II. 1. The sacrifices of the people will be annoying to the haughty queen. 2. The sacrifices were pleasing not only to Latona but also to Diana. 3. Diana will destroy those hostile to Latona. 4. The punishment of the haughty queen was pleasing to the goddess Diana. 5. The Romans will move their forces to a large field[1] suitable for a camp. 6. Some of the allies were friendly to the Romans, others to the Gauls.
[Footnote 1: Why not the dative?]
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288.
Apud antīquās dominās, Cornēlia, Āfricānī fīlia, erat[2] maximē clāra.
Fīliī eius erant Tiberius Gracchus et Gāius Gracchus. Iī puerī cum
Cornēliā in oppidō Rōmā, clārō Italiae oppidō, habitābant. Ibi eōs
cūrābat Cornēlia et ibi magnō cum studiō eōs docēbat. Bona fēmina erat
Cornēlia et bonam disciplīnam maximē amābat.
NOTE. Can you translate the paragraph above? There are no new words.
[Footnote 2: Observe that all the imperfects denote continued or progressive action, or describe a state of affairs. (Cf. §134.)]
«147.» As we learned in §126, the present stem of the third conjugation ends in «-ĕ», and of the fourth in «-ī». The inflection of the Present Indicative is as follows:
CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV
«re´gō, re´gere» (rule) «au´dio, audī´re» (hear)
PRES. STEM «regĕ-» PRES. STEM «audī-»
SINGULAR
1. re´gō, I rule au´diō, I hear
2. re´gis, you rule au´dīs, you hear
3. re´git, he (she, it) rules au´dit, he (she, it) hears
PLURAL
1. re´gimus, we rule audī´mus, we hear
2. re´gitis, you rule audī´tis, you hear
3. re´gunt, they rule au´diunt, they hear
1. The personal endings are the same as before.
2. The final short «-e-» of the stem «regĕ-» combines with the «-ō» in the first person, becomes «-u-» in the third person plural, and becomes «-ĭ-» elsewhere. The inflection is like that of «erō», the future of «sum».
3. In «audiō» the personal endings are added regularly to the stem «audī-». In the third person plural «-u-» is inserted between the stem and the personal ending, as «audi-u-nt». Note that the long vowel of the stem is shortened before final «-t» just as in «amō» and «moneō». (Cf. §12.2.)
Note that «-i-» is always short in the third conjugation and long in the fourth, excepting where long vowels are regularly shortened. (Cf. §12.1, 2.)
«148.» Like «regō» and «audiō» inflect the present active indicative of the following verbs:
agō, I drive agere, to drive dīcō, I say dīcere, to say dūcō, I lead dūcere, to lead mittō, I send mittere, to send mūniō, I fortify mūnīre, to fortify reperiō, I find reperīre, to find veniō, I come venīre, to come
I. 1. Quis agit? Cūr venit? Quem mittit? Quem dūcis? 2. Quid mittunt? Ad quem veniunt? Cuius castra mūniunt? 3. Quem agunt? Venīmus. Quid puer reperit? 4. Quem mittimus? Cuius equum dūcitis? Quid dīcunt? 5. Mūnīmus, venītis, dīcit. 6. Agimus, reperītis, mūnīs. 7. Reperis, ducitis, dīcis. 8. Agitis, audimus, regimus.
II. 1. What do they find? Whom do they hear? Why does he come? 2. Whose camp are we fortifying? To whom does he say? What are we saying? 3. I am driving, you are leading, they are hearing. 4. You send, he says, you fortify (sing. and plur.). 5. I am coming, we find, they send. 6. They lead, you drive, he does fortify. 7. You lead, you find, you rule, (all plur.).
«150.» CORNELIA AND HER JEWELS (Concluded)
Proximum domicīliō Cornēliae erat pulchrae Campānae domicilium. Campāna erat superba nōn sōlum fōrmā suā sed maximē ōrnāmentīs suīs. Ea[1] laudābat semper. “Habēsne tū ūlla ornāmenta, Cornēlia?” inquit. “Ubi sunt tua ōrnāmenta?” Deinde Cornēlia fīliōs suōs Tiberium et Gāium vocat. “Puerī meī,” inquit, “sunt mea ōrnāmenta. Nam bonī līberī sunt semper bonae fēminae ōrnāmenta maximē clāra.”
NOTE. The only new words here are «Campāna», «semper», and «tū».
[Footnote 1: «Ea», accusative plural neuter.]
[Illustration: “PUERI MEI SUNT MEA ORNAMENTA”]
CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV
SINGULAR
1. regē´bam, I was ruling audiē´bam, I was hearing
2. regē´bās, you were riding audiē´bās, you were hearing
3. regē´bat, he was ruling audiē´bat, he was hearing
PLURAL
1. regēbā´mus, we were ruling audiēbā´mus, we were hearing
2. regēbā´tis, you were ruling audiēbā´tis, you were hearing
3. regē´bant, they were ruling audiē´bant, they were hearing
1. The tense sign is «-bā-», as in the first two conjugations.
2. Observe that the final «-ĕ-» of the stem is lengthened before the tense sign «-bā-». This makes the imperfect of the third conjugation just like the imperfect of the second (cf. «monēbam» and «regēbam»).
