1 Imamura, F., The Lancet Global Health (2015); 3(3): e132 DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70381-X. Dietary quality among men and women in 187 countries in 1990 and 2010: a systematic assessment.
2 Pietiläinen, K.H., Int J Obes (Mar 2012); 36(3): 456–64. Does dieting make you fat? A twin study.
3 Ochner, C.N., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (11 Feb 2015); pii: S2213-8587(15)00009-1. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00009-1. Treating obesity seriously: when recommendations for lifestyle change confront biological adaptations.
4 Goldacre, B., Bad Science (Fourth Estate, 2008); www.quackwatch.com/04ConsumerEducation/nutritionist.html
1 Not on the Label: Microbes
1 Fernández, L., Pharmacol Res (Mar 2013); 69(1): 1–10. The human milk microbiota: origin and potential roles in health and disease.
2 Aagaard, K., Sci Transl Med (21 May 2014); 6(237): 237ra65. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome.
3 Funkhouser, L.J., PLoS Biol (2013); 11(8): e1001631. Mom knows best: the universality of maternal microbial transmission.
4 Koren, O., Cell (3 Aug 2012); 150(3): 470–80. Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy.
5 Hansen, C.H., Gut Microbes (May–Jun 2013); 4(3): 241–5. Customizing laboratory mice by modifying gut microbiota and host immunity in an early ‘window of opportunity’.
6 http://www.britishgut.org and http://www.americangut.org
7 Afshinnekoo, E., CELS (2015); http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cels.2015.01.0012015. Geospatial resolution of human and bacterial diversity with city-scale metagenomics.
2 Energy and Calories
1 Kavanagh, K., Obesity (Jul 2007); 15(7): 1675–84. Trans fat diet induces abdominal obesity and changes in insulin sensitivity in monkeys.
2 Novotny, J.A., American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1 Aug 2012); 96(2): 296–301. Discrepancy between the Atwater Factor predicted and empirically measured energy values of almonds in human diets.
3 Bleich, S.N., Am J Prev Med (6 Oct 2014); pii: S07493797(14)00493-0. Calorie changes in chain restaurant menu items: implications for obesity and evaluations of menu labelling.
4 Sun, L., Physiol Behav (Feb 2015); 139: 505–10. The impact of eating methods on eating rate and glycemic response in healthy adults.
5 Sacks, F.M., JAMA (17 Dec 2014); 312: 2531–41. Effects of high vs low GI of dietary carbohydrate and insulin sensitivity: the OmniCarb RCT.
6 Bouchard, C., N Engl J Med (24 May 1990); 322(21): 1477–82. The response to long-term overfeeding in identical twins.
7 Samaras, K., J Clin Endocrinol Metab (Mar 1997); 82(3): 781–5. Independent genetic factors determine the amount and distribution of fat in women after the menopause.
8 Stubbe, J.H., PLoS One (20 Dec 2006); 1: e22. Genetic influences on exercise participation in 37,051 twin pairs from seven countries.
9 Neel, J.V., Am J Hum Genet (Dec 1962); 14: 353–62. Diabetes mellitus: a ‘thrifty’ genotype rendered detrimental by ‘progress’?
10 Song, B., J Math Biol (2007) 54: 27–43. Dynamics of starvation in humans.
11 Speakman, J.R., Int J Obes (Nov 2008); 32(11): 1611–17. Thrifty genes for obesity: the ‘drifty gene’ hypothesis.
12 Speakman, J.R., Physiology (Mar 2014); 29(2): 88–98. If body fatness is under physiological regulation, then how come we have an obesity epidemic?
13 Mustelin, L., J Appl Physiol (1985) (Mar 2011); 110(3): 681–6. Associations between sports participation, cardiorespiratory fitness, and adiposity in young adult twins.
14 Ogden, C.L., JAMA (26 Feb 2014); 311(8): 806–14. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011–12.
15 Rokholm, B., Obes Rev (Dec 2010); 11(12): 835–46. The levelling off of the obesity epidemic since the year 1999 – a review of evidence and perspectives.
16 Lee, R.J., J Clin Invest (3 Mar 2014); 124(3): 1393–405. Bitter and sweet taste receptors regulate human upper respiratory innate immunity.
17 Negri, R., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr (May 2012); 54(5): 624–9. Taste perception and food choices.
18 Keskitalo, K., Am J Clin Nutr (Aug 2008); 88(2): 263–71. The Three-factor Eating Questionnaire, body mass index, and responses to sweet and salty fatty foods: a twin study of genetic and environmental associations.
19 Fushan, A.A., Curr Biol (11 Aug 2009); 19(15): 1288–9. Allelic polymorphism within the TAS1R3 promoter is associated with human taste sensitivity to sucrose.
20 Mennella, J.A., PLoS One (2014); 9(3): e92201. Preferences for salty and sweet tastes are elevated and related to each other during childhood.
21 Mosley, M., Fast Exercise (Atria Books, 2013)
22 Stubbe, J.H., PLoS One (20 Dec 2006); 1: e22. Genetic influences on exercise participation in 37,051 twin pairs from seven countries.
23 den Hoed, M., Am J Clin Nutr (Nov 2013); 98(5): 1317–25. Heritability of objectively assessed daily physical activity and sedentary behavior.
24 Archer, E., Mayo Clin Proc (Dec 2013); 88(12): 1368–77. Maternal inactivity: 45-year trends in mothers’ use of time.
25 Gast, G-C. M., Int J Obes (2007); 31: 515–20. Intra-national variation in trends in overweight and leisure time physical activities in the Netherlands since 1980: stratification according to sex, age and urbanisation degree.
26 Westerterp, K.R., Int J Obes (Aug 2008); 32(8): 1256–63. Physical activity energy expenditure has not declined since the 1980s and matches energy expenditures of wild mammals.
27 Spector, T.D., BMJ (5 May 1990); 300(6733): 1173–4. Trends in admissions for hip fracture in England and Wales, 1968–85.
28 Hall, K.D., Lancet (27 Aug 2011); 378(9793): 826–37. Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight.
29 Williams, P.T., Int J Obes (Mar 2006); 30(3): 543–51. The effects of changing exercise levels on weight and age-related weight gain.
30 Hall, K.D., Lancet (27 Aug 2011); 378(9793): 826–37. Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight.
31 Turner, J.E., Am J Clin Nutr (Nov 2010); 92(5): 1009–16. Nonprescribed physical activity energy expenditure is maintained with structured exercise and implicates a compensatory increase in energy intake.
32 Strasser, B., Ann NY Acad Sci (Apr 2013); 1281: 141–59. Physical activity in obesity and metabolic syndrome.
33 Dombrowski, S.U., BMJ (14 May 2014); 348: g2646. Long-term maintenance of weight loss with non-surgical interventions in obese adults: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials.
34 Ekelund, U., Am J Clin Nutr (14 Jan 2015). Activity and all-cause mortality across levels of overall and abdominal adiposity in European men and women: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Study.
35 Hainer, V., Diabetes Care (Nov 2009); 32 Suppl 2: S392. Fat or fit: what is more important?
36 Fogelholm, M., Obes Rev (Mar 2010); 11(3): 202–21. Physical activity, fitness and fatness: relations to mortality, morbidity and disease risk factors.
