a. «lapis» is an exception to this rule.
3. Observe the consonant changes of the base or stem in the nominative:
a. A final «-t» or «-d» is dropped before «-s»; thus «mīles» for
«mīlets», «lapis» for «lapids», «virtūs» for «virtūts».
b. A final «-c» or «-g» unites with «-s» and forms «-x»; thus «iūdec» + «s» = «iūdex», «rēg» + «s» = «rēx».
4. Review §74 and apply the rules to this declension.
In like manner decline «dux, ducis», m., leader; «eques, equitis», m., horseman; «pedes, peditis», m., foot soldier; «pēs, pedis», m.,foot.
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291.
I. 1. Neque peditēs neque equitēs occupāre castellum Rōmānum poterant. 2. Summā virtūte mūrōs altōs cotīdiē oppugnābant. 3. Pedes mīlitum lapidibus quī dē mūrō iaciēbantur saepe vulnerābantur. 4. Quod novum cōnsilium dux cēpit? 5. Is perfidam puellam pulchrīs ōrnāmentīs temptāvit. 6. Quid puella fēcit? 7. Puella commōta aurō mīlitēs per portās dūxit. 8. Tamen praemia quae summō studiō petīverat nōn reportāvit. 9. Apud Rōmānōs antīquōs Tarpēia nōn est laudāta.
II. 1. What ship is that which I see? That («illud») ship is the Victory. It is sailing now with a favorable wind and will soon approach Italy. 2. The judges commanded the savages to be seized and to be killed. 3. The chiefs of the savages suddenly began to flee, but were quickly captured by the horsemen. 4. The king led the foot soldiers to the wall from which the townsmen were hurling stones with the greatest zeal.
[Illustration: NAVIGIUM]
THE THIRD DECLENSION · CONSONANT STEMS (Continued)
[Special Vocabulary]
«Caesar, -aris», m., Cæsar «captīvus, -ī», m., captive, prisoner «cōnsul, -is», m., consul «frāter, frātris», m., brother (fraternity) «homō, hominis», m., man, human being «impedīmentum, -ī», n., hindrance (impediment); plur. «impedīmenta, -ōrum», baggage «imperātor, imperātōris», m., commander in chief, general (emperor) «legiō, legiōnis», f., legion «māter, mātris», f., mother (maternal) «ōrdō, ōrdinis», m., row, rank (order) «pater, patris», m., father (paternal) «salūs, salūtis», f., safety (salutary) «soror, sorōris», f., sister (sorority)
«235.» Consonant stems that add no termination in the nominative are declined in the other cases exactly like those that add «-s.» They may be masculine, feminine, or neuter.
«cōnsul», «legiō», f., «ōrdō», «pater», m.,
m., consul legion m., row father
BASES OR
STEMS «cōnsul-» «legiōn-» «ōrdin-» «patr-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS M. AND F. Nom. cōnsul legiō ōrdō pater — Gen. cōnsulis legiōnis ōrdinis patris -is Dat. cōnsulī legiōnī ōrdinī patrī -ī Acc. cōnsulem legiōnem ōrdinem patrem -em Abl. cōnsule legiōne ōrdine patre -e
PLURAL
Nom. cōnsulēs legiōnēs ōrdinēs patrēs -ēs
Gen. cōnsulum legiōnum ōrdinum patrum -um
Dat. cōnsulibus legiōnibus ōrdinibus patribus -ibus
Acc. cōnsulēs legiōnēs ōrdinēs patrēs -ēs
Abl. cōnsulibus legiōnibus ōrdinibus patribus -ibus
1. With the exception of the nominative, the terminations are exactly the same as in Class I, and the base or stem is found in the same way.
2. Masculines and feminines with bases or stems in -in- and -ōn- drop -n- and end in -ō in the nominative, as legiō (base or stem legiōn-), ōrdō (base or stem ōrdin-).
3. Bases or stems in -tr- have -ter in the nominative, as pater (base or stem patr-).
4. Note how the genitive singular gives the clue to the whole declension. Always learn this with the nominative.
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 291.
I. 1. Audīsne tubās, Mārce? Nōn sōlum tubās audiō sed etiam ōrdinēs militum et carrōs impedīmentōrum plēnōs vidēre possum. 2.Quās legiōnēs vidēmus? Eae legiōnēs nūper ex Galliā vēnērunt. 3. Quid ibi fēcērunt? Studēbantne pugnāre an sine virtūte erant? 4.Multa proelia fēcērunt[1] et magnās victōriās et multōs captīvōs reportāvērunt. 5.Quis est imperātor eārum legiōnum? Caesar, summus Rōmānōrum imperātor. 6.Quis est eques quī pulchram corōnam gerit? Is eques est frāter meus. Eī corōna ā cōnsule data est quia summā virtūte pugnāverat et ā barbarīs patriam servāverat.
II. 1. Who has seen my father to-day? 2. I saw him just now («nūper»). He was hastening to your dwelling with your mother and sister. 3. When men are far from the fatherland and lack food, they cannot be restrained[2] from wrong[3]. 4. The safety of the soldiers is dear to Cæsar, the general. 5. The chiefs were eager to storm a town full of grain which was held by the consul. 6. The king forbade the baggage of the captives to be destroyed.
[Footnote 1: «proelium facere» = to fight a battle.]
[Footnote 2: «contineō.» Cf. §180.]
[Footnote 3: Abl. iniūriā.]