3. In the fourth conjugation «-ē-» is inserted between the stem and the tense sign «-bā-» («audi-ē-ba-m»).
4. In a similar manner inflect the verbs given in §148.
I. 1. Agēbat, veniēbat, mittēbat, dūcēbant. 2. Agēbant, mittēbant, dūcēbas, mūniēbant. 3. Mittēbāmus, dūcēbātis, dīcēbant. 4. Mūniēbāmus, veniēbātis, dīcēbās. 5. Mittēbās, veniēbāmus, reperiēbat. 6. Reperiēbās, veniēbās, audiēbātis. 7. Agēbāmus, reperiēbātis, mūniēbat. 8. Agēbātis, dīcēbam, mūniēbam.
II. 1. They were leading, you were driving (sing. and plur.), he was fortifying. 2. They were sending, we were finding, I was coming. 3. You were sending, you were fortifying, (sing. and plur.), he was saying. 4. They were hearing, you were leading (sing. and plur.), I was driving. 5. We were saying, he was sending, I was fortifying. 6. They were coming, he was hearing, I was finding. 7. You were ruling (sing. and plur.), we were coming, they were ruling.
«153.» «The Dative with Special Intransitive Verbs.» We learned above (§20.a) that a verb which does not admit of a direct object is called an intransitive verb. Many such verbs, however, are of such meaning that they can govern an indirect object, which will, of course, be in the dative case (§45). Learn the following list of intransitive verbs with their meanings. In each case the dative indirect object is the person or thing to which a benefit, injury, or feeling is directed. (Cf. §43.)
«crēdō, crēdere», believe (give belief to)
«faveō, favēre», favor (show favor to)
«noceō, nocēre», injure (do harm to)
«pāreō, pārēre», obey (give obedience to)
«persuādeō, persuādēre», persuade (offer persuasion to)
«resistō, resistere», resist (offer resistance to)
«studeō, studēre», be eager for (give attention to)
«154.» RULE. «Dative with Intransitive Verbs.» The dative of the indirect object is used with the intransitive verbs «crēdō», «faveō», «noceō», «pāreō», «persuādeō», «resistō», «studeō», and others of like meaning.
1. Crēdisne verbīs sociōrum? Multī verbīs eōrum nōn crēdunt. 2. Meī fīnitimī cōnsiliō tuō nōn favēbunt, quod bellō student. 3. Tiberius et Gāius disciplīnae dūrae nōn resistēbant et Cornēliae pārēbant. 4. Dea erat inimīca septem fīliābus rēgīnae. 5. Dūra poena et perpetua trīstitia rēgīnae nōn persuādēbunt. 6. Nūper ea resistēbat et nunc resistit potentiae Lātōnae. 7. Mox sagittae volābunt et līberīs miserīs nocēbunt.
«156.» In the future tense of the third and fourth conjugations we meet with a new tense sign. Instead of using «-bi-», as in the first and second conjugations, we use «-ā-»[1] in the first person singular and «-ē-» in the rest of the tense. In the third conjugation the final «-ĕ-» of the stem is dropped before this tense sign; in the fourth conjugation the final «-ī-» of the stem is retained.[2]
[Footnote 1: The «-ā-» is shortened before «-m» final, and «-ē-»
before «-t» final and before «-nt». (Cf. §12.2.)]
[Footnote 2: The «-ī-» is, of course, shortened, being before
another vowel. (Cf. §12.1.)]
CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION IV
SINGULAR
1. re´gam, I shall rule au´diam, I shall hear
2. re´gēs, you will rule au´diēs, you will hear
3. re´get, he will rule au´diet, he will hear
PLURAL
1. regē´mus, we shall rule audiē´mus, we shall hear
2. regē´tis, you will rule audiē´tis, you will hear
3. re´gent, they will rule au´dient, they will hear
1. Observe that the future of the third conjugation is like the present of the second, excepting in the first person singular.
2. In the same manner inflect the verbs given in §148.
I. 1. Dīcet, dūcētis, mūniēmus. 2. Dīcent, dīcētis, mittēmus. 3. Mūnient, venient, mittent, agent. 4. Dūcet, mittēs, veniet, aget. 5. Mūniet, reperiētis, agēmus. 6. Mittam, veniēmus, regent. 7. Audiētis, veniēs, reperiēs. 8. Reperiet, agam, dūcēmus, mittet. 9. Vidēbitis, sedēbō, vocābimus.
II. 1. I shall find, he will hear, they will come. 2. I shall fortify, he will send, we shall say. 3. I shall drive, you will lead, they will hear. 4. You will send, you will fortify, (sing. and plur.), he will say. 5. I shall come, we shall find, they will send.