37 Viloria, M., Immunol Invest (2011); 40: 640–56. Effect of moderate exercise on IgA levels and lymphocyte count in mouse intestine.
38 Matsumoto, M., Biosci, Biotechnol Biochem (2008); 72: 572–6. Voluntary running exercise alters microbiota composition and increases n-butyrate concentration in the rat cecum.
39 Hsu, Y.J., J Strength Cond Res (20 Aug 2014). Effect of intestinal microbiota on exercise performance in mice.
40 Clarke, S.F., Gut (Dec 2014); 63(12): 1913–20. Exercise and associated dietary extremes impact on gut microbial diversity.
41 Kubera, B., Front Neuroenergetics (8 Mar 2012); 4: 4. The brain’s supply and demand in obesity.
3 Fats: Total
1 de Nijs, T., Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci (Nov 2013); 50(6): 163–71. ApoB versus non-HDL-cholesterol: diagnosis and cardiovascular risk management.
2 Kaur, N., J Food Sci Technol (Oct 2014); 51(10): 2289–303. Essential fatty acids as functional components of foods, a review.
3 Chowdhury, R., Ann Intern Med (18 Mar 2014); 160(6): 398–406. Association of dietary, circulating, and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
4 Würtz, P., Circulation (8 Jan 2015). pii:114.013116. Metabolite profiling and cardiovascular event risk: a prospective study of three population-based cohorts.
5 Albert, B.B., Sci Rep (21 Jan 2015); 5: 7928. doi: 10.1038/srep07928. Fish oil supplements in New Zealand are highly oxidised and do not meet label content of n-3 PUFA.
6 Ackman, R.G., J Am Oil Chem Soc (1989); 66: 1162–64. EPA and DHA contents of encapsulated fish oil products.
7 Opperman, M., Cardiovasc J Afr (2011); 22: 324–29. Analysis of omega-3 fatty acid content of South African fish oil supplements.
8 Micha, R., BMJ (2014); 348: g2272. Global, regional, and national consumption levels of dietary fats and oils in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis including 266 country-specific nutrition surveys.
9 Campbell, T.C., Am J Cardiol (26 Nov 1998); 82(10B): 18T–21T. Diet, lifestyle, and the etiology of coronary artery disease: the Cornell China study.
10 Campbell, T.C., The China Study (BenBella Books, 2006)
4 Fats: Saturated
1 Law, M., BMJ (1999); 318: 1471–80. Why heart disease mortality is low in France: the time lag explanation.
2 Bertrand, X., J Appl Microbiol (Apr 2007); 102(4): 1052-9. Effect of cheese consumption on emergence of antimicrobial resistance in the intestinal microflora induced by a short course of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.
3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=134aMOQwyhY
4 David, L.A., Nature (23 Jan 2014); 505(7484): 559–63.
5 Teicholz, N., The Big Fat Surprise (Simon & Schuster, 2014)
6 Goldacre, B., BMJ (2014); 349 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g4745. Mass treatment with statins.
7 Harborne, Z., Open Heart (2015); 2: doi:10.1136/openhrt-2014-000196. Evidence from randomised controlled trials did not support the introduction of dietary fat guidelines in 1977 and 1983: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
8 Siri-Tarino, P.W., Am J Clin Nutr (2010); 91: 535–46. Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease.
9 Hjerpsted, J., Am J Clin Nutr (2011); 94: 1479–84. Cheese intake in large amounts lowers LDL-cholesterol concentrations compared with butter intake of equal fat content.
10 Rice, B.H., Curr Nutr Rep (15 Mar 2014); 3: 130–38. Dairy and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Recent Observational Research.
11 Tachmazidou, I., Nature Commun (2013); 4: 2872. A rare functional cardioprotective APOC3 variant has risen in frequency in distinct population isolates.
12 Minger, D., Death by Food Pyramid (Primal Blueprint, 2013)
13 Chen, M., Am J Clin Nutr (Oct 2012); 96(4): 735–47. Effects of dairy intake on body weight and fat: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
14 Martinez-Gonzalez, M., Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis (Nov 2014); 24(11): 1189–96. Yogurt consumption, weight change and risk of overweight/obesity: the SUN cohort.
15 Jacques, P., Am J Clin Nutr (May 2014); 99(5): 1229S–34S. Yogurt and weight management.
16 Kano, H., J Dairy Sci (2013); 96: 3525–34. Oral administration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subspecies bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 suppresses inflammation by decreasing interleukin-6 responses in a murine model of atopic dermatitis.
17 Daneman, N., Lancet (12 Oct 2013); 382(9900): 1228–30 A probiotic trial: tipping the balance of evidence?
18 Guo, Z., Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis (2011); 21: 844–50. Influence of consumption of probiotics on the plasma lipid profile: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
19 Jones, M.L., Br J Nutr (May 2012); 107(10): 1505–13. Cholesterol-lowering efficacy of a microencapsulated bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242 yoghurt formulation in hypercholesterolaemic adults.
20 Jones, M.L., Eur J Clin Nutr (2012); 66: 1234–41. Cholesterol lowering and inhibition of sterol absorption by Lactobacillus reuteri NCIMB 30242: a randomized controlled trial.
21 Morelli, L., Am J Clin Nutr (2014); 99(suppl): 1248S–50S. Yogurt, living cultures, and gut health.
22 McNulty, N.P., Sci Transl Med (26 Oct 2011); 3:106. The impact of a consortium of fermented milk strains on the gut microbiome of gnotobiotic mice and monozygotic twins.
23 Goodrich, J.K., Cell (6 Nov 2014); 159(4): 789–99. Human genetics shape the gut microbiome.
24 Roederer, M., The Genetic Architecture of the Human Immune System (Cell, 2015)
25 Saulnier, D.M., Gut Microbes (Jan–Feb 2013); 4(1): 17–27. The intestinal microbiome, probiotics and prebiotics in neurogastroenterology.
26 De Palma, G., Gut Microbes (May–Jun 2014); 5(3): 439–45. The microbiota-gut-brain axis in functional gastrointestinal disorders.
27 Sachdev, A.H., Curr Gastroenterol Rep (Oct 2012); 14(5): 439–45. Antibiotics for irritable bowel syndrome.
28 Idem n24.
29 Tillisch, K., Gastroenterology (Jun 2013); 144(7): 1394–401. Consumption of fermented milk product with probiotic modulates brain activity.
30 Tillisch, K., Gut Microbes (May–Jun 2014); 5(3): 404–10. The effects of gut microbiota on CNS function in humans.
5 Fats: Unsaturated
1 The rhyme could also relate to the unpopular taxes they raised, or even to an earlier dispute between King Richard and his brother John.
2 Daniel, C.R., Public Health Nutr (Apr 2011); 14(4): 575–83. Trends in meat consumption in the United States.
3 http://www.eblex.org.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/m_uk_yearbook13_Cattle110713.pdf
4 Micha, R., Lipids (Oct 2010); 45(10): 893–905. Saturated fat and cardiometabolic risk factors, coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes: a fresh look at the evidence.
5 Siri-Tarino, P.W., Am J Clin Nutr (2010); 91: 535–46. Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies evaluating the association of saturated fat with cardiovascular disease.