THE THIRD DECLENSION · CONSONANT STEMS (Concluded)
[Special Vocabulary]
«calamitās, calamitātis», f., loss, disaster, defeat (calamity) «caput, capitis», n., head (capital) «flūmen, flūminis», n., river (flume) «labor, labōris», m., labor, toil «opus, operis», n., work, task «ōrātor, ōrātōris», m., orator «rīpa, -ae», f., bank (of a stream) «tempus, temporis», n., time (temporal) «terror, terrōris», m., terror, fear «victor, victōris», m., victor
«accipiō, accipere, accēpī, acceptus», receive, accept
«cōnfirmō, cōnfīrmāre, cōnfīrmāvī, cōnfīrmātus», strengthen,
establish, encourage (confirm)
«238.» Neuter consonant stems add no termination in the nominative and are declined as follows:
«flūmen», «tempus», «opus», «caput»,
n., river n., time n., work n., head
BASES OR
STEMS «flūmin-» «tempor-» «oper-» «capit-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
Nom. flūmen tempus opus caput —
Gen. flūminis temporis operis capitis -is
Dat. flūminī temperī operī capitī -ī
Acc. flūmen tempus opus caput —
Abl. flūmine tempore opere capite -e
PLURAL
Nom. flūmina tempora opera capita -a
Gen. flūminum temporum operum capitum -um
Dat. flūminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus
Acc. flūmina tempora opera capita -a
Abl. flūminibus temporibus operibus capitibus -ibus
1. Review §74 and apply the rules to this declension.
2. Bases or stems in -in- have -e- instead of -i- in the nominative, as flūmen, base or stem flūmin-.
3. Most bases or stems in -er- and -or- have -us in the nominative, as opus, base or stem oper-; tempus, base or stem tempor-.
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292.
I. 1. Barbarī ubi Rōmam cēpērunt, maxima rēgum opera dēlēvērunt. 2. Rōmānī multās calamitātēs ā barbarīs accēpērunt. 3. Ubi erat summus terror apud oppidānōs, animī dubiī eōrum ab ōrātōre clarō cōnfīrmāti sunt. 4. Rōma est in rīpīs fiūminis magnī. 5. Ubi Caesar imperātor mīlitēs suōs arma capere iussit, iī ā proeliō continērī nōn potuērunt. 6. Ubi proelium factum est, imperātor reperīrī nōn potuit. 7. Imperātor sagittā in capite vulnerātus erat et stāre nōn poterat. 8. Eum magnō labōre pedes ex proeliō portāvit. 9. Is bracchiīs suīs imperātōrem tenuit et eum ex perīculīs summīs servāvit. 10. Virtūte suā bonus mīles ab imperātōre corōnam accēpit.
II. 1. The consul placed a crown on the head of the victor. 2. Before the gates he was received by the townsmen. 3. A famous orator praised him and said, “By your labors you have saved the fatherland from disaster.” 4. The words of the orator were pleasing to the victor. 5. To save the fatherland was a great task.
[Illustration: Corona]
«240.» Review the paradigms in §§233, 236, 238; and decline all nouns of the third declension in this selection.
Ōlim Cimbrī et Teutonēs, populī Germāniae, cum fēminīs līberīsque Italiae adpropinquāverant et cōpiās Rōmānās maximō proeliō vīcerant. Ubi fuga legiōnum nūntiāta est, summus erat terror tōtīus Rōmae, et Rōmānī, graviter commōtī, sacra crēbra deīs faciēbant et salūtem petēbant.
Tum Mānlius ōrātor animōs populī ita cōnfīrmāvit:—“Magnam calamitātem accēpimus. Oppida nostra ā Cimbrīs Teutonibusque capiuntur, agricolae interficiuntur, agrī vāstantur, cōpiae barbarōrum Rōmae adpropinquant. Itaque, nisi novīs animīs proelium novum faciēmus et Germānōs ex patriā nostrā sine morā agēmus, erit nūlla salūs fēminīs nostrīs līberīsque. Servāte līberōs! Servāte patriam! Anteā superātī sumus quia imperātōrēs nostrī fuērunt īnfīrmī. Nunc Marius, clārus imperātor, quī iam multās aliās victōriās reportāvit, legiōnēs dūcet et animōs nostrōs terrōre Cimbricō līberāre mātūrābit.”
Marius tum in Āfricā bellum gerēbat. Sine morā ex Āfricā in Italiam vocātus est. Cōpiās novās nōn sōlum tōtī Italiae sed etiam prōvinciīs sociōrum imperāvit.[2] Disciplīnā autem dūrā labōribusque perpetuīs mīlitēs exercuit. Tum cum peditibus equitibusque, quī iam proeliō studēbant, ad Germānōrum castra celeriter properāvit. Diū et ācriter pugnātum est.[3] Dēnique barbarī fūgērunt et multī in fugā ab equitibus sunt interfectī. Marius pater patriae vocātus est.
[Footnote 1: About the year 100 B.C. the Romans were greatly alarmed by an invasion of barbarians from the north known as Cimbri and Teutons. They were traveling with wives and children, and had an army of 300,000 fighting men. Several Roman armies met defeat, and the city was in a panic. Then the Senate called upon Marius, their greatest general, to save the country. First he defeated the Teutons in Gaul. Next, returning to Italy, he met the Cimbri. A terrible battle ensued, in which the Cimbri were utterly destroyed; but the terror Cimbricus continued to haunt the Romans for many a year thereafter.]
[Footnote 2: He made a levy (of troops) upon, «imperāvit» with the acc. and the dat.]