6. Who[3] will believe the story? I[4] shall believe the story. 7. Whose friends do you favor? We favor our friends. 8. Who will resist our weapons? Sextus will resist your weapons. 9. Who will persuade him? They will persuade him. 10. Why were you injuring my horse? I was not injuring your horse. 11. Whom does a good slave obey? A good slave obeys his master. 12. Our men were eager for another battle.
[Footnote 3: Remember that «quis», who, is singular in number.]
[Footnote 4: Express by «ego», because it is emphatic.]
«159.» There are a few common verbs ending in «-iō» which do not belong to the fourth conjugation, as you might infer, but to the third. The fact that they belong to the third conjugation is shown by the ending of the infinitive. (Cf. §126.) Compare
«audiō, audī´re» (hear), fourth conjugation
«capiō, ca´pere» (take), third conjugation
«160.» The present, imperfect, and future active indicative of «capiō» are inflected as follows:
«capiō, capere», take
PRES. STEM «cape-»
PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE
SINGULAR
1. ca´piō capiē´bam ca´piam
2. ca´pis capiē´bās ca´piēs
3. ca´pit capiē´bat ca´piet
PLURAL
1. ca´pimus capiēbā´mus capiē´mus
2. ca´pitis capiēbā´tis capiē´tis
3. ca´piunt capiē´bant ca´pient
1. Observe that «capiō» and the other «-iō» verbs follow the fourth conjugation wherever in the fourth conjugation two vowels occur in succession. (Cf. capiō, audiō; capiunt, audiunt; and all the imperfect and future.) All other forms are like the third conjugation. (Cf. capis, regis; capit, regit; etc.)
2. Like «capiō», inflect
«faciō, facere», make, do «fugiō, fugere», flee «iaciō, iacere», hurl «rapiō, rapere», seize
«161.» «The Imperative Mood.» The imperative mood expresses a command; as, come! send! The present tense of the imperative is used only in the second person, singular and plural. The singular in the active voice is regularly the same in form as the present stem. The plural is formed by adding «-te» to the singular.
CONJUGATION SINGULAR PLURAL
I. amā, love thou amā´te, love ye
II. monē, advise thou monē´te, advise ye
III. (a) rege, rule thou re´gite, rule ye
(b) cape, take thou ca´pite, take ye
IV. audī, hear thou audī´te, hear ye
sum (irregular) es, be thou este, be ye
1. In the third conjugation the final -ĕ- of the stem becomes -ĭ- in
the plural.
2. The verbs «dīcō», say; «dūcō», lead; and «faciō», make, have the irregular forms «dīc», «dūc», and «fac» in the singular.
3. Give the present active imperative, singular and plural, of «veniō», «dūcō», «vocō», «doceō», «laudō», «dīcō», «sedeō», «agō», «faciō», «mūniō», «mittō», «rapiō».
I. 1. Fugient, faciunt, iaciēbat. 2. Dēlē, nūntiāte, fugiunt. 3. Venīte, dīc, faciētis. 4. Dūcite, iaciam, fugiēbant. 5. Fac, iaciēbāmus, fugimus, rapite. 6. Sedēte, reperī, docēte. 7. Fugiēmus, iacient, rapiēs. 8. Reperient, rapiēbātis, nocent. 9. Favēte, resistē, pārēbitis.
10. Volā ad multās terrās et dā auxilium. 11. Ego tēla mea capiam et multās ferās dēlēbō. 12. Quis fābulae tuae crēdet? 13. Este bonī, puerī, et audīte verba grāta magistrī.
II. 1. The goddess will seize her arms and will hurl her weapons. 2. With her weapons she will destroy many beasts. 3. She will give aid to the weak.[1] 4. She will fly to many lands and the beasts will flee. 5. Romans, tell[2] the famous story to your children.
[Footnote 1: Plural. An adjective used as a noun. (Cf.
§99.II.3.)]
[Footnote 2: Imperative. The imperative generally stands first, as
in English.]
* * * * *
«Third Review, Lessons XVIII-XXVI, §§510-512»
* * * * *
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
«āla, -ae», f., wing
«deus, -ī», m., god (deity)[A]
«monstrum, -ī», n., omen, prodigy; monster
ōrāculum, -ī, n., oracle
VERB
«vāstō, -āre», lay waste, devastate
ADJECTIVES
«commōtus, -a, -um», moved, excited
«maximus, -a, -um», greatest (maximum)
«saevus, -a, -um», fierce, savage
ADVERBS
«ita», thus, in this way, as follows
«tum», then, at that time
[Footnote A: For the declension of «deus», see §468]
«163.» «The Voices.» Thus far the verb forms have been in the active voice; that is, they have represented the subject as performing an action; as,
The lion —-> killed —-> the hunter
A verb is said to be in the passive voice when it represents its subject as receiving an action; as,
The lion <—- was killed <—- by the hunter
Note the direction of the arrows.