6 Price, W.A., Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, 6th edn (La Mesa, Ca, Price-Pottenger Nutritional Foundation, 2003)
7 Willett, W.C., Am J Clin Nutr (Jun 1995); 61(6 Suppl): 1402S–6S. Mediterranean diet pyramid: a cultural model for healthy eating.
8 Estruch, R., N Engl J Med (4 Apr 2013); 368(14): 1279–90. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet.
9 Salas-Salvadó, J., Ann Intern Med (7 Jan 2014); 160(1): 1–10. Prevention of diabetes with Mediterranean diets: a subgroup analysis of a randomized trial.
10 Guasch-Ferré, M., BMC Med (2014); 12: 78. Olive oil intake and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in the PREDIMED Study.
11 Konstantinidou, V., FASEB J (Jul 2010); 24(7): 2546–57. In vivo nutrigenomic effects of virgin olive oil polyphenols within the frame of the Mediterranean diet: a randomized controlled trial.
12 Lanter, B.B., MBio (2014); 5(3): e01206–14. Bacteria present in carotid arterial plaques are found as biofilm deposits which may contribute to enhanced risk of plaque rupture.
13 Vallverdú-Queralt, A., Food Chem (15 Dec 2013); 141(4): 3365–72. Bioactive compounds present in the Mediterranean sofrito.
6 Trans Fats
1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zrv78nG9R04
2 Lam, H.M., Lancet (8 Jun 2013); 381(9882): 2044–53. Food supply and food safety issues in China.
3 Mozaffarian, D., N Engl J Med (2006); 354: 1601–13. Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease.
4 Kris-Etherton, P.M., Lipids (Oct 2012); 47(10): 931–40. Trans fatty acid intakes and food sources in the U.S. population: NHANES 1999–2002.
5 Thomas, L.H., Am J Clin Nutr (1981); 34: 877–86. Hydrogenated oils and fats: the presence of chemically-modified fatty acids in human adipose tissue.
6 Iqbal, M.P., Pak J Med Sci (Jan 2014); 30(1): 194–7. Trans fatty acids – a risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
7 Kishino, S., Proc Natl Acad Sci (29 Oct 2013); 110(44): 17808–13. Polyunsaturated fatty acid saturation by gut lactic acid bacteria affecting host lipid composition.
8 Pacifico, L., World J Gastroenterol (21 Jul 2014); 20(27): 9055–71. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the heart in children and adolescents.
9 Mozaffarian, D., N Engl J Med (3 Jun 2011); 364(25): 2392–404. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men.
10 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2313276/Man-keeps-McDonalds-burger-14-years-looks-exactly-the-day-flipped-Utah.html
11 Moss, M., Salt, Sugar, Fat: How the Food Giants Hooked Us (WH Allen, 2013)
12 Johnson, P.M., Nat Neurosci (May 2010);13(5): 635–41. Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats.
13 Avena, N.M., Methods Mol Biol (2012); 829: 351–65. Animal models of sugar and fat bingeing: relationship to food addiction and increased body weight.
14 Taylor, V.H., CMAJ (9 Mar 2010);182(4): 327–8. The obesity epidemic: the role of addiction.
15 Bayol, S.A., Br J Nutr (Oct 2007); 98(4): 843–51. A maternal ‘junk food’ diet in pregnancy and lactation promotes an exacerbated taste for ‘junk food’ and a greater propensity for obesity in rat offspring.
16 David, L.A., Nature (23 Jan 2014); 505(7484): 559–61. Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome.
17 Poutahidis, T., PLoS One (Jul 2013); 10; 8(7): e68596. Microbial reprogramming inhibits Western diet-associated obesity.
18 Martinez-Medina, M., Gut (Jan 2014); 63(1): 116–24. Western diet induces dysbiosis with increased E coli in CEABAC10 mice, alters host barrier function favouring AIEC colonisation.
19 Huh, J.Y., Mol Cells (May 2014); 37(5): 365–71. Crosstalk between adipocytes and immune cells in adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysregulation in obesity.
20 Wang, J., ISME J (2015) 9: 1–15; Modulation of gut microbiota during probiotic-mediated attenuation of metabolic syndrome in high-fat-diet-fed mice.
21 Cox, A.J., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol (Jul 2014); 21.pii: S2213–8587. Obesity, inflammation, and the gut microbiota.
22 Mraz, M., J Endocrinol (8 Jul 2014); pii: JOE-14-0283. The role of adipose tissue immune cells in obesity and low-grade inflammation.
23 Kong, L.C., PLoS One (Oct 2014); 20; 9(10): e109434. Dietary patterns differently associate with inflammation and gut microbiota in overweight and obese subjects.
24 Ridaura, V.K., Science (6 Sep 2013); 341(6150): 1241214. Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice.
25 Goodrich, J.K., Cell, (Nov 2014); 159(4): 789–99. Human genetics shape the gut microbiome.
26 Fei, N., ISME J (2013); 7: 880–4. An opportunistic pathogen isolated from the gut of an obese human causes obesity in germ-free mice.
27 Backhed, F., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2004); 101: 15718–15723. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage.
28 Backhed, F., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2007); 104: 979–84. Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice.
29 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzL0fRkqjK8
30 Xiao, S., FEMS Microbiol Ecol (Feb 2014); 87(2): 357–67. A gut microbiota-targeted dietary intervention for amelioration of chronic inflammation underlying metabolic syndrome.
31 Zhou, H., Dongjin Dynasty (Tianjin Science & Technology Press, 2000)
32 Zhang, X., PLoS One (2012); 7(8): e42529. Structural changes of gut microbiota during berberine-mediated prevention of obesity and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed rats.
33 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6162/1035
34 Alcock, J., Bioessays (8 Aug 2014); doi: 10.1002/bies.201400071. Is eating behavior manipulated by the gastrointestinal microbiota? Evolutionary pressures and potential mechanisms.
35 Vijay-Kumar, M., Science (9 Apr 2010); 328(5975): 228–31. Metabolic syndrome and altered gut microbiota in mice lacking Toll-like receptor 5.
36 Shin, S.C., Science (2011); 334 (6056): 670–4. Drosophila microbiome modulates host developmental and metabolic homeostasis via insulin signalling.
37 Tremaroli, V., Nature (13 Sep 2012); 489(7415): 242–9. Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism.
7 Protein: Animal
1 Diamond, J., Guns, Germs and Steel (Norton, 1997)
2 Atkins, R., The Diet Revolution (Bantam Books, 1981)
3 Bueno, N.B., Br J Nutr (Oct 2013); 110(7): 1178–87. Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
4 Paoli, A., Int J Environ Res Public Health (19 Feb 2014); 11(2): 2092–107. Ketogenic diet for obesity: friend or foe?
5 Douketis, J.D., Int J Obes (2005); 29(10): 1153–67. Systematic review of long-term weight loss studies in obese adults: clinical significance and applicability to clinical practice.
6 Ebbeling, C.B., JAMA (27 Jun 2012); 307(24): 2627–34. Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance.
7 Ibid.
8 Ellenbroek, J.H., Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab (1 Mar 2014); 306(5): E552-8. Long-term ketogenic diet causes glucose intolerance and reduced beta and alpha cell mass but no weight loss in mice.