[Footnote 3: Cf. §200. II. 2.]
[Special Vocabulary]
«animal, animālis (-ium[A])», n., animal «avis, avis (-ium)», f., bird (aviation) «caedēs, caedis (-ium)», f., slaughter calcar, calcāris (-ium), n., spur «cīvis, cīvis (-ium)», m. and f., citizen (civic) «cliēns, clientis (-ium)», m., retainer, dependent (client) «fīnis, fīnis (-ium)», m., end, limit (final); plur., country, territory «hostis, hostis (-ium)», m. and f., enemy in war (hostile). Distinguish from «inimīcus», which means a personal enemy «ignis, ignis (-ium)», m., fire (ignite) «īnsigne, īnsignis (-ium)», n. decoration, badge (ensign) «mare, maris (-ium[B])», n., sea (marine) «nāvis, nāvis (-ium)», f., ship (naval); «nāvis longa», man-of-war «turris, turris (-ium)», f., tower (turret) «urbs, urbis (-ium)», f., city (suburb). An «urbs» is larger than an «oppidum».
[Footnote A: The genitive plural ending «-ium» is written to mark the i-stems.]
[Footnote B: The genitive plural of «mare» is not in use.]
«241.» To decline a noun of the third declension correctly we must know whether or not it is an «i»-stem. Nouns with «i»-stems are
1. Masculines and feminines:
a. Nouns in «-ēs» and «-īs» with the same number of syllables in the genitive as in the nominative. Thus «caedēs, caedis», is an «i»-stem, but «mīles, mīlitis», is a consonant stem.
b. Nouns in «-ns» and «-rs».
c. Nouns of one syllable in «-s» or «-x» preceded by a consonant.
2. Neuters in «-e», «-al», and «-ar».
«242.» The declension of «i»-stems is nearly the same as that of consonant stems. Note the following differences:
a. Masculines and feminities have «-ium» in the genitive plural and «-īs» or «-ēs» in the accusative plural.
b. Neuters have «-ī» in the ablative singular, and an «-i-» in every form of the plural.
«243.» «Masculine and Feminine I-Stems.» Masculine and feminine «i»-stems are declined as follows:
«caedēs», f., «hostis», «urbs», f., «cliēns», m.,
slaughter m., enemy city retainer
STEMS «caedi-» «hosti-» «urbi-» «clienti-»
BASES «caed-» «host-» «urb-» «client-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
M. AND F.
Nom. caedēs hostis urbs cliēns[1] -s, -is,
or -ēs
Gen. caedis hostis urbis clientis -is
Dat. caedī hostī urbī clientī -ī
Acc. caedem hostem urbem clientem -em (-im)
Abl. caede hoste urbe cliente -e (-ī)
PLURAL
Nom. caedēs hostēs urbēs clientēs -ēs
Gen. caedium hostium urbium clientium -ium
Dat. caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus
Acc. caedīs, -ēs hostīs, -ēs urbīs, -ēs clientīs, -ēs -īs, -ēs
Abl. caedibus hostibus urbibus clientibus -ibus
[Footnote 1: Observe that the vowel before «-ns» is long, but that
it is shortened before «-nt». Cf. §12.2, 3.]
1. «avis», «cīvis», «fīnis», «ignis», «nāvis» have the ablative
singular in «-ī» or «-e».
2. «turris» has accusative «turrim» and ablative «turrī» or «turre».
«244.» «Neuter I-Stems.» Neuter «i»-stems are declined as follows:
«īnsigne», n., «animal», n., «calcar»,
decoration animal n., spur
STEMS «īnsigni-» «animāli-» «calcāri-»
BASES «īnsign-» «animāl-» «calcār-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
Nom. īnsigne animal calcar -e or —
Gen. īnsignis animālis calcāris -is
Dat. īnsignī animālī calcārī -ī
Acc. īnsigne animal calcar -e or —
Abl. īnsignī animālī calcārī -ī
PLURAL
Nom. īnsignia animālia calcāria -ia
Gen. īnsignium animālium calcārium -ium
Dat. īnsignibus animālibus calcāribus -ibus
Acc. īnsignia animālia calcāria -ia
Abl. īnsignibus animālibus calcāribus -ibus
1. Review §74 and see how it applies to this declension.
2. The final «-i-» of the stem is usually dropped in the nominative. If not dropped, it is changed to «-e».
3. A long vowel is shortened before final «-l» or «-r». (Cf. §12.2.)
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292.
I. 1. Quam urbem vidēmus? Urbs quam vidētis est Rōma. 2. Cīvēs Rōmānī urbem suam turribus altīs et mūrīs longīs mūnīverant. 3. Ventī nāvīs longās prohibēbant fīnibus hostium adpropinquāre. 4. Imperātor a clientibus suīs calcāria aurī et alia īnsignia accēpit. 5. Mīlitēs Rōmānī cum hostibus bella saeva gessērunt et eōs caede magnā superāvērunt. 6. Alia animālia terram, alia mare amant. 7. Nāvēs longae quae auxilium ad imperātōrem portābant ignī ab hostibus dēlētae sunt. 8. In eō marī avis multās vīdimus quae longē ā terrā volāverant. 9. Nōnne vīdistis nāvīs longās hostium et ignīs quibus urbs nostra vāstābātur? Certē, sed nec caedem cīvium nec fugam clientium vīdimus. 10. Avēs et alia animālia, ubi ignem vīdērunt, salūtem fugā petere celeriter incēpērunt. 11. Num. iūdex in peditum ōrdinibus stābat? Minimē, iūdex erat apud equitēs et equus eius īnsigne pulchrum gerēbat.
