[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
«ager, agrī», m., field (acre)
«cōpia, -ae», f., plenty, abundance (copious); plur., troops,
forces
«Cornēlius, Cornē´lī», m., Cornelius
«lōrī´ca, -ae», f., coat of mail, corselet
«praemium, praemī», n., reward, prize (premium)
«puer, puerī», m., boy (puerile)
«Rōma, -ae», f., Rome
«scūtum, -ī», n., shield (escutcheon)
«vir, virī», m., man, hero (virile)
ADJECTIVES
«legiōnārius, -a, -um»,[A] legionary, belonging to the legion.
As a noun, «legiōnāriī, -ōrum», m., plur., legionary soldiers
«līber, lībera, līberum», free (liberty) As a noun. «līberī, -ōrum»,
m., plur., children (lit. the freeborn)
«pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum», pretty, beautiful
PREPOSITION
«apud», among, with acc.
CONJUNCTION
«sed», but
[Footnote A: The genitive singular masculine of adjectives in «-ius»
ends in «-iī» and the vocative in «-ie»; not in «-ī», as in nouns.]
«91.» «Declension of Nouns in -er and -ir.» In early Latin all the masculine nouns of the second declension ended in «-os». This «-os» later became «-us» in words like «servus», and was dropped entirely in words with bases ending in «-r», like «puer», boy; «ager», field; and «vir», man. These words are therefore declined as follows:
«92.» «puer», m., boy «ager», m., field «vir», m., man BASE «puer-» BASE «agr-» BASE «vir-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
Nom. puer ager vir ——
Gen. puerī agrī virī -ī
Dat. puerō agrō virō -ō
Acc. puerum agrum virum -um
Abl. puerō agrō virō -ō
PLURAL
Nom. puerī agrī virī -ī
Gen. puerōrum agrōrum virōrum -ōrum
Dat. puerīs agrīs virīs -īs
Acc. puerōs agrōs virōs -ōs
Abl. puerīs agrīs virīs -īs
a. The vocative case of these words is like the nominative,
following the general rule (§74.a).
b. The declension differs from that of «servus» only in the nominative and vocative singular.
c. Note that in «puer» the «e» remains all the way through, while in «ager» it is present only in the nominative. In «puer» the «e» belongs to the base, but in «ager» (base «agr-») it does not, and was inserted in the nominative to make it easier to pronounce. Most words in «-er» are declined like «ager». The genitive shows whether you are to follow «puer» or «ager».
«93.» Masculine adjectives in «-er» of the second declension are declined like nouns in «-er». A few of them are declined like «puer», but most of them like «ager». The feminine and neuter nominatives show which form to follow, thus,
MASC. FEM. NEUT.
līber lībera līberum (free)
is like «puer»
pulcher pulchra pulchrum (pretty)
is like «ager»
For the full declension in the three genders, see §469.b. c.
«94.» Decline together the words «vir līber», «terra lībera», «frūmentum līberum», «puer pulcher», «puella pulchra», «oppidum pulchrum»
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 286.
Magna est Italiae fāma, patriae Rōmānōrum, et clāra est Rōma, domina orbis terrārum.[2] Tiberim,[3] fluvium Rōmānum, quis nōn laudat et pulchrōs fluviō fīnitimōs agrōs? Altōs mūrōs, longa et dūra bella, clārās victōriās quis nōn laudat? Pulchra est terra Italia. Agrī bonī agricolīs praemia dant magna, et equī agricolārum cōpiam frūmentī ad oppida et vīcōs portant. In agrīs populī Rōmānī labōrant multī servī. Viae Italiae sunt longae et lātae. Fīnitima Italiae est īnsula Sicilia.
[Footnote 1: In this selection note especially the emphasis as shown by the order of the words.]
[Footnote 2: «orbis terrārum», of the world.]
[Footnote 3: «Tiberim», the Tiber, accusative case.]
C. Ubi est, Mārce, fīlius tuus? Estne in pulchrā terrā Italiā?
M. Nōn est, Cornēlī, in Italiā. Ad fluvium Rhēnum properat cum cōpiīs
Rōmānīs quia est[4] fāma Novī bellī cum Germānīs. Līber Germāniae
populus Rōmānōs Nōn amat.
C. Estne fīlius tuus copiārum Rōmānārum lēgātus?
M. Lēgātus nōn est, sed est apud legiōnāriōs.
C. Quae[5] arma portat[6]?
M. Scūtum magnum et lōrīcam dūram et galeam pulchram portat.
C. Quae tēla portat?
M. Gladium et pīlum longum portat.
C. Amatne lēgātus fīlium tuum?
M. Amat, et saepe fīliō meō praemia pulchra et praedam multam dat.
C. Ubi est terra Germānōrum?
M. Terra Germānōrum, Cornēlī est fīnitima Rhēnō, fluviō magnō et altō.
[Footnote 4: «est», before its subject, there is; so «sunt»,
there are.]
[Footnote 5: «Quae», what kind of, an interrogative adjective
pronoun.]
[Footnote 6: What are the three possible translations of the present
tense?]
