6. Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Claredon Press, 1989).
7. For the origin of the Internet, see, for instance, Jeffrey A. Hart et al., “The Building of the Internet,” Telecommunications Policy (November 1992), 666-89.
8. “Cyberspace” began as a literary term in William Gibson’s Neuromancer (New York: Avon Books, 1984). The concept of cybernetics originated with Wiener and Rosenbleuth in 1947. See Norbert Wiener, Cybernetic (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1969).
9. William Greider, One World, Ready or Not (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997). Michel Chossoudrovsky, The Globalisation of Poverty (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Zen Books, 1997).
1. Donald Swann, Sing round the Year (London: The Bodley Head Ltd., 1965) 68.
2. Carl G. Jung, Memories, Dreams, Reflection (New York: Random House, 1961), 221, 388. See also Jung, “Synchronicity, an acausal connecting principle,” in Carl Jung: Collected Works, Vol. 8 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1954). See also Victor Mansfield, Synchronicity, Science and Soul-Making (Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co., 1995).
3. Lewis Mumford, Technics and Human Development (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1966), 286.
4. William J. Mitchell, City of Bits: Space, Time and the Infobahn (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1995).
5. Brian Goodwin, How the Leopard Changed His Spots: The Evolution of Complexity (New York, London: Simon & Schuster, 1994). Here again I have to admit that I cannot do justice to the depth and richness of this area of inquiry. Many thinkers have pointed out that the notions of mechanical and organic models, in spite of their utility, leave out essential human and social dimensions that encompass both the personal and the spiritual. These aspects of life are profoundly affected by changing technologies, but neither the scope of these lectures nor my own scholarship allows me to address them adequately. I can only hope that others will do so.
1. Ursula M. Franklin, “Beyond the hype, thinking about the information highway,” Leadership in Health Services, (Ottawa: CHA, July/August 1996). Franklin, Every Tool Shapes the Task, Communities and the Information Highway (Vancouver: Lazara Press, 1996).
2. Walter Stewart, Dismantling the State (Toronto: Stoddart Publishing, 1998), 294-5.
3. See chapter 7, note 9 and John Dillon, Turning the Tide: Confronting the Money Traders (Ottawa: CCPA, 1997).
4. Consult, for instance, the monthly magazine New Internationalist for reports on world poverty and inequality, and the reports of the relevant agencies of the United Nations.
1. Kenneth E. Boulding, The Image (Ann Arbor: U of Michigan, 1956). With respect to science, see also David Knight, Ordering the World: A History of Classifying Man (London: Burnett Books, 1981).
2. Bruce G. Trigger, Sociocultural Evolution (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1998).
3. The Science and Practice of Complexity (Tokyo, Japan: The United Nations University, 1985).
4. For an introduction to chaos thoery see, for instance, Ian Stewart, Does God Play Dice? (London: Penguin, 1990).
5. David F. Noble, Progress without People (Toronto: Between the Lines, 1995). Jeremy Rifkin, The End of Work, the Decline of the Global Laborforce and the Dawn of the Post-Market Era (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1995).
6. For an appreciation of the contributions of workers to the workplace technologies, see for instance DeBresson Understanding Technological Change (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1987); Karen Messing, One-eyed Science, Occupational Health and Women Workers (Philadelphia, PA: Temple UP, 1998); as well as the work of David F. Noble.
7. Heather Menzies, Whose Brave New World? (Toronto: Between the Lines, 1996). Richard Sennett, The Corrosion of Character (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1998).
8. Ursula M. Franklin, “Personally happy and publicly useful” in Our Schools/Our Selves 9.4 (October 1998).
9. David F. Noble, Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation (New York: Knopf, 1984). Rifkin, Timewars (New York: H. Holt, 1987). Rifkin, The End of Work.
10. See for instance Armine Yalnizyan, T. Ran Ide, and Arthur Cordell Shifting Time: Social Policy and the Future of Work (Toronto: Between the Lines, 1994).
11. Ernst Friedrich Schumacher, Good Work (New York: Harper & Row, 1979).
12. Heather Menzies, Whose Brave New World? (Toronto: Between the Lines, 1996). Jamie Swift, Wheel of Fortune: Work and Life in the Age of Falling Expectatons (Toronto: Between the Lines, 1995).
13. Linda McQuaig, The Cult of Impotence: Selling the Myth of Powerlessness in the Global Economy (Toronto: Viking, 1998); Stewart, Dismantling the State; and an early and important warning regarding Canada was given by H. T. Wilson, Retreat from Governance (Hull, QC: Voyageur Publishing, 1989).
14. For details see note 13 (above), and, for instance, Tony Clarke, Silent Coup (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives and Lorimer, 1998). For more global and philsophical perspectives see Maria Mies, and Vandana Shiva, Ecofeminism (London and New Jersey: Zen Books, 1993).
Coda
1. Gregory Albo and Chris Roberts, “The MAI and the world economy” in Dismantling Democracy: The Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) and It’s Impact (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives and Lorimer, 1998); Tony Clarke and Maude Barlow, MAI Round Two: Global and Internal Threats to Canadian Sovereignty (Toronto: Stoddart, 1998); for human rights issues consult, for instance, Amnesty International, Canadian Section, www.amnesty.org, or International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, www.ichrdd.ca.
2. The Caledon Institute of Social Policy, “Speaking out project,” Occasional Papers, Vol. 1 (Toronto, 1997); the Interfaith Social Reform Coalition, Our Neighbours” Voices (Toronto: Lorimer, 1998); Canadian Environmental Law Association, Overview of Federal Law, Regulation and Policy (Toronto, May 1998).
3. Sally Leaner, Basic Income: A Primer (Toronto: Between the Lines, 1999).
4. James Tobin, “Speculators” tax” in New Economy (Forth Worth: Dryden Press, 1994); Arthur Cordell, T. Ran Ide, Luc Soete, Karen Kamp, The New Wealth of Nations: Taxing Cyberspace (Toronto: Between the Lines, 1997).
5. For background on Citizens for Local Democracy visit C4LD’s website: Http://community.web.net/citizens. The website contains archives as well as ongoing activities.
For a practical guide to the mix of synchronous and asynchronous activities in community groups, see for instance, Maureen James and Liz Rykert, Working Together Online (Toronto: Web Networks, 1997).
6. Constance Mungall and Digby J. McLaren, eds., Planet under Stress: The Challenge of Global Change (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1990).