[Illustration: NAVES LONGAE]
II. 1. Because of the lack of grain the animals of the village were not able to live. 2. When the general[2] heard the rumor, he quickly sent a horseman to the village. 3. The horseman had a beautiful horse and wore spurs of gold. 4. He said to the citizens, “Send your retainers with horses and wagons to our camp, and you will receive an abundance of grain.” 5. With happy hearts they hastened to obey his words.[3]
[Footnote 2: Place first.]
[Footnote 3: Not the accusative. Why?]
[Special Vocabulary]
«arbor, arboris», f., tree (arbor) «collis, collis (-ium)», m., hill «dēns, dentis (-ium)», m., tooth (dentist) fōns, fontis (-ium), m.. fountain, spring; source «iter, itineris», n., march, journey, route (itinerary) «mēnsis, mēnsis (-ium)», m., month «moenia, -ium», n., plur., walls, fortifications. Cf. «mūrus» «mōns, montis (-ium)», m., mountain; «summus mōns», top of the mountain «numquam», adv., never «pōns, pontis», m., bridge (pontoon) «sanguis, sanguinis», m., blood (sanguinary) «summus, -a, -um», highest, greatest (summit) «trāns», prep, with acc., across (transatlantic) «vīs (vīs)», gen. plur. «virium», f. strength, force, violence (vim)
[Transcriber’s Note:
The original text gives «vī-» and «vīr-» as the “Bases” of «vīs», and
omits the “Stems” for both words. The forms have been regularized to
agree with the inflectional table in the Appendix.]
«vīs», f., force «iter», n., march
STEMS «vī-» and «vīri-» «iter-» and «itiner-»
BASES «v-» and «vīr-» «iter-» and «itiner-»
SINGULAR Nom. vīs iter Gen. vīs (rare) itineris Dat. vī (rare) itinerī Acc. vim iter Abl. vī itinere
PLURAL Nom. vīrēs itinera Gen. vīrium itinerum Dat. vīribus itineribus Acc. vīrīs, or -ēs itinera Abl. vīribus itineribus
«247.» There are no rules for gender in the third declension that do not present numerous exceptions.[1] The following rules, however, are of great service, and should be thoroughly mastered:
1. «Masculine» are nouns in «-or», «-ōs», «-er», «-ĕs» (gen. «-itis»).
a. «arbor», tree, is feminine; and «iter», march, is neuter.
2. «Feminine» are nouns in «-ō», «-is», «-x», and in «-s» preceded by a consonant or by any long vowel but «ō».
a. Masculine are «collis» (hill), «lapis», «mēnsis» (month), «ōrdō», «pēs», and nouns in «-nis» and «-guis»—as «ignis», «sanguis» (blood)—and the four monosyllables
«dēns», a tooth; «mōns», a mountain «pōns», a bridge; «fōns», a fountain
3. «Neuters» are nouns in «-e», «-al», «-ar», «-n», «-ur», «-ŭs», and
«caput».
[Footnote 1: Review §60. Words denoting males are, of course,
masculine, and those denoting females, feminine.]
«248.» Give the gender of the following nouns and the rule by which it is determined:
«animal» «calamitās» «flūmen» «lapis» «nāvis» «avis» «caput» «ignis» «legiō» «opus» «caedēs» «eques» «īnsigne» «mare» «salūs» «calcar» «fīnis» «labor» «mīles» «urbs»
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 292.
I. The First Bridge over the Rhine. Salūs sociōrum erat semper cāra Rōmānīs. Ōlim Gallī, amīcī Rōmānōrum, multās iniūriās ab Germānīs quī trāns flūmen Rhēnum vivēbant accēperant. Ubi lēgātī ab iīs ad Caesarem imperātōrem Rōmānum vēnērunt et auxilium postulāvērunt, Rōmānī magnīs itineribus ad hostium fīnīs properāvērunt. Mox ad rīpās magnī flūminis vēnērunt. Imperātor studēbat cōpiās suās trāns fluvium dūcere, sed nūllā viā[2] poterat. Nūllās nāvīs habēbat. Alta erat aqua. Imperātor autem, vir clārus, numquam adversā fortūnā commōtus, novum cōnsilium cēpit. Iussit suōs[3] in[4] lātō flūmine facere pontem. Numquam anteā pōns in Rhēnō vīsus erat. Hostēs ubi pontem quem Rōmānī fēcerant vīdērunt, summō terrōre commōtī, sine morā fugam parāre incēpērunt.
II. 1. The enemy had taken (possession of) the top of the mountain. 2. There were many trees on the opposite hills. 3. We pitched our camp near («ad») a beautiful spring. 4. A march through the enemies’ country is never without danger. 5. The time of the month was suitable for the march. 6. The teeth of the monster were long. 7. When the foot soldiers[5] saw the blood of the captives, they began to assail the fortifications with the greatest violence.[2]
[Footnote 2: Abl. of manner.]
[Footnote 3: «suōs», used as a noun, his men.]
[Footnote 4: We say build a bridge over; the Romans, make a bridge on.]
[Footnote 5: Place first.]