9 Cotillard, A., Nature (29 Aug 2013); 500(7464): 585–8. Dietary intervention impact on gut microbial gene richness.
10 Le Chatelier, E., Nature (29 Aug 2013); 500(7464): 541–6. Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers.
11 Qin, J., Nature (4 Oct 2012); 490(7418): 55–60. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes.
12 Fraser, G.E., Arch Intern Med (2001); 161: 1645–52. Ten years of life: is it a matter of choice?
13 Le, L.T., Nutrients (27 May 2014); 6(6): 2131–47. Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets: findings from the Adventist cohorts.
14 Boomsma, D.I., Twin Res (Jun 1999); 2(2): 115–25. A religious upbringing reduces the influence of genetic factors on disinhibition: evidence for interaction between genotype and environment on personality.
15 Key, T.J., Am J Clin Nutr (2009); 89; 1613S–19S. Mortality in British vegetarians: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC Oxford).
16 Key, T.J., Am J Clin Nutr (Jun 2014); 100(Supplement 1): 378S–85S. Cancer in British vegetarians.
17 http://crossfitanaerobicinc.com/paleo-nutrition/list-of-foods/
18 Hidalgo, G., Am J Hum Biol (10 Sep 2014); 26(5): 710–12. The nutrition transition in the Venezuelan Amazonia: increased overweight and obesity with transculturation.
19 Schnorr, S.L., Nat Commun (15 Apr 2014); 5: 3654.doi: 10.1038/ncomms4654. Gut microbiome of the Hadza hunter-gatherers.
20 Dominguez-Bello, G., Personal communication.
21 Pan, A., Arch Intern Med (9 Apr 2012); 172(7): 555–63. Red meat consumption and mortality: results from 2 prospective cohort studies.
22 Rohrmann, S., BMC Med (7 Mar 2013); 11: 63.doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-6. Meat consumption and mortality – results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition.
23 Lee, J.E., Am J Clin Nutr (Oct 2013); 98(4): 1032–41. Meat intake and cause-specific mortality: a pooled analysis of Asian prospective cohort studies.
24 Tang, W.W., N Engl J Med (25 Apr 2013); 368(17): 1575–84. Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk.
25 Brown, J.M., Curr Opin Lipidol (Feb 2014); 25(1): 48–53. Metaorganismal nutrient metabolism as a basis of cardiovascular disease.
26 Kotwal, S., Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes (2012); 5: 808–18. Omega 3 fatty acids and cardiovascular outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis.
27 Mozaffarian, D., JAMA (2006); 296(15): 1885–99. Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits.
28 Lajous, M., Am J Epidemiol (1 Aug 2013); 178(3): 382–91. Changes in fish consumption in midlife and the risk of coronary heart disease in men and women.
29 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2530164/Too-good-true-Diet-drink-acts-like-gastric-band-help-people-lose-stone-claim-scientists.html
30 Karimian, J., J Res Med Sci (Oct 2011); 16(10): 1347–53. Supplement consumption in bodybuilder athletes.
31 O’Dea, K., Diabetes (1984); 33: 596–603. Marked improvement in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetic Australian Aborigines after temporary reversion to traditional lifestyle.
32 http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/may/12/type-2-diabetes-diet-cure
33 Look AHEAD Research Group, N Engl J Med (2013); 369: 145–54. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in Type 2 diabetes.
34 Franco, M., BMJ (9 Apr 2013); 346: f1515. Population-wide weight loss and regain in relation to diabetes burden and cardiovascular mortality in Cuba 1980–2010.
35 Mann, G.V., J Atheroscler Res (Jul–Aug 1964); 4: 289–312. Cardiovascular disease in the Masai.
8 Protein: Non-animal
1 Frankenfeld, C.L., Am J Clin Nutr (May 2011); 93(5): 1109–16. Dairy consumption is a significant correlate of urinary equol concentration in a representative sample of US adults.
2 Fritz, H., PLoS One (28 Nov 2013); 8(11): e81968. Soy, red clover and isoflavones, and breast cancer: a systematic review.
3 Lampe, J.W., J Nutr (Jul 2010); 140(7): 1369S–72S. Emerging research on equol and cancer.
4 Soni, M., Maturitas (Mar 2014); 77(3): 209–20. Phytoestrogens and cognitive function: a review.
5 Spector, T.D., Lancet (1982). Coffee, soya and cancer of the pancreas (letter).
6 Tsuchihashi, R., J Nat Med (Oct 2008); 62(4): 456–60. Microbial metabolism of soy isoflavones by human intestinal bacterial strains.
7 Renouf, M., J Nutr (Jun 2011); 141(6): 1120–6. Bacteroides uniformis is a putative bacterial species associated with the degradation of the isoflavone genistein in human feces.
8 Pudenz, M., Nutrients (15 Oct 2014); 6(10): 4218–72. Impact of soy isoflavones on the epigenome in cancer prevention.
9 Hehemann, J.H., Nature (8 Apr 2010); 464(7290): 908–12. Transfer of carbohydrate-active enzymes from marine bacteria to Japanese gut microbiota.
10 Crisp, A., Genome Biol (13 Mar 2015); 16 (1): 50. Expression of multiple horizontally acquired genes is a hallmark of both vertebrate and invertebrate genomes.
11 Cantarel, B.L., PLoS One (2012); 7(6): e28742. Complex carbohydrate utilization by the healthy human microbiome.
12 Georg, J.M., Obes Rev (Feb 2013); 14(2): 129–44. Review: efficacy of alginate supplementation in relation to appetite regulation and metabolic risk factors: evidence from animal and human studies.
13 Brown, E.S., Nutr Rev (Mar 2014); 72(3): 205–16. Seaweed and human health.
14 Hehemann, J.H., Proc Natl Acad Sci (27 Nov 2012); 109(48): 19786–91. Bacteria of the human gut microbiome catabolize red seaweed glycans with carbohydrate-active enzyme updates from extrinsic microbes.
15 Pirotta, M., BMJ (4 Sep 2004); 329(7465): 548. Effect of lactobacillus in preventing post-antibiotic vulvovaginal candidiasis: a randomised controlled trial.
16 Dey, B., Curr HIV Res (Oct 2013); 11(7): 576–94. Protein-based HIV-1 microbicides.
17 Wang, J., J Nutr (Jan 2014); 144(1): 98–105. Dietary supplementation with white button mushrooms augments the protective immune response to Salmonella vaccine in mice.
18 Varshney, J., J Nutr (Apr 2013); 143(4): 526–32. White button mushrooms increase microbial diversity and accelerate the resolution of Citrobacter rodentium infection in mice.
9 Protein: Milk Products
1 Campbell, T.C., Am J Cardiol (26 Nov 1998); 82(10B): 18T–21T. Diet, lifestyle, and the etiology of coronary artery disease: the Cornell China Study.
2 Minger, D., Dairy consumption in rural China; http://rawfoodsos.com/2010/07/07/the-china-study-fact-or-fallac/
3 Madani, S., Nutrition (May 2000); 16(5): 368–75. Dietary protein level and origin (casein and highly purified soybean protein) affect hepatic storage, plasma lipid transport, and antioxidative defense status in the rat.