[Illustration: LEGIONARIUS]
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
«auxilium, auxi´lī», n., help, aid (auxiliary)
«castrum, -ī», n., fort (castle); plur., camp (lit. forts)
«cibus, -ī», m., food
«cōnsilium, cōnsi´lī», n., plan (counsel)
«dīligentia, -ae», f.. diligence, industry
magister, magistrī, m., master, teacher[A]
ADJECTIVES
«aeger, aegra, aegrum», sick
«crēber, crēbra, crēbrum», frequent
«miser, misera, miserum», wretched, unfortunate (miser)
[Footnote A: Observe that «dominus», as distinguished from
«magister», means master in the sense of owner.]
«97.» Observe the sentences
This is my shield This shield is mine
In the first sentence my is a possessive adjective; in the second mine is a possessive pronoun, for it takes the place of a noun, this shield is mine being equivalent to this shield is my shield. Similarly, in Latin the possessives are sometimes adjectives and sometimes pronouns.
«98.» The possessives my, mine, your, yours, etc. are declined like adjectives of the first and second declensions.
SINGULAR
1st Pers. meus, mea, meum my, mine
2d Pers. tuus, tua, tuum your, yours
3d Pers. suus, sua, suum his (own), her (own),
its (own)
PLURAL
1st Pers. noster, nostra, nostrum our, ours
2d Pers. vester, vestra, vestrum your, yours
3d Pers. suus, sua, suum their (own), theirs
NOTE. «Meus» has the irregular vocative singular masculine «mī», as «mī fīlī», O my son.
a. The possessives agree with the name of the thing possessed in
gender, number, and case. Compare the English and Latin in
Sextus is calling «his» boy «Sextus» } «suum puerum vocat»
Julia is calling «her» boy «Iūlia» }
Observe that «suum» agrees with «puerum», and is unaffected by the
gender of Sextus or Julia.
b. When your, yours, refers to one person, use «tuus»; when to
more than one, «vester»; as,
Lesbia, your wreaths are pretty
«Corōnae tuae, Lesbia, sunt pulchrae»
Girls, your wreaths are pretty
«Corōnae vestrae, puellae, sunt pulchrae»
c. «Suus» is a reflexive possessive, that is, it usually stands in the predicate and regularly refers back to the subject. Thus, «Vir suōs servōs vocat» means The man calls his (own) slaves. Here his («suōs») refers to man («vir»), and could not refer to any one else.
d. Possessives are used much less frequently than in English, being omitted whenever the meaning is clear without them. (Cf. §22.a.) This is especially true of «suus, -a, -um», which, when inserted, is more or less emphatic, like our his own, her own, etc.
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 286.
I. 1. Mārcus amīcō Sextō cōnsilium suum nūntiat 2. Est cōpia frūmentī in agrīs nostrīs. 3. Amīcī meī bonam cēnam ancillae vestrae laudant 4. Tua lōrīca, mī fīlī, est dūra. 5. Scūta nostra et tēla, mī amīce, in castrls Rōmānīs sunt. 6. Suntne virī patriae tuae līberī? Sunt. 7. Ubi, Cornēlī, est tua galea pulchra? 8. Mea galea, Sexte, est in casā meā. 9. Pīlum longum est tuum, sed gladius est meus. 10. Iūlia gallīnās suās pulchrās amat et gallīnae dominam suam amant. 11. Nostra castra sunt vestra. 12. Est cōpia praedae in castrīs vestrīs. 13. Amīcī tuī miserīs et aegrīs cibum et pecūniam saepe dant.
II. 1. Our teacher praises Mark’s industry. 2. My son Sextus is carrying his booty to the Roman camp.[1] 3. Your good girls are giving aid to the sick and wretched.[2] 4. There are [3] frequent battles in our villages. 5. My son, where is the lieutenant’s food? 6. The camp is mine, but the weapons are yours.
[Footnote 1: Not the dative. Why?]
[Footnote 2: Here the adjectives sick and wretched are used like nouns.]
[Footnote 3: Where should «sunt» stand? Cf. I. 2 above.]
[Illustration: AGRICOLA ARAT]
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
«carrus, -ī», m., cart, wagon
«inopia, -ae», f., want, lack; the opposite of «cōpia»
«studium, studī», n., zeal, eagerness (study)
ADJECTIVES
«armātus, -a, -um», armed
«īnfīrmus, -a, -um», week, feeble (infirm)
vali´dus, -a, -um, strong, sturdy
VERB
«mātūrat», he (she, it) hastens. Cf. properat
ADVERB
«iam», already, now
«-que», conjunction, and; an enclitic (cf. §16) and always added to the second of two words to be connected, as «arma tēla´que», arms and weapons.