* * * * *
«Fifth Review, Lessons XXXVII-XLIV, §§517-520»
* * * * *
[Special Vocabulary]
«ācer, ācris, ācre», sharp, keen, eager (acrid) «brevis, breve», short, brief «difficilis, difficile», difficult «facilis, facile», facile, easy «fortis, forte», brave (fortitude) «gravis, grave», heavy, severe, serious (grave) «omnis, omne», every, all (omnibus) «pār», gen. «paris», equal (par) «paucī, -ae, -a», few, only a few (paucity) «secundus, -a, -um», second; favorable, opposite of adversus «signum, -ī», n., signal, sign, standard «vēlōx», gen. «vēlōcis», swift (velocity)
«conlocō, conlocāre, conlocāvī, conlocātus», arrange, station, place
(collocation)
«dēmōnstrō, dēmōnstrāre, dēmōnstrāvī, dēmōnstrātus», point out,
explain (demonstrate)
«mandō, mandāre, mandāvī, mandātus», commit, intrust (mandate)
«250.» Adjectives are either of the first and second declensions (like «bonus», «aeger», or «līber»), or they are of the third declension.
«251.» Nearly all adjectives of the third declension have «i»-stems, and they are declined almost like nouns with «i»-stems.
«252.» Adjectives learned thus far have had a different form in the nominative for each gender, as, «bonus», m.; «bona», f.; «bonum», n. Such an adjective is called an adjective of three endings. Adjectives of the third declension are of the following classes:
I. Adjectives of three endings—
a different form in the nominative for each gender.
II. Adjectives of two endings—
masculine and feminine nominative alike, the neuter different.
III. Adjectives of one ending—
masculine, feminine, and neuter nominative all alike.
«253.» Adjectives of the third declension in «-er» have three endings; those in «-is» have two endings; the others have one ending.
«254.» Adjectives of Three Endings are declined as follows:
«ācer, ācris, ācre», keen, eager STEM «ācri-» BASE «ācr-»
SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. FEM. NEUT. MASC. FEM. NEUT. Nom. ācer ācris ācre ācrēs ācrēs ācria Gen. ācris ācris ācris ācrium ācrium ācrium Dat. ācrī ācrī ācrī ācribus ācribus ācribus Acc. ācrem ācrem ācre ācrīs, -ēs ācrīs, -ēs ācria Abl. ācrī ācrī ācrī ācribus ācribus ācribus
«255.» Adjectives of Two Endings are declined as follows:
«omnis, omne», every, all[1] STEM «omni-» BASE «omn-»
SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. Nom. omnis omne omnēs omnia Gen. omnis omnis omnium omnium Dat. omnī omnī omnibus omnibus Acc. omnem omne omnīs, -ēs omnia Abl. omnī omnī omnibus omnibus
[Footnote 1: «omnis» is usually translated every in the singular and all in the plural.]
«256.» Adjectives of One Ending are declined as follows:
«pār», equal STEM «pari-» BASE «par-»
SINGULAR PLURAL MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. MASC. AND FEM. NEUT. Nom. pār pār parēs paria Gen. paris paris parium parium Dat. parī parī paribus paribus Acc. parem pār parīs, -ēs paria Abl. parī parī paribus paribus
1. All «i»-stem adjectives have «-ī» in the ablative singular.
2. Observe that the several cases of adjectives of one ending have the same form for all genders excepting in the accusative singular and in the nominative and accusative plural.
3. Decline «vir ācer», «legiō ācris», «animal ācre», «ager omnis», «scūtum omne», «proelium pār».
«257.» There are a few adjectives of one ending that have consonant stems. They are declined exactly like nouns with consonant stems.
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293.
I. The Romans invade the Enemy’s Country. Ōlim peditēs Rōmānī cum equitibus vēlōcibus in hostium urbem iter faciēbant. Ubi nōn longē āfuērunt, rapuērunt agricolam, quī eīs viam brevem et facilem dēmōnstrāvit. Iam Rōmānī moenia alta, turrīs validās aliaque opera urbis vidēre poterant. In moenibus stābant multī prīncipēs. Prīncipēs ubi vīdērunt Rōmānōs, iussērunt cīvīs lapidēs aliaque tēla dē mūrīs iacere. Tum mīlitēs fortēs continērī ā proeliō nōn poterant et ācer imperātor signum tubā darī iussit. Summā vī omnēs mātūrāvērunt. Imperātor Sextō lēgātō impedīmenta omnia mandāvit. Sextus impedīmenta in summō colle conlocāvit. Grave et ācre erat proelium, sed hostēs nōn parēs Rōmānīs erant. Aliī interfectī, aliī captī sunt. Apud captīvōs erant māter sororque rēgis. Paucī Rōmānōrum ab hostibus vulnerātī sunt. Secundum proelium Rōmānīs erat grātum. Fortūna fortibus semper favet.
II. 1. Some months are short, others are long. 2. To seize the top of the mountain was difficult. 3. Among the hills of Italy are many beautiful springs. 4. The soldiers were sitting where the baggage had been placed because their feet were weary. 5. The city which the soldiers were eager to storm had been fortified by strong walls and high towers. 6. Did not the king intrust a heavy crown of gold and all his money to a faithless slave? Yes, but the slave had never before been faithless.
[Illustration: AQUILA LEGIONIS]
[Special Vocabulary]
«adventus, -ūs», m., approach, arrival (advent)
«ante», prep, with acc., before (ante-date)
«cornū, -ūs», n., horn, wing of an army (cornucopia);
«ā dextrō cornū», on the right wing;
«ā sinistrō cornū», on the left wing
«equitātus, -ūs», m., cavalry
«exercitus, -ūs», m., army
«impetus, -ūs», m., attack (impetus);
«impetum facere in», with acc., to make an attack on
«lacus, -ūs, dat. and abl. plur. lacubus», m., lake
«manus, -ūs», f., hand; band, force (manual)
«portus, -ūs», m., harbor (port)
«post», prep, with acc., behind, after (post-mortem)
«cremō, cremāre, cremāvī, cremātus», burn (cremate)
«exerceō, exercēre, exercuī, exercitus», practice, drill, train
(exercise)
«259.» Nouns of the fourth declension are either masculine or neuter.