4 Brüssow, H., Environ Microbiol (Aug 2013); 15(8): 2154–61. Nutrition, population growth and disease: a short history of lactose.
5 Savaiano, D.A., Am J Clin Nutr (May 2014); 99(5 Suppl): 1251S–5S. Lactose digestion from yogurt: mechanism and relevance.
6 Tishkoff, S.A., Nat Genet (2007); 39: 31–40. Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe.
7 Spector, T., Identically Different (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2012)
8 Quigley, L., FEMS Microbiol Rev (Sep 2013); 37(5): 664–98. The complex microbiota of raw milk.
9 Bailey, R.K., J Natl Med Assoc (Summer 2013); 105(2): 112–27. Lactose intolerance and health disparities among African Americans and Hispanic Americans: an updated consensus statement.
10 Suchy, F.J., NIH Consensus State Sci Statements (24 Feb 2010); 27(2): 1–27. NIH consensus development conference statement: Lactose intolerance and health.
11 Petschow, B., Ann NY Acad Sci (Dec 2013); 1306: 1–17. Probiotics, prebiotics, and the host microbiome: the science of translation.
12 Prentice, A.M., Am J Clin Nutr (May 2014); 99 (5 Suppl): 1212S–16S. Dairy products in global public health.
13 Silventoinen, K., Twin Res (Oct 2003); 6(5): 399–408. Heritability of adult body height: a comparative study of twin cohorts in eight countries.
14 Wood, A.R., Nat Genet (5 Oct 2014); doi:10.1038/ng.3097. Defining the role of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height.
15 Floud, R., The Changing Body: New Approaches to Economic and Social History (Cambridge University Press, 2011)
16 http://www.ers.usda.gov/media/1118789/err149.pdf
17 Quigley, L., J Dairy Sci (Aug 2013); 96(8): 4928–37. The microbial content of raw and pasteurized cow’s milk as determined by molecular approaches.
18 Pottenger, F.M., Pottenger’s Cats: A Study in Nutrition (Price Pottenger Nutrition, 1995)
19 Scher, J.U., eLife (Nov 2013); 5; 2: e01202. Expansion of intestinal Prevotella copri correlates with enhanced susceptibility to arthritis.
10 Carbohydrates: of which Sugars
1 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/netherlands/10314705/Sugar-is-addictive-and-the-most-dangerous-drug-of-the-times.html
2 Locke, A.E., Nature (12 Feb 2015); 518(7538): 197-206. Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology.
3 Qi, Q., N Engl J Med (11 Oct 2012); 367(15): 1387–96. Sugar-sweetened beverages and genetic risk of obesity.
4 Keskitalo, K., Am J Clin Nutr (Aug 2008); 88(2): 263–71. The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, body mass index, and responses to sweet and salty fatty foods: a twin study of genetic and environmental associations.
5 Keskitalo, K., Am J Clin Nutr (Dec 2007); 86(6): 1663–9. Same genetic components underlie different measures of sweet taste preference.
6 http://www.who.int/nutrition/sugars_public_consultation/en/
7 Yudkin, J., Pure, White and Deadly, reissue edn (Penguin, 2012)
8 Wilska, A., Duodecim (1947); 63: 449–510. Sugar caries – the most prevalent disease of our century.
9 Sheiham, A., Int J Epidemiol (Jun 1984); 13(2): 142–7. Changing trends in dental caries.
10 Birkeland, J.M., Caries Res (Mar–Apr 2000); 34(2): 109–16. Some factors associated with the caries decline among Norwegian children and adolescents: age-specific and cohort analyses.
11 Masadeh, M., J Clin Med Res (2013); 5.5: 389–94. Antimicrobial activity of common mouthwash solutions on multidrug-resistance bacterial biofilms.
12 Kapil, V., Free Radic Biol Med (Feb 2013); 55: 93–100. Physiological role for nitrate-reducing oral bacteria in blood pressure control.
13 Fine, D.H., Infect Immun (May 2013); 81(5): 1596–605. A lactotransferrin single nucleotide polymorphism demonstrates biological activity that can reduce susceptibility to caries.
14 Holz, C., Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins (2013); 5: 259–63. Lactobacillus paracasei DSMZ16671 reduces mutans streptococci: a short-term pilot study.
15 Teanpaisan, R., Clin Oral Investig (Apr 2014); 18(3): 857–62. Lactobacillus paracasei SD1, a novel probiotic, reduces mutans streptococci in human volunteers: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.
16 Glavina, D., Coll Antropol (Mar 2012); 36(1): 129–32. Effect of LGG yoghurt on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp. salivary counts in children.
17 Marcenes, W., J Dent Res (Jul 2013); 92(7): 592–7. Global burden of oral conditions in 1990–2010: a systematic analysis.
18 Bernabé, E., Am J Public Health (Jul 2014); 104(7): e115–21. Age, period and cohort trends in caries of permanent teeth in four developed countries.
19 Bray, G.A., Am J Clin Nutr (2004); 79: 537–43. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity.
20 Ng, S.W., Br J Nutr (Aug 2012); 108(3): 536–51. Patterns and trends of beverage consumption among children and adults in Great Britain, 1986–2009.
21 Bray, G.A., Am J Clin Nutr (2004); 79: 537–43. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity.
22 Hu, F.B., Physiol Behav (2010); 100: 47–54. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity and Type 2 diabetes: epidemiologic evidence.
23 Mitsui, T., J Sports Med Phys Fitness (Mar 2001); 41(1): 121–3. Colonic fermentation after ingestion of fructose-containing sports drink.
24 Bergheim, I., J Hepatol (Jun 2008); 48(6): 983–92. Antibiotics protect against fructose-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in mice: role of endotoxin.
25 Bray, G.A., Diabetes Care (Apr 2014); 37(4): 950–6. Dietary sugar and body weight: have we reached a crisis in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes?: health be damned! Pour on the sugar.
26 de Ruyter, J.C., N Engl J Med (11 Oct 2012); 367(15): 1397–406. A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children.
27 Sartorelli, D.S., Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis (Feb 2009); 19(2): 77–83. Dietary fructose, fruits, fruit juices and glucose tolerance status in Japanese–Brazilians.
28 van Buul, V.J., Nutr Res Rev (Jun 2014); 27(1): 119–30. Misconceptions about fructose-containing sugars and their role in the obesity epidemic.
29 Kahn, R., Diabetes Care (Apr 2014); 37(4): 957–62. Dietary sugar and body weight: have we reached a crisis in the epidemic of obesity and diabetes?: we have, but the pox on sugar is overwrought and overworked.
30 Te Morenga, L., BMJ (15 Jan 2012); 346: e7492. Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies.
31 Sievenpiper, J.L., Ann Intern Med (21 Feb 2012); 156: 291–304. Effect of fructose on body weight in controlled feeding trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
32 Kelishadi, R., Nutrition (May 2014); 30: 503–10. Association of fructose consumption and components of metabolic syndrome in human studies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
11 Carbohydrates: Non-sugars
1 Claesson, M.J., Nature (9 Aug 2012); 488(7410): 178–84. Gut microbiota composition correlates with diet and health in the elderly.
2 van Tongeren, S., Appl. Environ. Microbiol (2005); 71(10): 6438–42. Fecal microbiota composition and frailty.