«100.» Of the various relations denoted by the ablative case (§50) there is none more important than that expressed in English by the preposition with. This little word is not so simple as it looks. It does not always convey the same meaning, nor is it always to be translated by «cum». This will become clear from the following sentences:
a. Mark is feeble with (for or because of) want of food b. Diana kills the beasts with (or by) her arrows c. Julia is with Sextus d. The men fight with great steadiness
a. In sentence a, with want (of food) gives the cause of Mark’s feebleness. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the «ablative of cause»:
«Mārcus est īnfīrmus inopiā cibī»
b. In sentence b, with (or by) her arrows tells «by means of what» Diana kills the beasts. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative without a preposition, and the construction is called the «ablative of means»:
«Diāna sagittīs suīs ferās necat»
c. In sentence c we are told that Julia is not alone, but «in company with» Sextus. This idea is expressed in Latin by the ablative with the preposition «cum», and the construction is called the «ablative of accompaniment»:
«Iūlia est cum Sextō»
d. In sentence d we are told how the men fight. The idea is one of «manner». This is expressed in Latin by the ablative with «cum», unless there is a modifying adjective present, in which case «cum» may be omitted. This construction is called the «ablative of manner»:
«Virī (cum) cōnstantiā magnā pugnant»
«101.» You are now able to form four important rules for the ablative denoting with:
«102.» RULE. «Ablative of Cause.» Cause is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question Because of what?
«103.» RULE. «Ablative of Means.» Means is denoted by the ablative without a preposition. This answers the question By means of what? With what?
N.B. «Cum» must never be used with the ablative expressing cause or means.
«104.» RULE. «Ablative of Accompaniment.» Accompaniment is denoted by the ablative with «cum». This answers the question With whom?
«105.» RULE. «Ablative of Manner.» The ablative with «cum» is used to denote the manner of an action. «Cum» may be omitted, if an adjective is used with the ablative. This answers the question How? In what manner?
«106.» What uses of the ablative do you discover in the following passage, and what question does each answer?
The soldiers marched to the fort with great speed and broke down the gate with blows of their muskets. The inhabitants, terrified by the din, attempted to cross the river with their wives and children, but the stream was swollen with (or by) the rain. Because of this many were swept away by the waters and only a few, almost overcome with fatigue, with great difficulty succeeded in gaining the farther shore.
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 286.
I. The Romans prepare for War. Rōmānī, clārus Italiae populus, bellum parant. Ex agrīs suīs, vicīs, oppidīsque magnō studiō virī validī ad arma properant. Iam lēgatī cum legiōnariīs ex Italiā ad Rhēnum, fluvium Germāniae altum et lātum, properant, et servī equīs et carrīs cibum frūmentumque ad castra Rōmāna portant. Inopiā bonōrum tēlōrum īnfirmī sunt Germānī, sed Rōmānī armāti galeīs, lōrīcīs, scūtīs, gladiīs, pīlīsque sunt validī.
II. 1. The sturdy farmers of Italy labor in the fields with great diligence. 2. Sextus, the lieutenant, and (his) son Mark are fighting with the Germans. 3. The Roman legionaries are armed with long spears. 4. Where is Lesbia, your maid, Sextus? Lesbia is with my friends in Galba’s cottage. 5. Many are sick because of bad water and for lack of food. 6. The Germans, with (their) sons and daughters, are hastening with horses and wagons.
«108.» There are nine irregular adjectives of the first and second declensions which have a peculiar termination in the genitive and dative singular of all genders:
MASC. FEM. NEUT. Gen. -īus -īus -īus Dat. -ī -ī -ī
Otherwise they are declined like «bonus, -a, -um». Learn the list and the meaning of each:
«alius, alia, aliud», other, another (of several) «alter, altera, alterum», the one, the other (of two) «ūnus, -a, -um», one, alone; (in the plural) only «ūllus, -a, -um», any «nūllus, -a, -um», none, no «sōlus, -a, -um», alone «tōtus, -a, -um», all, whole, entire «uter, utra, utrum», which? (of two) «neuter, neutra, neutrum», neither (of two)
SINGULAR MASC. FEM. NEUT. Nom. nūllus nūlla nūllum Gen. nūllī´us nūllī´us nūllī´us Dat. nūllī nūllī nūllī Acc. nūllum nūllam nūllum Abl. nūllō nūllā nūllō
MASC. FEM. NEUT. Nom. alius alia aliud Gen. alī´us alī´us alī´us Dat. aliī aliī aliī Acc. alium aliam aliud Abl. aliō aliā aliō
a. Note the peculiar neuter singular ending in «-d» of «alius». The genitive «alīus» is rare. Instead of it use «alterīus», the genitive of «alter».
b. These peculiar case endings are found also in the declension of pronouns (see §114). For this reason these adjectives are sometimes called the «pronominal adjectives».
«110.» Learn the following idioms:
«alter, -era, -erum» … «alter, -era, -erum», the one … the other
(of two)
«alius, -a, -ud» … «alius, -a, -ud», one … another (of any
number)
«aliī, -ae, -a» … «aliī, -ae, -a», some … others
1. «Alterum oppidum est magnum, alterum parvum», the one town is large, the other small (of two towns).
2. «Aliud oppidum est validum, aliud īnfīrmum», one town is strong,
another weak (of towns in general).
3. «Aliī gladiōs, aliī scūta portant», some carry swords, others shields.