«260.» Masculine nouns end in «-us», neuters in «-ū». The genitive ends in «-ūs».
a. Feminine by exception are «domus», house; «manus», hand; and a few others.
[Transcriber’s Note:
The “Stems” are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied
from the inflectional table in the Appendix.]
«adventus», «cornū»,
m., arrival n., horn
STEMS «adventu-» «cornu-»
BASES «advent-» «corn-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS MASC. NEUT. Nom. adventus cornū -us -ū Gen. adventūs cornūs -ūs -ūs Dat. adventuī (ū) cornū -uī (ū) -ū Acc. adventum cornū -um -ū Abl. adventū cornū -ū -ū
PLURAL
Nom. adventūs cornua -ūs -ua
Gen. adventuum cornuum -uum -uum
Dat. adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus
Acc. adventūs cornua -ūs -ua
Abl. adventibus cornibus -ibus -ibus
1. Observe that the base is found, as in other declensions, by
dropping the ending of the genitive singular.
2. «lacus», lake, has the ending «-ubus» in the dative and ablative plural; «portus», harbor, has either «-ubus» or «-ibus».
3. «cornū» is the only neuter that is in common use.
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293.
I. 1. Ante adventum Caesaris vēlōcēs hostium equitēs ācrem impetum in castra fēcērunt. 2. Continēre exercitum ā proeliō nōn facile erat. 3. Post adventum suum Caesar iussit legiōnēs ex castrīs dūcī. 4. Prō castrīs cum hostium equitātū pugnātum est. 5. Post tempus breve equitātus trāns flūmen fūgit ubi castra hostium posita erant. 6. Tum victor imperātor agrōs vāstāvit et vīcōs hostium cremāvit. 7. Castra autem nōn oppugnāvit quia mīlitēs erant dēfessī et locus difficilis. 8. Hostēs nōn cessāvērunt iacere tēla, quae paucīs nocuērunt. 9. Post adversum proelium principēs Gallōrum lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittere studēbant, sed populō persuādēre nōn poterant.
II. 1. Did you see the man-of-war on the lake? 2. I did not see it (fem.) on the lake, but I saw it in the harbor. 3. Because of the strong wind the sailor forbade his brother to sail. 4. Cæsar didn´t make an attack on the cavalry on the right wing, did he? 5. No, he made an attack on the left wing. 6. Who taught your swift horse to obey? 7. I trained my horse with my (own) hands, nor was the task difficult. 8. He is a beautiful animal and has great strength.
[Special Vocabulary]
Athēnae, -ārum, f., plur., Athens
Corinthus, -ī, f., Corinth
«domus, -ūs», locative «domī», f., house, home (dome). Cf.
«domicilium»
«Genāva, -ae», f., Geneva
Pompēii, -ōrum, m., plur., Pompeii, a city in Campania. See map
«propter», prep. with acc., on account of, because of
rūs, rūris, in the plur. only nom. and acc. «rūra», n., country
(rustic)
«tergum, tergī», n., back; «ā tergō», behind, in the rear
«vulnus, vulneris», n., wound (vulnerable)
«committō, committere, commīsī, commissus», intrust, commit;
«proelium committere», join battle
«convocō, convocāre, convocāvī, convocātus», call together, summon
(convoke)
«timeō, timēre, timuī, ——», fear; be afraid (timid)
«vertō, vertere, vertī, versus», turn, change (convert);
«terga vertere», to turn the backs, hence to retreat
«262.» We have become thoroughly familiar with expressions like the following:
«Galba ad» (or «in») «oppidum properat»
«Galba ab» («dē» or «ex») «oppidō properat»
«Galba in oppidō habitat»
From these expressions we may deduce the following rules:
«263.» RULE. «Accusative of the Place to.» The «place to which» is expressed by «ad» or «in» with the accusative. This answers the question Whither?
«264.» RULE. «Ablative of the Place from.» The «place from which» is expressed by «ā» or «ab», «dē», «ē» or «ex», with the separative ablative. This answers the question Whence? (Cf. Rule, §179.)
«265.» RULE. «Ablative of the Place at or in.» The «place at or in which» is expressed by the ablative with «in». This answers the question Where?
a. The ablative denoting the place where is called the locative ablative (cf. «locus», place).
«266.» «Exceptions.» Names of towns, small islands,[1] «domus», home, «rūs», country, and a few other words in common use omit the prepositions in expressions of place, as,
«Galba Athēnās properat», Galba hastens to Athens
«Galba Athēnīs properat», Galba hastens from Athens
«Galba Athēnīs habitat», Galba lives at (or in) Athens
«Galba domum properat», Galba hastens home
«Galba rūs properat», Galba hastens to the country
«Galba domō properat», Galba hastens from home
«Galba rūre properat», Galba hastens from the country
«Galba rūrī» (less commonly «rūre») «habitat»,
Galba lives in the country
a. Names of countries, like «Germānia», «Italia», etc., do not come under these exceptions. With them prepositions must not be omitted.
[Footnote 1: Small islands are classed with towns because they generally have but one town, and the name of the town is the same as the name of the island.]