3 Friedman, M., J Agric Food Chem (9 Oct 2013); 61(40): 9534–50. Anticarcinogenic, cardioprotective, and other health benefits of tomato compounds lycopene, α-tomatine, and tomatidine in pure form and in fresh and processed tomatoes.
4 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2692758/Diet-guru-FreeLee-Banana-Girl-fire-controversial-views-claims-chemo-kills-losing-period-good-you.html
5 Mosley, M., and Spencer, M., The Fast Diet (Short Books, 2013)
6 Bao, Q., Mol Cell Endocrinol, 16 Jul 2014; 394(1–2):115–18. Ageing and age-related diseases – from endocrine therapy to target therapy.
7 Johnson, J.B., Med Hypotheses, 2006; 67:209–11. The effect on health of alternate day calorie restriction: eating less and more than needed on alternate days prolongs life. Vallejo, E.A., Rev Clin Esp, 63 (1956): 25–7. La dieta de hambre a días alternos en la alimentación de los viejos.
8 Nicholson, A., Soc Sci Med (2009); 69 (4): 519–28. Association between attendance at religious services and self-reported health in 22 European countries. Eslami, S., Bioimpacts (2012); 2(4): 213–15. Annual fasting; the early calories restriction for cancer prevention.
9 Carey, H.V., Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol (1 Jan 2013); 304(1): R33–42 Seasonal restructuring of the ground squirrel gut microbiota over the annual hibernation cycle.
10 Costello, E.K., ISME J (Nov 2010); 4(11):1375–85. Postprandial remodelling of the gut microbiota in Burmese pythons.
11 Zarrinpar, A., Cell Metab (2 Dec 2014); 20(6):1006–17. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.11.008. Diet and feeding pattern affect the diurnal dynamics of the gut microbiome.
12 Casazza, K., N Engl J Med (31 Jan 2013); 368(5): 446-54. Myths, presumptions, and facts about obesity.
13 Betts, J.A., Am J Clin Nutr (4 Jun 2014); 100(2): 539–47. The causal role of breakfast in energy balance and health: a randomized controlled trial in lean adults. Dhurandhar, E.J., Am J Clin Nutr, (4 Jun 2014); 100(2): 507–13. The effectiveness of breakfast recommendations on weight loss: a randomized controlled trial.
14 de la Hunty, A., Obes Facts (2013); 6(1): 70–85. Does regular breakfast cereal consumption help children and adolescents stay slimmer? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
15 Brown, A.W., Am J Clin Nutr (Nov 2013); 98(5): 1298–308. Belief beyond the evidence: using the proposed effect of breakfast on obesity to show two practices that distort scientific evidence.
16 Desai, A.V., Twin Res (Dec 2004); 7(6): 589–95. Genetic influences in self-reported symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea and restless legs: a twin study.
17 Shelton, H., Hygienic systems, vol. II, Health Research. (Pomeroy, WA, 1934).
18 Stote, K.S., Am J Clin Nutr (Apr 2007); 85(4): 981–8. A controlled trial of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction in healthy, normal-weight, middle-aged adults.
19 Di Rienzi, S.C., eLife (1 Oct 2013); 2: e01102.doi:10.7554/eLife.01102. The human gut and groundwater harbor non-photosynthetic bacteria belonging to a new candidate phylum sibling to Cyanobacteria.
20 Watanabe, F., Nutrients (5 May 2014); 6(5): 1861–73. Vitamin B12-containing plant food sources for vegetarians.
21 Brown, M.J., Am J Clin Nutr (2004); 80: 396–403. Carotenoid bioavailability is higher from salads ingested with full-fat than with fat-reduced salad dressings as measured with electrochemical detection.
22 Sonnenburg, E.D., Cell Metab (20 Aug 2014); pii: S1550-4131(14)00311-8. Starving our microbial self: the deleterious consequences of a diet deficient in microbiota-accessible carbohydrates.
23 Wertz, A.E., Cognition (Jan 2014); 130(1): 44–9. Thyme to touch: infants possess strategies that protect them from dangers posed by plants.
24 Knaapila, A., Physiol Behav (15 Aug 2007); 91(5): 573–8. Food neophobia shows heritable variation in humans.
12 Fibre
1 Anderson, J.C., Am J Gastroenterol (Oct 2014); 109(10): 1650–2. Editorial: constipation and colorectal cancer risk: a continuing conundrum.
2 Threapleton, D.E., BMJ (19 Dec 2013); 347: f6879. Dietary fibre intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis.
3 Kim, Y., Am J Epidemiol (15 Sep 2014);180(6): 565–73. Dietary fiber intake and total mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
4 Thies, F., Br J Nutr (Oct 2014); 112 Suppl 2: S19–30. Oats and CVD risk markers: a systematic literature review.
5 Musilova, S., Benef Microbes (Sep 2014); 5(3): 273–83. Beneficial effects of human milk oligosaccharides on gut microbiota.
6 Ukhanova, M., Br J Nutr (28 Jun 2014); 111(12): 2146–52. Effects of almond and pistachio consumption on gut microbiota composition in a randomised cross-over human feeding study.
7 Dunn, S., Eur J Clin Nutr (Mar 2011); 65(3): 402–8. Validation of a food frequency questionnaire to measure intakes of inulin and oligofructose.
8 Moshfegh, A.J., J Nutr (1999); 129: 1407S–11S. Presence of inulin and oligofructose in the diets of Americans.
9 van Loo, J., Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr (Nov 1995); 35(6): 525–52. On the presence of inulin and oligofructose as natural ingredients in the Western diet.
10 Teucher, B., Twin Res Hum Genet (Oct 2007); 10(5): 734–48. Dietary patterns and heritability of food choice in a UK female twin cohort.
11 Williams, F.M., BMC Musculoskelet Disord (8 Dec 2010); 11: 280. Dietary garlic and hip osteoarthritis: evidence of a protective effect and putative mechanism of action.
12 Lissiman, E., Cochrane Database Syst Rev (11 Nov 2014);11: CD006206. Garlic for the common cold; Josling P., Advances in therapy (2001);18(4):189–93. Preventing the common cold with a garlic supplement: a double-blind, placebo-controlled survey.
13 Zeng, T., J Sci Food Agric (2012); 92 (9): 1892–1902. A meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials for the effects of garlic on serum lipid profile.
14 O’Brien, C.L., PLoS One (1 May 2013); 8(5): e62815. Impact of colonoscopy bowel preparation on intestinal microbiota.
15 Kellow, N.J., Br J Nutr (14 Apr 2014); 111(7): 1147–61. Metabolic benefits of dietary prebiotics in human subjects: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials.
16 Dewulf, E.M., Gut (Aug 2013); 62(8): 1112–21. Insight into the prebiotic concept: lessons from an exploratory, double-blind intervention study with inulin-type fructans in obese women.
17 Salazar, N., Clin Nutr (11 Jun 2014); pii: S0261-5614(14)00159-9.doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.06.001. Inulin-type fructans modulate intestinal Bifidobacteria species populations and decrease fecal short-chain fatty acids in obese women.