«164.» «Passive Personal Endings.» In the passive voice we use a different set of personal endings. They are as follows:
SINGULAR PLURAL 1. -r, I 1. -mur, we 2. -ris, -re, you 2. -minī, you 3. -tur, he, she, it 3. -ntur, they
a. Observe that the letter «-r» appears somewhere in all but one of the endings. This is sometimes called the passive sign.
«amō, amāre» «monēo, monēre»
PRES. STEM «amā-» PRES. STEM «monē-»
PRESENT INDICATIVE PERSONAL
ENDINGS
SINGULAR
a´mor, I am loved mo´neor, I am advised -or[1]
amā´ris or amā´re, monē´ris or monē´re. -ris or -re
you are loved you are advised
amā´tur, he is loved monē´tur, he is advised -tur
PLURAL
amā´mur, we are loved monē´mur, we are advised -mur
amā´minī, you are loved monē´minī, you are advised -mini
aman´tur, they are loved monen´tur, they are advised -ntur
[Footnote 1: In the present the personal ending of the first person
singular is «-or».]
IMPERFECT INDICATIVE (TENSE SIGN «-bā-»)
SINGULAR
amā´bar, monē´bar, -r
I was being loved I was being advised
amābā´ris or amābā´re, monēbā´ris or monēbā´re -ris or -re
you were being loved you were being advised
amābā´tur, monēbā´tur, -tur
he was being loved he was being advised
PLURAL
amābā´mur, monēbā´mur, -mur
we were being loved we were being advised
amābā´minī, monēbā´minī, -minī
you were being loved you were being advised
amāban´tur, monēban´tur, -ntur
they were being loved they were being advised
FUTURE (TENSE SIGN «-bi-»)
SINGULAR
amā´bor, monē´bor, -r
I shall be loved I shall be advised
amā´beris, or amā´bere monē´beris or monē´bere, -ris or -re
you will be loved you will be advised
amā´bitur, monē´bitur, -tur
he will be loved he will be advised
PLURAL
amā´bimur, monē´bimur, -mur
we shall be loved we shall be advised
amābi´minī, monēbi´minī, -minī
you will be loved you will be advised
amābun´tur, monēbun´tur, -ntur
they will be loved they will be advised
1. The tense sign and the personal endings are added as in the active.
2. In the future the tense sign «-bi-» appears as «-bo-» in the first person, «-be-» in the second, singular number, and as «-bu-» in the third person plural.
3. Inflect «laudō», «necō», «portō», «moveō», «dēleō», «iubeō», in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive.
«166.» Intransitive verbs, such as «mātūrō», I hasten; «habitō», I dwell, do not have a passive voice with a personal subject.
I. 1. Laudāris or laudāre, laudās, datur, dat. 2. Dabitur, dabit, vidēminī, vidētis. 3. Vocābat, vocābātur, dēlēbitis, dēlēbiminī. 4. Parābātur, parābat, cūrās, cūrāris or cūrāre. 5. Portābantur, portābant, vidēbimur, vidēbimus. 6. Iubēris or iubēre, iubēs, laudābāris or laudābāre, laudābās. 7. Movēberis or movēbere, movēbis, dabantur, dabant. 8. Dēlentur, dēlent, parābāmur, parābāmus.
II. 1. We prepare, we are prepared, I shall be called, I shall call, you were carrying, you were being carried. 2. I see, I am seen, it was being announced, he was announcing, they will order, they will be ordered. 3. You will be killed, you will kill, you move, you are moved, we are praising, we are being praised. 4. I am called, I call, you will have, you are cared for. 5. They are seen, they see, we were teaching, we were being taught, they will move, they will be moved.
[Illustration: PERSEUS ANDROMEDAM SERVAT]
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288.
Perseus fīlius erat Iovis,[2] maximī[3] deōrum. Dē eō multās fabulās nārrant poētae. Eī favent deī, eī magica arma et ālās dant. Eīs tēlīs armātus et ālīs frētus ad multās terrās volābat et mōnstra saeva dēlēbat et miserīs īnfīrmīsque auxilium dabat.
Aethiopia est terra Āfricae. Eam terram Cēpheus[4] regēbat. Eī[5] Neptūnus, maximus aquārum deus, erat īrātus et mittit[6] mōnstrum saevum ad Aethiopiam. Ibi mōnstrum nōn sōlum lātīs pulchrīsque Aethiopiae agrīs nocēbat sed etiam domicilia agricolārum dēlēbat, et multōs virōs, fēminās, līberōsque necābat. Populus ex agrīs fugiēbat et oppida mūrīs validīs mūniēbat. Tum Cēpheus magnā trīstitiā commōtus ad Iovis ōrāculum properat et ita dīcit: “Amīcī meī necantur; agrī meī vāstantur. Audī verba mea, Iuppiter. Dā miserīs auxilium. Age mōnstrum saevum ex patriā.”
[Footnote 2: «Iovis», the genitive of «Iuppiter».]