I. 1. In utrā casā est Iūlia? Iūlia est in neutrā casā. 2. Nūllī malō puerō praemium dat magister. 3. Alter puer est nauta, alter agricola. 4. Aliī virī aquam, aliī terram amant. 5. Galba ūnus (or sōlus) cum studiō labōrat. 6. Estne ūllus carrus in agrō meō? 7. Lesbia est ancilla alterīus dominī, Tullia alterīus. 8. Lesbia sōla cēnam parat. 9. Cēna nūllīus alterīus ancillae est bona. 10. Lesbia nūllī aliī virō cēnam dat.
NOTE. The pronominal adjectives, as you observe, regularly stand before and not after their nouns.
II. 1. The men of all Germany are preparing for war. 2. Some towns are great and others are small. 3. One boy likes chickens, another horses. 4. Already the booty of one town is in our fort. 5. Our whole village is suffering for (i.e. weak because of) lack of food. 6. The people are already hastening to the other town. 7. Among the Romans (there) is no lack of grain.
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
«agrī cultūra, -ae», f., agriculture
«Gallia, -ae», f., Gaul
«domicilīum, domīci´lī», n., dwelling place (domicile), abode
«Gallus, -i», m., a Gaul
«lacrima, -ae», f., tear
«fēmina, -ae», f., woman (female)
«numerus, -ī», m., number (numeral)
ADJECTIVE
«mātūrus, -a, -um», ripe, mature
ADVERB
quō, whither
VERBS
arat, he (she, it) plows (arable)
«dēsīderat», he (she, it) misses, longs for (desire), with acc.
CONJUNCTION
«an», or, introducing the second half of a double question, as
Is he a Roman or a Gaul, «Estne Romanus an Gallus?»
«112.» A demonstrative is a word that points out an object definitely, as this, that, these, those. Sometimes these words are pronouns, as, Do you hear these? and sometimes adjectives, as, Do you hear these men? In the former case they are called «demonstrative pronouns», in the latter «demonstrative adjectives».
«113.» Demonstratives are similarly used in Latin both as pronouns and as adjectives. The one used most is
«is», masculine; «ea», feminine; «id», neuter
SINGULAR: this, that; PLURAL: these, those
«114.» «Is» is declined as follows. Compare its declension with that of «alius», §109.
BASE «e-»
SINGULAR PLURAL
MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT.
Nom. is ea id eī eae ea
(or iī)
Gen. eius eius eius eōrum eārum eōrum
Dat. eī eī eī eīs eīs eīs
(or iīs iīs iīs)
Acc. eum eam id eōs eās ea
Abl. eō eā eō eīs eīs eīs
(or iīs iīs iīs)
Note that the base «e-» changes to «i-» in a few cases. The genitive singular «eius» is pronounced eh´yus. In the plural the forms with two «i»’s are preferred and the two «i»’s are pronounced as one. Hence, pronounce «iī» as «ī» and «iīs» as «īs».
«115.» Besides being used as demonstrative pronouns and adjectives the Latin demonstratives are regularly used for the personal pronoun he, she, it. As a personal pronoun, then, «is» would have the following meanings:
SINGULAR
Nom. «is», he; «ea», she; «id», it
Gen. «eius», of him or his;
«eius», of her, her, or hers;
«eius», of it or its
Dat. «eī», to or for him;
«eī», to or for her;
«eī», to or for it
Acc. «eum», him; «eam», her; «id», it
Abl. «eō», with, from, etc., him;
«eā», with, from, etc., her;
«eō», with, from, etc., it
PLURAL
Nom. «eī» or «iī», «eae», «ea», they
Gen. «eōrum», «eārum», «eōrum», of them, their
Dat. «eīs» or «iīs», «eīs» or «iīs», «eīs» or «iīs»,
to or for them
Acc. «eōs, eās, ea», them
Abl. «eīs» or «iīs», «eīs» or «iīs», «eīs» or «iīs»,
with, from, etc., them
«116.» «Comparison between suus and is.» We learned above (§98.c) that «suus» is a reflexive possessive. When his, her (poss.), its, their, do not refer to the subject of the sentence, we express his, her, its by «eius», the genitive singular of «is», «ea», «id»; and their by the genitive plural, using «eōrum» to refer to a masculine or neuter antecedent noun and «eārum» to refer to a feminine one.
Galba calls his (own) son,
«Galba suum fīlium vocat»
Galba calls his son (not his own, but another’s),
«Galba eius fīlium vocat»
Julia calls her (own) children,
«Iūlia suōs līberōs vocat»
Julia calls her children (not her own, but another’s),
«Iūlia eius līberōs vocat»
The men praise their (own) boys,
«virī suōs puerōs laudant»
The men praise their boys (not their own, but others’),
«virī eōrum puerōs laudant»
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287.
1. He praises her, him, it, them. 2. This cart, that report, these teachers, those women, that abode, these abodes. 3. That strong garrison, among those weak and sick women, that want of firmness, those frequent plans.
4. The other woman is calling her chickens (her own). 5. Another woman is calling her chickens (not her own). 6. The Gaul praises his arms (his own). 7. The Gaul praises his arms (not his own). 8. This farmer often plows their fields. 9. Those wretched slaves long for their master (their own). 10. Those wretched slaves long for their master (not their own). 11. Free men love their own fatherland. 12. They love its villages and towns.