18 http://www.jigsawhealth.com/supplements/butyrex
19 Davis, W., Wheat Belly (Rodale, 2011)
20 Murray, J., Am J Clin Nutr (2004); 79(4) 669–73. Effect of a gluten-free diet on gastrointestinal symptoms in celiac disease.
21 Perry, G.H., Nature Genetics (2007); 39: 1256–60. Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation.
22 Falchi, M., Nature Genetics (May 2014); 46(5): 492–7. Low copy number of the salivary amylase gene predisposes to obesity.
23 Staudacher, H.M., Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol (Apr 2014);11(4): 256–66. Mechanisms and efficacy of dietary FODMAP restriction in IBS.
13 Artificial Sweeteners and Preservatives
1 Di Salle, F., Gastroenterology (Sep 2013); 145(3): 537–9. Effect of carbonation on brain processing of sweet stimuli in humans.
2 de Ruyter, J.C., N Engl J Med (11 Oct 2012); 367(15): 1397–406. A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children.
3 de Ruyter, J.C., PLoS One (22 Oct 2013); 8(10): e78039. The effect of sugar-free versus sugar-sweetened beverages on satiety, liking and wanting: an 18-month randomized double-blind trial in children.
4 Nettleton, J.A., Diabetes Care (2009); 32(4): 688–94. Diet soda intake and risk of incident metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).
5 Lutsey, P.L., Circulation (12 Feb 2008); 117(6): 754–61. Dietary intake and the development of the metabolic syndrome: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study.
6 Hill, S.E., Appetite (13 Aug 2014); pii: S0195-6663(14)00400-0. The effect of non-caloric sweeteners on cognition, choice, and post-consumption satisfaction.
7 Bornet, F.J., Appetite (2007); 49(3): 535–53. Glycaemic response to foods. Impact on satiety and long-term weight regulation.
8 Schiffman, S.S., J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev (2013); 16(7): 399–451. Sucralose, a synthetic organochlorine sweetener: overview of biological issues.
9 Green, E., Physiol Behav (5 Nov 2012); 107(4): 560–7. Altered processing of sweet taste in the brain of diet soda drinkers.
10 Pepino, M.Y., Diabetes Care (2013); 36: 2530–5. Sucralose affects glycemic and hormonal responses to an oral glucose load.
11 Abou-Donia, M.B., J Toxicol Environ Health A (2008); 71(21): 1415–29. Splenda alters gut microflora and increases intestinal p-glycoprotein and cytochrome p-450 in male rats.
12 Wu, G.D., Science (7 Oct 2011); 334(6052): 105–8. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes.
13 Gostner, J., Curr Pharm Des (2014); 20(6): 840–9. Immunoregulatory impact of food antioxidants.
14 Contains Cocoa and Caffeine
1 Shin, S.Y., Nat Genet (Jun 2014); 46(6): 543–50. An atlas of genetic influences on human blood metabolites.
2 Mayer, E.A., J Neurosci (2014), 34(46): 15490–6. Gut microbes and the brain: paradigm shift in neuroscience.
3 Ellam, S., Ann Rev Nutr (2013); 33: 105–28. Cocoa and human health.
4 Stafford, L.D., Chem Senses (Mar 13 2015); bj007, p.ii. Obese individuals have higher preference and sensitivity to odor of chocolates.
5 Ellam, S., Ann Rev Nutr (2013); 33: 105–28. Cocoa and human health
6 Golomb, B.A., Arch Intern Med (26 Mar 2012); 172(6): 519–21. Association between more frequent chocolate consumption and lower body mass index.
7 Khan, N., Nutrients (21 Feb 2014); 6(2): 844–80.doi:10.3390/nu6020844. Cocoa polyphenols and inflammatory markers of cardiovascular disease.
8 Jennings, A., J Nutr (Feb 2014); 144(2): 202–8. Intakes of anthocyanins and flavones are associated with biomarkers of insulin resistance and inflammation in women.
9 Tzounis, X., Am J Clin Nutr (Jan 2011); 93(1): 62–72. Prebiotic evaluation of cocoa-derived flavanols in healthy humans by using a randomized, controlled, double-blind, crossover intervention study.
10 http://www.cocoavia.com/how-do-i-use-it/ingredients-nutritional-information
11 Martin, F.P., J Proteome Res (7 Dec 2012); 11(12): 6252–63. Specific dietary preferences are linked to differing gut microbial metabolic activity in response to dark chocolate intake.
12 Esser, D., FASEB J (Mar 2014); 28(3): 1464–73. Dark chocolate consumption improves leukocyte adhesion factors and vascular function in overweight men.
13 Moco, S., J Proteome Res (5 Oct 2012); 11(10): 4781–90. Metabolomics view on gut microbiome modulation by polyphenol-rich foods.
14 Langer, S., J Agric Food Chem (10 Aug 2011); 59(15): 8435–41. Flavanols and methylxanthines in commercially available dark chocolate: a study of the correlation with non-fat cocoa solids.
15 Zhang, C., Eur J Epidemiol (30 Oct 2014); Tea consumption and risk of cardiovascular outcomes and total mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies.
16 Ludwig, I.A., Food Funct (Aug 2014); 5(8): 1718–26. Variations in caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents of coffees: what are we drinking?
17 Crippa, A., Am J Epidemiol (24 Aug 2014); pii: kwu194. Coffee consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis.
18 Denoeud, F., Science (2014); 345: 1181–4. The coffee genome provides insight into the convergent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis.
19 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-3027/How-healthy-cup-coffee.html
20 Teucher, B., Twin Res Hum Genet (Oct 2007); 10(5): 734–48. Dietary patterns and heritability of food choice in a UK female twin cohort.
21 Amin, N., Mol Psychiatry (Nov 2012); 17(11): 1116–29. Genome-wide association analysis of coffee drinking suggests association with CYP1A1/CYP1A2 and NRCAM.
22 Coelho, C., J Agric Food Chem (6 Aug 2014); 62(31): 7843–53. Nature of phenolic compounds in coffee melanoidins.
23 Gniechwitz, D., J Agric Food Chem (22 Aug 2007); 55(17): 6989–96. Dietary fiber from coffee beverage: degradation by human fecal microbiota.
24 Vinson, J.A., Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes (2012); 5: 21–7. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, linear dose, crossover study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a green coffee bean extract in overweight subjects.
15 Contains Alcohol
1 Rehm, J., Lancet (26 Apr 2014); 383(9927): 1440–2. Russia: lessons for alcohol epidemiology and alcohol policy.
2 Spector, T., Identically Different (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2012)
3 Peng, Y., BMC Evol Biol (20 Jan 2010); 10: 15. The ADH1B Arg47His polymorphism in east Asian populations and expansion of rice domestication in history.
4 Criqui, M.H., Lancet (1994); 344; 1719-23. Does diet or alcohol explain the French paradox?
5 Di Castelnuovo, A., Arch Intern Med (11–25 Dec 2006); 166(22): 2437–45. Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies.
6 Chawla, R., BMJ (4 Dec 2004); 329 (7478): 1308. Regular drinking might explain the French paradox.
7 Spitaels, F., PLoS One (18 Apr 2014); 9(4): e95384. The microbial diversity of traditional spontaneously fermented lambic beer.