[Footnote 3: Used substantively, the greatest. So below, l. 4, «miserīs» and «īnfīrmīs» are used substantively.]
[Footnote 4: Pronounce in two syllables, Ce´pheus.]
[Footnote 5: «Eī», at him, dative with «īrātus».]
[Footnote 6: The present is often used, as in English, in speaking of a past action, in order to make the story more vivid and exciting.]
[Special Vocabulary]
VERBS
«respondeō, -ēre», respond, reply
«servō, -āre», save, preserve
ADJECTIVE
«cārus, -a, -um», dear (cherish)
CONJUNCTION
«autem», but, moreover, now. Usually stands second, never first
NOUN
«vīta, -ae», f., life (vital)
«169.» Review the present, imperfect, and future indicative active of «regō» and «audiō», and learn the passive of the same tenses (§§490, 491).
a. Observe that the tense signs of the imperfect and future are the same as in the active voice, and that the passive personal endings (§164) are added instead of the active ones.
b. Note the slight irregularity in the second person singular present of the third conjugation. There the final «-e-» of the stem is not changed to «-i-», as it is in the active. We therefore have «re´geris» or «re´gere», not «re´giris», «re´gire».
c. Inflect «agō», «dīcō», «dūcō», «mūniō», «reperiō», in the present, imperfect, and future indicative, active and passive.
I. 1. Agēbat, agēbātur, mittēbat, mittēbātur, dūcēbat. 2. Agunt, aguntur, mittuntur, mittunt, mūniunt. 3. Mittor, mittar, mittam, dūcēre, dūcere. 4. Dīcēmur, dīcimus, dīcēmus, dīcimur, mūniēbaminī. 5. Dūcitur, dūciminī, reperīmur, reperiar, agitur. 6. Agēbāmus, agēbāmur, reperīris, reperiēminī. 7. Mūnīminī, veniēbam, dūcēbar, dīcētur. 8. Mittiminī, mittitis, mittēris, mitteris, agēbāminī. 9. Dīcitur, dīcit, mūniuntur, reperient, audientur.
II. 1. I was being driven, I was driving, we were leading, we were being led, he says, it is said. 2. I shall send, I shall be sent, you will find, you will be found, they lead, they are led. 3. I am found, we are led, they are driven, you were being led (sing. and plur.). 4. We shall drive, we shall be driven, he leads, he is being led, they will come, they will be fortified. 5. They were ruling, they were being ruled, you will send, you will be sent, you are sent, (sing. and plur.). 6. He was being led, he will come, you are said (sing. and plur.).
«171.» PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA (Continued)
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 288.
Tum ōrāculum ita respondet: “Mala est fortūna tua. Neptūnus, magnus aquārum deus, terrae Aethiopiae inimīcus, eās poenās mittit. Sed parā īrātō deō sacrum idōneum et mōnstrum saevum ex patriā tuā agētur. Andromeda fīlia tua est mōnstrō grāta. Dā eam mōnstrō. Servā cāram patriam et vītam populī tuī.” Andromeda autem erat puella pulchra. Eam amābat Cēpheus maximē.
[Special Vocabulary]
VERB
«superō, -āre», conquer, overcome (insuperable)
NOUNS
«cūra, -ae», f., care, trouble
«locus, -ī», m., place, spot (location). «Locus» is neuter in the
plural and is declined «loca, -ōrum», etc.
«perīculum, -ī», n., danger, peril
ADVERBS
«semper», always
«tamen», yet, nevertheless
PREPOSITIONS «dē», with abl., down from; concerning «per», with acc., through
CONJUNCTION
«si», if
«172.» Review the active voice of «capiō», present, imperfect, and future, and learn the passive of the same tenses (§492).
a. The present forms «capior» and «capiuntur» are like «audior, audiuntur», and the rest of the tense is like «regor».
b. In like manner inflect the passive of «iaciō» and «rapiō».
«173.» «The Infinitive.» The infinitive mood gives the general meaning of the verb without person or number; as, «amāre», to love. Infinitive means unlimited. The forms of the other moods, being limited by person and number, are called the finite, or limited, verb forms.
«174.» The forms of the Present Infinitive, active and passive, are as follows:
I. «amā-» amā´re, amā´rī,
to love to be loved
II. «monē-» monē´re, monē´rī,
to advise to be advised
III. «rege-» re´gere, re´gī,
to rule to be ruled
«cape-» ca´pere ca´pī,
to take to be taken
IV. «audī-» audī´re, audīrī,
to hear to be heard
1. Observe that to form the present active infinitive we add «-re» to the present stem.
a. The present infinitive of «sum» is «esse». There is no passive.
2. Observe that the present passive infinitive is formed from the active by changing final «-e» to «-ī», except in the third conjugation, which changes final «-ere» to «-ī».
3. Give the active and passive present infinitives of «doceō», «sedeō», «volō», «cūrō», «mittō», «dūcō», «mūniō», «reperiō», «iaciō», «rapiō.»