«267.» «The Locative Case.» We saw above that the place-relation expressed by at or in is regularly covered by the locative ablative. However, Latin originally expressed this relation by a separate form known as the locative case. This case has been everywhere merged in the ablative excepting in the singular number of the first and second declensions. The form of the locative in these declensions is like the genitive singular, and its use is limited to names of towns and small islands, «domī», at home, and a few other words.
«268.» RULE. «Locative and Locative Ablative.» To express the «place in which» with names of towns and small islands, «if they are singular and of the first or second declension», use the locative; otherwise use the locative ablative without a preposition; as,
«Galba Rōmae habitat», Galba lives at Rome
«Galba Corinthī habitat», Galba lives at Corinth
«Galba domī habitat», Galba lives at home
Here «Rōmae», «Corinthī», and «domī» are locatives, being singular and of the first and second declensions respectively. But in
«Galba Athēnīs habitat», Galba lives at Athens,
«Galba Pompēiīs habitat», Galba lives at Pompeii
«Athēnīs» and «Pompēiīs» are locative ablatives. These words can have no locative case, as the nominatives «Athēnae» and «Pompēiī» are_plural_ and there is no plural locative case form.
«269.» The word «domus», home, house, has forms of both the second and the fourth declension. Learn its declension (§468).
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 293.
I. 1. Corinthī omnia īnsignia aurī ā ducibus victōribus rapta erant. 2. Caesar Genāvam exercitum magnīs itineribus dūxit. 3. Quem pontem hostēs cremāverant? Pontem in Rhēnō hostēs cremāverant. 4. Pompēiīs multās Rōmānōrum domōs vidēre poteritis. 5. Rōmā cōnsul equō vēlōcī rūs properāvit. 6. Domī cōnsulis hominēs multī sedēbant. 7. Imperātor iusserat lēgātum Athēnās cum multīs nāvibus longīs nāvigāre. 8. Ante moenia urbis sunt ōrdinēs arborum altārum. 9. Propter arborēs altās nec lacum nec portum reperīre potuimus. 10. Proeliīs crēbrīs Caesar legiōnēs suās quae erant in Galliā exercēbat. 11. Cotīdiē in locō idoneō castra pōnēbat et mūniēbat.
II. 1. Cæsar, the famous general, when he had departed from Rome, hastened to the Roman province on a swift horse.[2] 2. He had heard a rumor concerning the allies at Geneva. 3. After his arrival Cæsar called the soldiers together and commanded them to join battle. 4. The enemy hastened to retreat, some because[3] they were afraid, others because[3] of wounds. 5. Recently I was at Athens and saw the place where the judges used to sit.[4] 6. Marcus and Sextus are my brothers; the one lives at Rome, the other in the country.
[Footnote 2: Latin says “by a swift horse.” What construction?]
[Footnote 3: Distinguish between the English conjunction because («quia» or «quod») and the preposition because of («propter»).]
[Footnote 4: used to sit, express by the imperfect.]
[Illustration: DAEDALUS ET ICARUS]
Crēta est īnsula antīqua quae aquā altā magnī maris pulsātur. Ibi ōlim Mīnōs erat rēx. Ad eum vēnit Daedalus quī ex Graeciā patriā fugiēbat. Eum Mīnōs rēx benignīs verbīs accēpit et eī domicilium in Crētā dedit. [5]Quō in locō Daedalus sine cūrā vīvebat et rēgī multa et clāra opera faciēbat. Post tempus longum autem Daedalus patriam cāram dēsīderāre incēpit. Domum properāre studēbat, sed rēgī persuādēre nōn potuit et mare saevum fugam vetābat.
[Footnote 5: And in this place; «quō» does not here introduce a subordinate relative clause, but establishes the connection with the preceding sentence. Such a relative is called a connecting relative, and is translated by and and a demonstrative or personal pronoun.]
[Special Vocabulary]
«aciēs, -ēī», f., line of battle «aestās, aestātis», f., summer «annus, -ī», m., year (annual) «diēs, diēī», m., day (diary) «fidēs, fideī», no plur., f., faith, trust; promise, word; protection; «in fidem venīre», to come under the protection «fluctus, -ūs», m. wave, billow (fluctuate) «hiems, hiemis», f., winter «hōra, -ae», f., hour «lūx, lūcis», f., light (lucid); «prīma lux», daybreak «merīdiēs», acc. -em, abl. -ē, no plur., m., midday (meridian) «nox, noctis (-ium)», f., night (nocturnal) «prīmus, -a, -um», first (prime) «rēs, reī», f., thing, matter (real); «rēs gestae», deeds, exploits (lit. things performed); «rēs adversae», adversity; «rēs secundae», prosperity «spēs, speī», f., hope
«272.» «Gender.» Nouns of the fifth declension are feminine except «diēs», day, and «merīdiēs», midday, which are usually masculine.
[Transcriber’s Note:
The “Stems” are missing in the printed book. They have been supplied
from the inflectional table in the Appendix.]
«diēs», «rēs», f.,
m., day thing
STEMS «diē-» «rē-»
BASES «di-» «r-»
SINGULAR TERMINATIONS
Nom. diēs rēs -ēs
Gen. diēī reī -ē̆ī
Dat. diēī reī -ē̆ī
Acc. diem rem -em
Abl. diē rē -ē
PLURAL
Nom. diēs rēs -ēs
Gen. diērum rērum -ērum
Dat. diēbus rēbus -ēbus
Acc. diēs rēs -ēs
Abl. diēbus rēbus -ēbus
1. The vowel «e» which appears in every form is regularly long. It is shortened in the ending «-eī» after a consonant, as in «r-ĕī»; and before «-m» in the accusative singular, as in «di-em». (Cf. §12.2.)