M. Quis est vir, Cornēlī, cum puerō parvō? Estne Rōmānus et līber?
C. Rōmānus nōn est, Mārce. Is vir est servus et eius domicilium est in
silvīs Galliae.
M. Estne puer fīlius eius servī an alterīus?
C. Neutrīus fīlius est puer. Is est fīlius lēgātī Sextī.
M. Quō puer cum eō servō properat?
C. Is cum servō properat ad lātōs Sextī agrōs.[2] Tōtum frūmentum est
iam mātūrum et magnus servōrum numerus in Italiae[3] agrīs labōrat.
M. Agricolaene sunt Gallī et patriae suae agrōs arant?
C. Nōn agricolae sunt. Bellum amant Gallī, nōn agrī cultūram. Apud eōs
virī pugnant et fēminae auxiliō līberōrum agrōs arant parantque
cibum.
M. Magister noster puerīs puellīsque grātās Gallōrum fābulās saepe
nārrat et laudat eōs saepe.
C. Mala est fortūna eōrum et saepe miserī servī multīs cum lacrimīs
patriam suam dēsīderant.
[Footnote 1: There are a number of departures from the normal order
in this dialogue. Find them, and give the reason.]
[Footnote 2: When a noun is modified by both a genitive and an adjective, a favorite order of words is adjective, genitive, noun.]
[Footnote 3: A modifying genitive often stands between a preposition and its object.]
* * * * *
«Second Review, Lessons IX-XVII, §§506-509»
* * * * *
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
lūdus, -ī, m.,school
«socius, socī», m., companion, ally (social)
ADJECTIVES
«īrātus, -a, -um», angry, furious (irate)
«laetus, -a, -um», happy, glad (social)
ADVERBS
hodiē, to-day
«ibi», there, in that place
mox, presently, soon, of the immediate future
«nunc», now, the present moment
«nūper», lately, recently, of the immediate past
«119.» The inflection of a verb is called its conjugation (cf. §23). In English the verb has but few changes in form, the different meanings being expressed by the use of personal pronouns and auxiliaries, as, I am carried, we have carried, they shall have carried, etc. In Latin, on the other hand, instead of using personal pronouns and auxiliary verbs, the form changes with the meaning. In this way the Romans expressed differences in tense, mood, voice, person, and number.
«120.» «The Tenses.» The different forms of a verb referring to different times are called its tenses. The chief distinctions of time are present, past, and future:
1. «The present», that is, what is happening now, or
what usually happens, is expressed by
THE PRESENT TENSE
2. «The past», that is, what was happening, used to happen,
happened, has happened, or had happened, is expressed by
THE IMPERFECT, PERFECT, AND PLUPERFECT TENSES
3. «The future», that is, what is going to happen, is expressed by
THE FUTURE AND FUTURE PERFECT TENSES
«121.» «The Moods.» Verbs have inflection of mood to indicate the manner in which they express action. The moods of the Latin verb are the indicative, subjunctive, imperative, and infinitive.
a. A verb is in the indicative mood when it makes a statement or asks a question about something assumed as a fact. All the verbs we have used thus far are in the present indicative.
«122.» «The Persons.» There are three persons, as in English. The first person is the person speaking (I sing); the second person the person spoken to (you sing); the third person the person spoken of (he sings). Instead of using personal pronouns for the different persons in the two numbers, singular and plural, the Latin verb uses the personal endings (cf. §22 a; 29). We have already learned that «-t» is the ending of the third person singular in the active voice and «-nt» of the third person plural. The complete list of personal endings of the active voice is as follows:
SINGULAR PLURAL 1st Pers. I -m or -ō we -mus 2d Pers. thou or you -s you -tis 3d Pers. he, she, it -t they -nt
«123.» Most verbs form their moods and tenses after a regular plan and are called regular verbs. Verbs that depart from this plan are called irregular. The verb to be is irregular in Latin as in English. The present, imperfect, and future tenses of the indicative are inflected as follows:
PRESENT INDICATIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st Pers. su-m, I am su-mus, we are
2d Pers. e-s, you[1] are es-tis, you[1] are
3d Pers. es-t, he, she, or it is su-nt, they are
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st Pers. er-a-m, I was er-ā´-mus, we were
2d Pers. er-ā-s, you were er-ā´-tis, you were
3d Pers. er-a-t, he, she, or it was er-ā-nt, they were
FUTURE INDICATIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL
1st Pers. er-ō, I shall be er´-i-mus, we shall be
2d Pers. er-i-s, you will be er´-i-tis, you will be
3d Pers. er-i-t, he will be er-u-nt, they will be
a. Be careful about vowel quantity and accent in these forms, and consult §§12.2; 14; 15.
[Footnote 1: Observe that in English you are, you were, etc. may be either singular or plural. In Latin the singular and plural forms are never the same.]
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287.
S. Ubi es, Mārce? Ubi est Quīntus? Ubi estis, amīcī?
M. Cum Quīntō, Sexte, in silvā sum. Nōn sōlī sumus; sunt in silvā
multī aliī puerī.
S. Nunc laetus es, sed nūper nōn laetus erās. Cūr miser erās?
M. Miser eram quia amīcī meī erant in aliō vicō et eram sōlus. Nunc
sum apud sociōs meōs. Nunc laetī sumus et erimus.