«175.» The forms of the Present Imperative, active and passive, are as follows:
ACTIVE[1] PASSIVE
CONJ. SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
I. «a´mā» amā´te amā´re, amā´minī,
be thou loved be ye loved
II. «mo´nē» monē´te monē´re, monē´minī,
be thou advised be ye advised
III. «re´ge» re´gite re´gere, regi´minī,
be thou ruled be ye ruled
«ca´pe» ca´pite ca´pere, capi´minī,
be thou taken be ye taken
IV. «au´dī» audī´te audī´re, audī´minī,
be thou heard be ye heard
1. Observe that the second person singular of the present passive imperative is like the present active infinitive, and that both singular and plural are like the second person singular[2] and plural, respectively, of the present passive indicative.
2. Give the present imperative, both active and passive, of the verbs in §174.3.
[Footnote 1: For the sake of comparison the active is repeated from
§161.]
[Footnote 2: That is, using the personal ending «-re». A form like
«amāre» may be either indicative, infinitive, or imperative.]
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289.
I. 1. Tum Perseus ālīs ad terrās multās volabit. 2. Mōnstrum saevum per aquās properat et mox agrōs nostrōs vāstābit. 3. Sī autem Cēpheus ad ōrāculum properābit, ōrāculum ita respondēbit. 4. Quis tēlīs Perseī superābitur? Multa mōnstra tēlīs eius superābuntur. 5. Cum cūrīs magnīs et lacrimīs multīs agricolae ex domiciliīs cārīs aguntur. 6. Multa loca vāstābantur et multa oppida dēlēbantur. 7. Mōnstrum est validum, tamen superābitur. 8. Crēdēsne semper verbīs ōrāculī? Ego iīs non semper crēdam. 9. Pārēbitne Cēpheus ōrāculō? Verba ōrāculī eī persuādēbunt. 10. Si nōn fugiēmus, oppidum capiētur et oppidānī necābuntur. 11. Vocāte puerōs et nārrāte fābulam clāram dē mōnstrō saevō.
II. 1. Fly thou, to be cared for, be ye sent, lead thou. 2. To lead, to be led, be ye seized, fortify thou. 3. To be hurled, to fly, send thou, to be found. 4. To be sent, be ye led, to hurl, to be taken. 5. Find thou, hear ye, be ye ruled, to be fortified.
[Special Vocabulary]
VERBS
«absum, abesse», irreg., be away, be absent, be distant, with
separative abl.
«adpropinquō, -āre», draw near, approach (propinquity), with
dative[A]
«contineō, -ēre», hold together, hem in, keep (contain)
«discēdō, -ere», depart, go away, leave, with separative abl.
«egeō, -ēre», lack, need, be without, with separative abl.
«interficiō, -ere», kill
«prohibeō, -ēre», restrain, keep from (prohibit)
«vulnerō, -āre», wound (vulnerable)
NOUNS
«prōvincia, -ae», f., province
«vīnum, -ī», n., wine
ADJECTIVE
«dēfessus, -a, -um», weary, worn out
ADVERB
«longē», far, by far, far away
[Footnote A: This verb governs the dative because the idea of nearness to is stronger than that of motion to. If the latter idea were the stronger, the word would be used with «ad» and the accusative.]
«177.» You should learn to give rapidly synopses of the verbs you have had, as follows:[1]
CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II
INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
Pres. a´mō a´mor mo´neō mo´neor
Imperf. amā´bam amā´bar monē´bam monē´bar
Fut. amā´bo amā´bor monē´bo monē´bor
[Footnote 1: Synopses should be given not only in the first person,
but in other persons as well, particularly in the third singular and
plural.]
CONJUGATION I CONJUGATION II
IMPERATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
Pres. a´mā amā´re mo´nē monē´re
INFINITIVE
Pres. amā´re amā´rī monē´re monē´rī
CONJUGATION III CONJUGATION III («-iō» verbs)
INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
Pres. re´gō re´gor ca´piō ca´pior
Imperf. regē´bam regē´bar capiē´bam capiē´bar
Fut. re´gam re´gar ca´piam ca´piar
IMPERATIVE
Pres. re´ge re´gere ca´pe ca´pere
INFINITIVE
Pres. re´gere re´gī ca´pere ca´pī
CONJUGATION IV
INDICATIVE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Pres. au´diō au´dior
Imperf. audiē´bam audiē´bar
Fut. au´diam au´diar
IMPERATIVE
Pres. au´dī audī´re
INFINITIVE
Pres. audī´re audī´rī
1. Give the synopsis of «rapiō», «mūniō», «reperiō», «doceō», «videō»,
«dīcō», «agō», «laudō», «portō», and vary the person and number.
«178.» We learned in §50 that one of the three relations covered by the ablative case is expressed in English by the preposition from. This is sometimes called the separative ablative, and it has a number of special uses. You have already grown familiar with the first mentioned below.