8 Vang, O., Ann NY Acad Sci (Jul 2013); 1290: 1–11. What is new for resveratrol? Is a new set of recommendations necessary?
9 Tang, P.C., Pharmacol Res (22 Aug 2014); pii: S1043-6618(14)00138-8. Resveratrol and cardiovascular health – Promising therapeutic or hopeless illusion?
10 Wu, G.D., Science (7 Oct 2011); 334(6052): 105–8. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes.
11 Queipo-Ortuño, M.I., Am J Clin Nutr (Jun 2012); 95(6): 1323–34. Influence of red wine polyphenols and ethanol on the gut microbiota ecology and biochemical biomarkers.
12 Chiva-Blanch, G., Alcohol (May–Jun 2013); 48(3): 270–7. Effects of wine, alcohol and polyphenols on cardiovascular disease risk factors: evidence from human studies.
13 Bala, S., PLoS One (14 May 2014); 9(5). Acute binge drinking increases serum endotoxin and bacterial DNA levels in healthy individuals.
14 Blednov, Y.A., Brain Behav Immun (Jun 2011); 25 Suppl 1: S92–S105. Activation of inflammatory signaling by lipopolysaccharide produces a prolonged increase of voluntary alcohol intake in mice.
15 Knott, C.S., BMJ (2015); 350: h384. All-cause mortality and the case for age-specific consumption guidelines.
16 Ferrari, P., Eur J Clin Nutr (Dec 2012); 66(12): 1303–8. Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase gene polymorphisms, alcohol intake and the risk of colorectal cancer in the EPIC study.
17 Holmes, M.V., BMJ (2014); 349: g4164. Association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data.
16 Vitamins
1 Goto, Y., Immunity (17 Apr 2014); 40(4): 594–607. Segmented filamentous bacteria antigens presented by intestinal dendritic cells drive mucosal Th17 cell differentiation.
2 Rimm, E.B., N Engl J Med (20 May 1993); 328(20): 1450–6. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men.
3 Lippman, S.M., JAMA (2009); 301(1): 39–51. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers.
4 Guallar, E., Ann Intern Med (17 Dec 2013); 159(12): 850–1. Enough is enough: Stop wasting money on vitamin and mineral supplements.
5 Bjelakovic, G., Cochrane Database Syst Rev (14 Mar 2012); 3: CD007176. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases.
6 Risk and Prevention Study Collaborative Group, N Engl J Med (9 May 2013); 368(19): 1800–8.n-3. Fatty acids in patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors.
7 Qin, X., Int J Cancer (1 Sep 2013); 133(5): 1033–41. Folic acid supplementation and cancer risk: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
8 Burdge, G.C., Br J Nutr (14 Dec 2012); 108(11): 1924–30. Folic acid supplementation in pregnancy: Are there devils in the detail?
9 Qin, X., Clin Nutr (Aug 2014); 33(4): 603–12. Folic acid supplementation with and without vitamin B6 and revascularization risk: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
10 Murto, T., Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (Jan 2015); 94(1): 65–71. Folic acid supplementation and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene variations in relation to in vitro fertilization pregnancy outcome.
11 Huang, Y., Int J Mol Sci (14 Apr 2014); 15(4): 6298–313. Maternal high folic acid supplement promotes glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in male mouse offspring fed a high-fat diet.
12 Clarke, J.D., Pharmacol Res (Nov 2011); 64(5): 456-63. Bioavailability and inter-conversion of sulforaphane and erucin in human subjects consuming broccoli sprouts or broccoli supplement in a cross-over study design.
13 Bolland, M.J., J Bone Miner Res (11 Sep 2014); doi:10.1002/jbmr.2357. Calcium supplements increase risk of myocardial infarction.
14 Moyer, V.A., Ann Intern Med (2013); 158(9): 691–6. Vitamin D and calcium supplementation to prevent fractures in adults: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement.
15 Chang, Y.M., Int J Epidemiol (Jun 2009); 38(3): 814–30. Sun exposure and melanoma risk at different latitudes: a pooled analysis of 5700 cases and 7216 controls.
16 Bataille, V., Med Hypotheses (Nov 2013); 81(5): 846–50. Melanoma. Shall we move away from the sun and focus more on embryogenesis, body weight and longevity?
17 Gandini, S., PLoS One (2013); 8(11): e78820. Sunny holidays before and after melanoma diagnosis are respectively associated with lower Breslow thickness and lower relapse rates in Italy.
18 Hunter, D., J Bone Miner Res (Nov 2000); 15(11): 2276–83. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation on preventing postmenopausal bone loss and modifying bone metabolism using identical twin pairs.
19 Schöttker, B., BMJ (17 Jun 2014); 348: g3656.doi:10.1136/bmj.g3656. Vitamin D and mortality: meta-analysis of individual participant data from a large consortium of cohort studies from Europe and the United States.
20 Bjelakovic, G., Cochrane Database Syst Rev (10 Jan 2014); 1:CD007470. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of mortality.
21 Bjelakovic, G., Cochrane Database Syst Rev (23 Jun 2014); 6: CD007469.doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007469.pub2. Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults.
22 Afzal, S., BMJ (18 Nov 2014); 349: g6330.doi:10.1136/bmj.g6330. Genetically low vitamin D concentrations and increased mortality: Mendelian randomisation analysis in three large cohorts.
23 Age-related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group, JAMA (15 May 2013); 309(19): 2005–15. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial.
24 Degnan, P.H., Cell Metab (4 Nov 2014); 20(5): 769–74. Vitamin B12 as a modulator of gut microbial ecology.
17 Warning: May Contain Antibiotics
1 Shapiro, D.J., J Antimicrob Chemother (25 Jul 2013); Antibiotic prescribing for adults in ambulatory care in the USA, 2007–09.
2 Hicks, L., N Engl J Med (2013); 368; 1461–2. U.S. outpatient antibiotic prescribing, 2010
3 Garrido, D., Microbiology (Apr 2013); 159(Pt 4): 649–64. Consumption of human milk glycoconjugates by infant-associated bifidobacteria: mechanisms and implications.
4 Baaqeel, H., BJOG (May 2013); 120(6): 661–9.doi:10.1111/1471-0528.12036. Timing of administration of prophylactic antibiotics for caesarean section: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
5 Kozhimannil, K.B., PLoS Med (21 Oct 2014); 11(10): e1001745. Maternal clinical diagnoses and hospital variation in the risk of Cesarean delivery: analyses of a national US hospital discharge database.
6 Kozhimannil, K.B., Health Aff (Millwood) (Mar 2013); 32(3): 527–35. Cesarean delivery rates vary tenfold among US hospitals; reducing variation may address quality and cost issues.
7 Zhang, J., Obstet Gynecol (2008); 111: 1077–82. Cesarean delivery on maternal request in Southeast China.
8 Dominguez-Bello, M., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (29 Jun 2010); 107(26): 11971–5. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns.
9 Grönlund, M.M., J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr (1999); 28: 19–25. Fecal microflora in healthy infants born by different methods of delivery: Permanent changes in intestinal flora after Cesarean delivery.
10 Cho, C.E., Am J Obstet Gynecol (Apr 2013); 208(4): 249–54. Cesarean section and development of the immune system in the offspring.
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Conclusion: The Checkout
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