S. Erātisne in lūdo hodiē?
M. Hodiē nōn erāmus in lūdō, quod magister erat aeger.
S. Eritisne mox in lūdō?
M. Amīcī meī ibi erunt, sed ego (I) nōn erō.
S. Cūr nōn ibi eris? Magister, saepe irātus, inopiam tuam studī
dīligentiaeque nōn laudat.
M. Nūper aeger eram et nunc īnfīrmus sum.
1. You are, you were, you will be, (sing. and plur.). 2. I am, I was, I shall be. 3. He is, he was, he will be. 4. We are, we were, we shall be. 5. They are, they were, they will be.
6. Why were you not in school to-day? I was sick. 7. Lately he was a sailor, now he is a farmer, soon he will be a teacher. 8. To-day I am happy, but lately I was wretched. 9. The teachers were happy because of the boys’ industry.
[Illustration: PUERI ROMANI IN LUDO]
«126.» There are four conjugations of the regular verbs. These conjugations are distinguished from each other by the final vowel of the present conjugation-stem.[1] This vowel is called the distinguishing vowel, and is best seen in the present infinitive.
[Footnote 1: The stem is the body of a word to which the terminations are attached. It is often identical with the base (cf. §58). If, however, the stem ends in a vowel, the latter does not appear in the base, but is variously combined with the inflectional terminations. This point is further explained in §230.]
Below is given the present infinitive of a verb of each conjugation, the present stem, and the distinguishing vowel.
DISTINGUISHING
CONJUGATION PRES. INFIN. PRES. STEM VOWEL
I. «amā´re», to love «amā-» «ā»
II. «monē´re», to advise «monē-» «ē»
III. «re´gĕre», to rule «regĕ-» «ĕ»
IV. «audī´re», to hear «audi-» «ī»
a. Note that the present stem of each conjugation is found by
dropping «-re», the ending of the present infinitive.
NOTE. The present infinitive of «sum» is «esse», and «es-» is the present stem.
«127.» From the present stem are formed the present, imperfect, and future tenses.
«128.» The inflection of the Present Active Indicative of the first and of the second conjugation is as follows:
«a´mō, amā´re» (love) «mo´neō, monē´re» (advise)
PRES. STEM «amā-» PRES. STEM «monē-»
SINGULAR PLURAL PERSONAL ENDINGS 1. a´mō, I love mo´neō, I advise -ō 2. a´mās, you love mo´nēs, you advise -s 3. a´mat, he (she, it) loves mo´net, he (she, it) advises -t
1. amā´mus, we love monē´mus, we advise -mus 2. amā´tis, you love monē´tis, you advise -tis 3. a´mant, they love mo´nent, they advise -nt
1. The present tense is inflected by adding the personal endings to the present stem, and its first person uses «-o» and not «-m». The form «amō» is for «amā-ō», the two vowels «ā-ō» contracting to «ō». In «moneō» there is no contraction. Nearly all regular verbs ending in «-eo» belong to the second conjugation.
2. Note that the long final vowel of the stem is shortened before another vowel («monē-ō» = «mo´nĕō»), and before final «-t» («amăt», «monĕt») and «-nt» («amănt», «monĕnt»). Compare §12.2.
«129.» Like «amō» and «moneō» inflect the present active indicative of the following verbs[2]:
[Footnote 2: The only new verbs in this list are the five of the
second conjugation which are starred. Learn their meanings.]
INDICATIVE PRESENT INFINITIVE PRESENT
a´rō, I plow arā´re, to plow
cū´rō, I care for cūrā´re, to care for
*dē´leō, I destroy dēlē´re, to destroy
dēsī´derō, I long for dēsīderā´re, to long for
dō,[3] I give da´re, to give
*ha´beō, I have habē´re, to have
ha´bitō, I live, I dwell habitā´re, to live, to dwell
*iu´beō, I order iubē´re, to order
labō´rō, I labor labōrā´re, to labor
lau´dō, I praise laudā´re, to praise
mātū´rō, I hasten mātūrā´re, to hasten
*mo´veō, I move movē´re, to move
nār´rō, I tell nārrā´re, to tell
ne´cō, I kill necā´re, to kill
nūn´tiō, I announce nūntiā´re, to announce
pa´rō, I prepare parā´re, to prepare
por´tō, I carry portā´re, to carry
pro´perō, I hasten properā´re, to hasten
pug´nō, I fight pugnā´re, to fight
*vi´deō, I see vidē´re, to see
vo´cō, I call vocā´re, to call
[Footnote 3: Observe that in «dō, dăre», the «a» is short, and that the present stem is «dă-» and not «dā-». The only forms of «dō» that have a long are «dās» (pres. indic.), «dā» (pres. imv.), and «dāns» (pres. part.).]
«130.» «The Translation of the Present.» In English there are three ways of expressing present action. We may say, for example, I live, I am living, or I do live. In Latin the one expression «habitō» covers all three of these expressions.
Give the voice, mood, tense, person, and number of each form.
