FUTURE PERFECT:
WILL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Let’s talk about future perfect. I will not talk about future continuous, I will only talk about future perfect because usually my students find it hard to give me a range of structures as well as another verb form.
What is future perfect?
Future perfect is a verb form that we use to indicate a completed action at some time
in the future.
So if I say “tonight I will eat dinner”
. This means some time in the evening, I’ll be eating. It’s not clear.
But if I say “
by 9 o’clock
I
will have eaten
dinner”
. That means at night o’clock, I have finished
my dinner. I’m done. The action is completed.
Note:
with future perfect, we
always need a time
.
Instead of saying “the price of food is expected to decline to 20 dollars in 2020”
We can say “the price of food is expected to
have declined
to 20 dollars by 2020”
Or “the price of food is expected to
have experienced
a decline to 20 dollars by 2020”
Or “it is expected that the price of food
will have declined
to 20 dollars by 2020”
Try to give a variety of structures
, be accurate
, use a variety of verbs
, use the future perfect
, you will get a higher score.
Understand that we can use a combination of
past and future tenses
.
In 2010, the figure stood at…
(Past tense)
…, but it’s expected to increase slightly to…
(Future tense)
.
“Respectively” & “in turn”
Jack and Jill are tall and fat
respectively
.
Who is tall?
Answer: Jack
Who is fat?
Answer: Jill
My first and second pair of shoes are red and white
respectively
.
What is the color of
the second pair of shoes
?
Answer: white
What is the color of
the first pair of shoes
?
Answer: red
So, we always use “respectively”
and “in turn”
to talk about two things that we talk about in a sentence.
CORRELATION
We use “as”
and “while”
to show two things happening at the same time
.
As
I watched TV, I ate dinner.
While
I drove my motorbike, I listened to music.
While
I swam in the ocean, my family sat on the beach.
MAJORITY
What is the majority?
“The majority”
means more than 50%.
How about 51% & 49%
?
The difference between 51% & 49%
is so slight
.
51%
: a small majority of
(NOT huge
majority).
>75%
: a vast majority of
We use the definite article “the” + majority
when we have only one majority.
49%
: a minority/ just under half
11%
: a small/tiny minority of
We use the indefinite article “a” + minority
when we don’t have the only one minority. Besides 49%, we also have 40%, 25%, etc.
Examples:
32% of all tourists
= nearly a third of all tourists.
47% of cars
= just under half of cars.
63% of all funding
= nearly two-thirds of all funding.