2. Only «diēs» and «rēs» are complete in the plural. Most other nouns of this declension lack the plural. «Aciēs», line of battle, and «spēs», hope, have the nominative and accusative plural.
«274.» The ablative relation (§50) which is expressed by the prepositions at, in, or on may refer not only to place, but also to time, as at noon, in summer, on the first day. The ablative which is used to express this relation is called the ablative of time.
«275.» RULE. «The Ablative of Time.» The time «when» or «within which» anything happens is expressed by the ablative without a preposition.
a. Occasionally the preposition «in» is found. Compare the
English Next day we started and «On» the next day we started.
First learn the special vocabulary, p. 294.
I. Galba the Farmer. Galba agricola rūrī vīvit. Cotīdiē prīmā lūce labōrāre incipit, nec ante noctem in studiō suō cessat. Merīdiē Iūlia fīlia eum ad cēnam vocat. Nocte pedēs dēfessōs domum vertit. Aestāte fīliī agricolae auxilium patrī dant. Hieme agricola eōs in lūdum mittit. Ibi magister pueris multās fābulās dē rēbus gestīs Caesaris nārrat. Aestāte fīliī agricolae perpetuīs labōribus exercentur nec grave agrī opus est iīs molestum. Galba sine ūllā cūrā vivit nec rēs adversās timet.
II. 1. In that month there were many battles in Gaul. 2. The cavalry of the enemy made an attack upon Cæsar’s line of battle. 3. In the first hour of the night the ship was overcome by the billows. 4. On the second day the savages were eager to come under Cæsar’s protection. 5. The king had joined battle, moved by the hope of victory. 6. That year a fire destroyed many birds and other animals. 7. We saw blood on the wild beast’s teeth.
«277.» DAED´ALUS AND IC´ARUS (Continued)
Tum Daedalus gravibus cūrīs commōtus fīliō suō Īcarō ita dixit: “Animus meus, Īcare, est plēnus trīstitiae nec oculī lacrimīs egent. Discēdere ex Crētā, Athēnās properāre, maximē studeō; sed rēx recūsat audīre verba mea et omnem reditūs spem ēripit. Sed numquam rēbus adversīs vincar. Terra et mare sunt inimīca, sed aliam fugae viam reperiam.” Tum in artīs ignōtās animum dīmittit et mīrum capit cōnsilium. Nam pennās in ōrdine pōnit et vērās ālās facit.
[Special Vocabulary]
«amīcitia, -ae», f., friendship (amicable)
«itaque», conj., and so, therefore, accordingly
«littera, -ae», f., a letter of the alphabet;
plur., a letter, an epistle
«metus, metūs», m., fear
«nihil, indeclinable», n., nothing (nihilist)
«nūntius, nūntī», m., messenger. Cf. «nūntiō»
«pāx, pācis», f., peace (pacify)
«rēgnum, -ī», n., reign, sovereignty, kingdom
«supplicum, suppli´cī», n., punishment;
«supplicum sūmere dē», with abl., inflict punishment on;
«supplicum dare», suffer punishment. Cf. «poena»
«placeō, placēre, placuī, placitus», be pleasing to, please,
with dative. Cf. §154
«sūmō, sūmere, sūmpsī, sūmptus», take up, assume
«sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus», sustain
«278.» We have the same kinds of pronouns in Latin as in English. They are divided into the following eight classes:
1. «Personal pronouns», which show the person speaking, spoken to, or
spoken of; as, «ego», I; «tū», you; «is», he. (Cf. §279. etc.)
2. «Possessive pronouns», which denote possession; as, «meus», «tuus»,
«suus», etc. (Cf. §98.)
3. «Reflexive pronouns», used in the predicate to refer back to the
subject; as, he saw himself. (Cf. §281.)
4. «Intensive pronouns», used to emphasize a noun or pronoun; as, I
myself saw it. (Cf. §285.)
5. «Demonstrative pronouns», which point out persons or things; as,
«is», this, that. (Cf. §112.)
6. «Relative pronouns», which connect a subordinate adjective clause
with an antecedent; as, «quī», who. (Cf. §220.)
7. «Interrogative pronouns», which ask a question; as, «quis», who?
(Cf. §225.)
8. «Indefinite pronouns», which point out indefinitely; as, some one,
any one, some, certain ones, etc. (Cf. §296.)
«279.» The demonstrative pronoun «is», «ea», «id», as we learned in §115, is regularly used as the personal pronoun of the third person (he, she, it, they, etc.).
«280.» The personal pronouns of the first person are «ego», I; «nōs», we; of the second person, «tū», thou or you; «vōs», ye or you. They are declined as follows:
SINGULAR
FIRST PERSON SECOND PERSON
Nom. ego, I tū, you
Gen. meī, of me tuī, of you
Dat. mihi, to or for me tibi, to or for you
Acc. mē, me tē, you
Abl. mē, with, from, etc., me tē, with, from, etc., you
PLURAL
Nom. nōs, we vōs, you
Gen. nostrum or nostrī, of us vestrum or vestrī, of you
Dat. nōbīs, to or for us vōbīs, to or for you
Acc. nōs, us vōs, you
Abl. nōbīs, with, from, vōbīs, with, from, etc., you
etc., us