I. 1. Vocāmus, properātis, iubent. 2. Movētis, laudās, vidēs. 3. Dēlētis, habētis, dant. 4. Mātūrās, dēsīderat, vidēmus. 5. Iubet, movent, necat. 6. Nārrāmus, movēs, vident. 7. Labōrātis, properant, portās, parant. 8. Dēlet, habētis, iubēmus, dās.
N.B. Observe that the personal ending is of prime importance in translating a Latin verb form. Give that your first attention.
II. 1. We plow, we are plowing, we do plow. 2. They care for, they are caring for, they do care for. 3. You give, you are having, you do have (sing.). 4. We destroy, I do long for, they are living. 5. He calls, they see, we are telling. 6. We do fight, we order, he is moving, he prepares. 7. They are laboring, we kill, you announce.
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
«fōrma, -ae», f., form, beauty
«regīna, -ae», f., queen (regal)
«poena, -ae», f., punishment, penalty
superbia, -ae, f., pride, haughtiness
«potentia, -ae», f., power (potent)
«trīstītīa, -ae», f., sadness, sorrow
ADJECTIVES «septem», indeclinable, seven «superbus, -a, -um», proud, haughty (superb)
CONJUNCTIONS «nōn sōlum … sed etiam», not only … but also
«132.» «Tense Signs.» Instead of using auxiliary verbs to express differences in tense, like was, shall, will, etc., Latin adds to the verb stem certain elements that have the force of auxiliary verbs. These are called tense signs.
«133.» «Formation and Inflection of the Imperfect.» The tense sign of the imperfect is «-bā-», which is added to the present stem. The imperfect consists, therefore, of three parts:
PRESENT STEM TENSE SIGN PERSONAL ENDING «amā-» «ba-» «m» loving was I
The inflection is as follows:
CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II
PERSONAL
SINGULAR ENDINGS
1. amā´bam, I was loving monē´bam, I was advising -m
2. amā´bās, you were loving monē´bās, you were advising -s
3. amā´bat, he was loving monē´bat, he was advising -t
PLURAL
1. amābā´mus, we were loving monēbā´mus, we were advising -mus
2. amābā´tis, you were loving monēbā´tis, you were advising -tis
3. amā´bant, they were loving monē´bant, they wereadvising -nt
a. Note that the «ā» of the tense sign «-bā-» is shortened before «-nt», and before «m» and «t» when final. (Cf. §12.2.)
In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in §129.
«134.» «Meaning of the Imperfect.» The Latin imperfect describes an act as going on or progressing in past time, like the English past-progressive tense (as, I was walking). It is the regular tense used to describe a past situation or condition of affairs.
I. 1. Vidēbāmus, dēsīderābat, mātūrābās. 2. Dabant, vocābātis, dēlēbāmus. 3. Pugnant, laudābās, movēbātis. 4. Iubēbant, properābātis, portābāmus. 5. Dabās, nārrābant, labōrābātis. 6. Vidēbant, movēbās, nūntiābāmus. 7. Necābat, movēbam, habēbat, parābātis.
II. 1. You were having (sing. and plur.), we were killing, they were laboring. 2. He was moving, we were ordering, we were fighting. 3. We were telling, they were seeing, he was calling. 4. They were living, I was longing for, we were destroying. 5. You were giving, you were moving, you were announcing, (sing. and plur.). 6. They were caring for, he was plowing, we were praising.
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 287.
Niobē, rēgina Thēbānōrum, erat pulchra fēmina sed superba. Erat superba nōn sōlum fōrmā[1] suā marītīque potentiā[1] sed etiam magnō līberōrum numerō.[1] Nam habēbat[2] septem fīliōs et septem fīliās. Sed ea superbia erat rēgīnae[3] causa magnae trīstitiae et līberīs[3] causa dūrae poenae.
NOTE. The words «Niobē», «Thēbānōrum», and «marītī» will be found in the general vocabulary. Translate the selection without looking up any other words.
[Footnote 1: Ablative of cause.]
[Footnote 2: Translate had; it denotes a past situation. (See §134.)]
[Footnote 3: Dative, cf. §43.]
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
sacrum, -ī, n., sacrifice, offering, rite
«verbum, -ī», n., word (verb)
VERBS
sedeō, -ēre, sit (sediment)
volō, -āre, fly (volatile)
ADJECTIVES
«interfectus, -a, -um», slain
«molestus, -a, -um», troublesome, annoying (molest)
«perpetuus, -a, -um», perpetual, continuous
«ego», personal pronoun, I (egotism). Always emphatic in the nominative.
«137.» The tense sign of the Future Indicative in the first and second conjugations is «-bi-». This is joined to the present stem of the verb and followed by the personal ending, as follows:
PRESENT STEM TENSE SIGN PERSONAL ENDING «amā-» «bi-» «s» love will you
«138.» The Future Active Indicative is inflected as follows.
CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II
SINGULAR
1. amā´bō, I shall love monē´bō, I shall advise
2. amā´bis, you will love monē´bis, you will advise
3. amā´bit, he will love monē´bit, he will advise
PLURAL
1. amā´bimus, we shall love monē´bimus, we shall advise
2. amā´bitis you will love monē´bitis, you will advise
3. amā´bunt, they will love monē´bunt, they will advise
a. The personal endings are as in the present. The ending «-bō» in the first person singular is contracted from «-bi-ō». The «-bi-» appears as «-bu-» in the third person plural. Note that the inflection is like that of «erō», the future of «sum». Pay especial attention to the accent.
In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in §129.
I. 1. Movēbitis, laudābis, arābō. 2. Dēlēbitis, vocābitis, dabunt. 3. Mātūrābis, dēsīderābit, vidēbimus. 4. Habēbit, movēbunt, necābit. 5. Nārrābimus, monēbis, vidēbunt. 6. Labōrābitis, cūrābunt, dabis. 7. Habitābimus, properābitis, iubēbunt, parābit. 8. Nūntiābō, portābimus, iubēbō.
II. 1. We shall announce, we shall see, I shall hasten. 2. I shall carry, he will plow, they will care for. 3. You will announce, you will move, you will give, (sing. and plur.). 4. We shall fight, we shall destroy, I shall long for. 5. He will call, they will see, you will tell (plur.). 6. They will dwell, we shall order, he will praise. 7. They will labor, we shall kill, you will have (sing. and plur.), he will destroy.
«140.» NI´OBE AND HER CHILDREN (Concluded)
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288.
Apollō et Diāna erant līberī Lātōnae. Iīs Thēbānī sacra crēbra parābant.[1] Oppidānī amābant Lātōnam et līberōs eius. Id superbae rēgīnae erat molestum. “Cūr,” inquit, “Lātōnae et līberīs sacra parātis? Duōs līberōs habet Lātōna; quattuordecim habeō ego. Ubi sunt mea sacra?” Lātōna iīs verbīs[2] īrāta līberōs suōs vocat. Ad eam volant Apollō Diānaque et sagittīs[3] suīs miserōs līberōs rēgīnae superbae dēlent. Niobē, nūper laeta, nunc misera, sedet apud līberōs interfectōs et cum perpetuīs lacrimīs[4] eōs dēsīderat.
NOTE. Consult the general vocabulary for «Apollō», «inquit», «duōs», and «quattuordecim». Try to remember the meaning of all the other words.
[Footnote 1: Observe the force of the imperfect here, used to prepare, were in the habit of preparing; so «amābant» denotes a past situation of affairs. (See §134.)]
[Footnote 2: Ablative of cause.]
[Footnote 3: Ablative of means.]
[Footnote 4: This may be either manner or accompaniment. It is often impossible to draw a sharp line between means, manner, and accompaniment. The Romans themselves drew no sharp distinction. It was enough for them if the general idea demanded the ablative case.]
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
«disciplīna, -ae», f., training, culture, discipline
«Gāius, Gāī», m., Caius, a Roman first name
«ōrnāmentum, -ī», n., ornament, jewel
Tiberius, Tibe´rī, m., Tiberius, a Roman first name
VERB
«doceō, -ēre», teach (doctrine)
ADVERB
«maximē», most of all, especially
ADJECTIVE
«antīquus, -qua, -quum», old, ancient (antique)
«141.» Review the present, imperfect, and future active indicative, both orally and in writing, of «sum» and the verbs in §129.
«142.» We learned in §43 for what sort of expressions we may expect the dative, and in §44 that one of its commonest uses is with verbs to express the indirect object. It is also very common with adjectives to express the object toward which the quality denoted by the adjective is directed. We have already had a number of cases where «grātus», agreeable to, was so followed by a dative; and in the last lesson we had «molestus», annoying to, followed by that case. The usage may be more explicitly stated by the following rule:
«143.» RULE. «Dative with Adjectives.» The dative is used with adjectives to denote the object toward which the given quality is directed. Such are, especially, those meaning «near», also «fit», «friendly», «pleasing», «like», and their opposites.
«144.» Among such adjectives memorize the following:
«idōneus, -a, -um», fit, suitable (for) «amīcus, -a, -um», friendly (to) «inimicus, -a, -um», hostile (to) «grātus, -a, -um», pleasing (to), agreeable (to) «molestus, -a, -um», annoying (to), troublesome (to) «fīnitimus, -a, -um», neighboring (to) «proximus, -a, -um», nearest, next (to)
I. 1. Rōmānī terram idōneam agrī cultūrae habent. 2. Gallī cōpiīs Rōmānīs inimīcī erant. 3. Cui dea Lātōna amīca non erat? 4. Dea Lātōna superbae rēgīnae amīca nōn erat. 5. Cibus noster, Mārce, erit armātīs virīs grātus. 6. Quid erat molestum populīs Italiae? 7. Bella longa cum Gallīs erant molesta populīs Italiae. 8. Agrī Germānōrum fluviō Rhēnō fīnitimī erant. 9. Rōmānī ad silvam oppidō proximam castra movēbant. 10. Nōn sōlum fōrma sed etiam superbia rēgīnae erat magna. 11. Mox rēgīna pulchra erit aegra trīstitiā. 12. Cūr erat Niobē, rēgīna Thēbānōrum, laeta? Laeta erat Niobē multīs fīliīs et fīliābus.