«179.» RULE. «Ablative of the Place From.» The place from which is expressed by the ablative with the prepositions «ā» or «ab», «dē», «ē» or «ex».
«Agricolae ex agrīs veniunt», the farmers come from the fields
a. «ā» or «ab» denotes from near a place; «ē» or «ex», out from it; and «dē», down from it. This may be represented graphically as follows:
_________
| |
«ā» or «ab» | | «ē» or «ex»
/_____________| ___________________\
\ | Place | /
|_________|
|
| «dē»
|
V
«180.» RULE. «Ablative of Separation.» Words expressing separation or deprivation require an ablative to complete their meaning.
a. If the separation is actual and literal of one material thing from another, the preposition «ā» or «ab», «ē» or «ex», or «dē» is generally used. If no actual motion takes place of one thing from another, no preposition is necessary.
(a) «Perseus terram ā mōnstrīs līberat»
Perseus frees the land from monsters
(literal separation—actual motion is expressed)
(b) «Perseus terram trīstitiā līberat»
Perseus frees the land from sorrow
(figurative separation—no actual motion is expressed)
«181.» RULE. «Ablative of the Personal Agent.» The word expressing the person from whom an action starts, when not the subject, is put in the ablative with the preposition «ā» or «ab.»
a. In this construction the English translation of «ā», «ab» is by rather than from. This ablative is regularly used with passive verbs to indicate the person by whom the act was performed.
«Mōnstrum ā Perseō necātur», the monster is being slain by (lit. from) Perseus
b. Note that the active form of the above sentence would be «Perseus monstrum necat», Perseus is slaying the monster. In the passive the object of the active verb becomes the subject, and the subject of the active verb becomes the ablative of the personal agent, with «ā» or «ab».
c. Distinguish carefully between the ablative of means and the ablative of the personal agent. Both are often translated into English by the preposition by. (Cf. §100. b.) Means is a «thing»; the agent or actor is a «person». The ablative of means has no preposition. The ablative of the personal agent has «ā» or «ab». Compare
«Fera sagittā necātur», the wild beast is killed by an arrow
«Fera ā Diānā necātur», the wild beast is killed by Diana
«Sagittā», in the first sentence, is the ablative of means; «ā
Diānā», in the second, is the ablative of the personal agent.
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289.
I. 1. Viri inopiā cibī dēfessī ab eō locō discēdent. 2. Gerinānī castrīs Rōmānīs adpropinquābant, tamen lēgātus cōpiās ā proeliō continēbat. 3. Multa Gallōrum oppida ab Rōmanīs capientur. 4. Tum Rōmānī tōtum populum eōrum oppidōrum gladiīs pīlīsque interficient. 5. Oppidānī Rōmānīs resistent, sed defessī longō proelīo fugient. 6. Multī ex Galliā fugiēbant et in Germānōrum vicīs habitābant. 7. Miserī nautae vulnerantur ab inimīcīs[2] saevīs et cibō egent. 8. Discēdite et date virīs frūmentum et cōpiam vīnī. 9. Cōpiae nostrae ā proeliō continēbantur ab Sextō lēgatō. 10. Id oppidum ab prōvinciā Rōmānā longē aberat.
II. 1. The weary sailors were approaching a place dear to the goddess Diana. 2. They were without food and without wine. 3. Then Galba and seven other men are sent to the ancient island by Sextus. 4. Already they are not far away from the land, and they see armed men on a high place. 5. They are kept from the land by the men with spears and arrows. 6. The men kept hurling their weapons down from the high place with great eagerness.
[Footnote 2: «inimīcīs», here used as a noun. See vocabulary.]
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
aurum, -ī, n., gold (oriole)
«mora, -ae», f., delay
«nāvigium, nāvi´gī», n., boat, ship
«ventus, -ī», m., wind (ventilate)
VERB
«nāvigō, -āre», sail (navigate)
ADJECTIVES
attentus, -a, -um, attentive, careful
«dubius, -a, -um», doubtful (dubious)
perfidus, -a, -um, faithless, treacherous (perfidy)
ADVERB
«anteā», before, previously
PREPOSITION
«sine», with abl., without
«183.» «Principal Parts.» There are certain parts of the verb that are of so much consequence in tense formation that we call them the principal parts.
The principal parts of the Latin verb are the present, the past, and the past participle; as go, went, gone; see, saw, seen, etc.
The principal parts of the Latin verb are the first person singular of the present indicative, the present infinitive, the first person singular of the perfect indicative, and the perfect passive participle.
«184.» «Conjugation Stems.» From the principal parts we get three conjugation stems, from which are formed the entire conjugation. We have already learned about the «present stem», which is found from the present infinitive (cf. §126.a). The other two stems are the «perfect stem» and the «participial stem».
«185.» «The Perfect Stem.» The perfect stem of the verb is formed in various ways, but may always be found by dropping «-ī» from the first person singular of the perfect, the third of the principal parts. From the perfect stem are formed the following tenses:
All these tenses express completed action in present, past, or future time respectively.
«186.» «The Endings of the Perfect.» The perfect active indicative is inflected by adding the endings of the perfect to the perfect stem. These endings are different from those found in any other tense, and are as follows:
SINGULAR PLURAL 1. -ī, I 1. -imus, we 2. -istī, you 2. -istis, you 3. -it, he, she, it 3. -ērunt or -ēre, they
«187.» Inflection of «sum» in the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect indicative:
PRES. INDIC. PRES. INFIN. PERF. INDIC.
PRIN. PARTS sum esse fuī
PERFECT STEM fu-
PERFECT
SINGULAR PLURAL
fu´ī, I have been, I was fu´imus, we have been, we were
fuis´tī, fuis´tis, you have been, you were
you have been, you were
fu´it, he has been, he was fuē´runt or fuē´re,
they have been, they were
PLUPERFECT (TENSE SIGN «-erā-»)
fu´eram, I had been fuerā´mus, we had been
fu´erās, you had been fuerā´tis, you had been
fu´erat, he had been fu´erant, they had been
FUTURE PERFECT (TENSE SIGN «-eri-»)
fu´erō, I shall have been fue´rimus, we shall have been
fu´eris, you will have been fue´ritis, you will have been
fu´erit, he will have been fu´erint, they will have been
1. Note carefully the changing accent in the perfect.
2. Observe that the pluperfect may be formed by adding «eram», the imperfect of «sum», to the perfect stem. The tense sign is «-erā-».
3. Observe that the future perfect may be formed by adding «erō», the future of «sum», to the perfect stem. But the third person plural ends in «-erint», not in «-erunt». The tense sign is «-eri-».
4. All active perfects, pluperfects, and future perfects are formed on the perfect stem and inflected in the same way.
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 289.
M. Ubi fuistis, Tite et Quīnte?
T. Ego in meō lūdō fuī et Quīntus in suō lūdō fuit. Bonī puerī fuimus.
Fuitne Sextus in vīcō hodiē?
M. Fuit. Nūper per agrōs proximōs fluviō properābat. Ibi is et
Cornēlius habent nāvigium.
T. Nāvigium dīcis? Aliī[1] nārrā eam fābulam!
M. Vērō (Yes, truly), pulchrum et novum nāvigium!
Q. Cuius pecūniā[2] Sextus et Cornēlius id nāvigium parant? Quis iīs
pecūniam dat?
M. Amīcī Cornēlī multum habent aurum et puer pecūniā nōn eget.
T. Quō puerī nāvigābunt? Nāvigābuntne longē ā terrā?
M. Dubia sunt cōnsilia eōrum. Sed hodiē, crēdō, sī ventus erit
idōneus, ad maximam īnsulam nāvigābunt. Iam anteā ibi fuērunt.
Tum autem ventus erat perfidus et puerī magnō in perīculō erant.
Q. Aqua ventō commōta est inimīca nautīs semper, et saepe perfidus
ventus nāvigia rapit, agit, dēletque. Iī puerī, sī nōn fuerint
maximē attentī, īrātā aquā et validō ventō superābuntur et ita
interficientur.
[Footnote 1: Dative case. (Cf. §109.)]
[Footnote 2: Ablative of means.]
1. Where had the boys been before? They had been in school. 2. Where had Sextus been? He had been in a field next to the river. 3. Who has been with Sextus to-day? Cornelius has been with him. 4. Who says so? Marcus. 5. If the wind has been suitable, the boys have been in the boat. 6. Soon we shall sail with the boys. 7. There[3] will be no danger, if we are (shall have been) careful.[4]
[Footnote 3: The expletive there is not expressed, but the verb
will precede the subject, as in English.]
[Footnote 4: This predicate adjective must be nominative plural to
agree with we.]
[Special Vocabulary]
NOUNS
«animus, -ī», m., mind, heart; spirit, feeling (animate)
«bracchium, bracchī», n., forearm, arm
«porta, -ae», f., gate (portal)
ADJECTIVES
«adversus, -a, -um», opposite; adverse, contrary
«plēnus, -a, -um», full (plenty)
PREPOSITION
«prō», with abl., before; in behalf of; instead of
ADVERB
«diū», for a long time, long
«190.» «Meanings of the Perfect.» The perfect tense has two distinct meanings. The first of these is equivalent to the English present perfect, or perfect with have, and denotes that the action of the verb is complete at the time of speaking; as, I have finished my work. As this denotes completed action at a definite time, it is called the «perfect definite».
The perfect is also used to denote an action that happened sometime in the past; as, I finished my work. As no definite time is specified, this is called the «perfect indefinite». It corresponds to the ordinary use of the English past tense.
a. Note carefully the difference between the following tenses:
I {was finishing } my work (imperfect, §134)
{used to finish}
I finished my work (perfect indefinite)
I have finished my work (perfect definite)