Index

References to book titles are in italics.

 

Abercrombie, Sir Patrick  36–8, 41, 44, 46, 280–2

Access to Mountains Act (1939)  70

Adams, Professor Bill 96

Addison, Christopher, Lord  75, 78

agriculture  35, 47, 51, 117, 158–9, 307–8

and the coast  226

and disease  149–52

and history  126–39

and industrialisation  54

and landscape  125–6, 142–8

and National Parks  85–6, 87

and nature  103–4, 107–9, 111

and productivity  55, 56, 152–3

and reforms  139–42, 153–4

and soil  154–8

and wartime  100–1

and woodland  163–5

Agriculture Act (1947)  51, 125, 140–1

Agriculture: The Triumph and the Shame (Body)  143

Ancient Monuments Acts  234–5, 236–7, 238

ancient sites  233–8

Annan, Kofi  114

Antrim, Alexander McDonnell, Lord  208

Archaeological Institute  233

architecture  11, 13, 14, 15, 27–8, 41, 245

Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs)  78–9, 92, 94, 204

 

art  1–2, 10–11, 13, 15

Attlee, Clement  45, 49–50, 140

 

Barlow Commission  46

beauty  2–3, 47, 56–8, 59, 62–3, 305–9, 310–13

and agriculture  126, 158–9

and the coast  223–5

and Hill  18–20

and Morris  15–16

and National Parks  67

and National Trust  27, 29

and planning  302–4

and Ruskin  10–13

and technology  53–4

and trees  161, 169, 174

and urbanisation  261–2, 264, 275

Betjeman, John  44

Beveridge, William  46

Bewick, Thomas  5–6

birdlife  5–6, 54, 98–100, 101, 180

and decline  118–19, 179

and pollution  104

Birkett, Sir Norman  75, 77, 82

Birling Gap  216–18

Black Death  129, 265

Bloom, Bridget  148–9

Blue Flag campaign  215

boat-building  196, 197

Body, Richard  143

Bournville  276

Brecon Beacons  78

British Archaeological Association  233

British Workers’ Sports Federation  72

Broads Authority  123, 145

Broads, see Norfolk Broads

Brown, Capability  4, 169

brownfield sites  58, 292–4

Browning, Helen  148–9, 152

Bruce-Lockhart, Sandy 262–3

Bryce, James  69

BSE (‘mad cow disease’) crisis  149

Burke, Edmund  2–3

Burton, Tony  263, 293

 

Cadbury family  276

Cairngorms  92

Cameron, David  189, 258, 300–1

Campaign for National Parks (CNP)  xiv, 84–5, 87, 143, 178

Campaign to protect Rural England (CPRE)  109–10,175

and agriculture  142, 144–5

and the coast  202–3, 204

and origins 38–41, 44, 75

and urbanisation  263, 292–4

carbon dioxide  60, 61–2, 155–6, 157, 185

cars  43, 53, 205, 286–90

Carson, Rachel  104–5

Castle, Barbara  73, 74

cattle farming  129, 130, 135, 150

Chamberlain, Neville  39

Channel Tunnel  261–3

Charter of the Forest  167–8

children  18, 23, 314–16

Chorley, Roger  240

Churchill, Winston  45, 49

cities  9–10, 12–13, 16, 31–2, 245, 293–5

and industrialisation  264, 270–1

and National Parks  92–3

see also London

Civic Trust  245

Clare, John  133–4, 161

Clark, Aitken  122–3, 145

Clark, Greg  300, 302

claylands  136, 137

Clean Air Act (1956)  104

climate change  xv, 59–62, 90, 112, 154–5, 219–21, 223

coal  54, 61, 171, 212, 269–70

coastal landscape  193–203, 208–9, 307

and conservation  203–8, 209–12, 224–5

and erosion  216–21

and footpaths  225–8

and pollution  215–16

and wildlife  212–15

and wind turbines  221–4

Cobbett, William  132–3, 272

Colston, Adrian  95–6, 100, 113

Committee on Wartime Reconstruction  45–51

Commission on Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE) 295, 308

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)  58, 154

Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)  215

Common Ground  110

Commons Preservation Society  21–2, 69,234

conifers  25, 91, 111, 175–6, 179–80, 182

conservation  xii, 57, 90–1, 96, 106–7, 146–7

and buildings  245, 248, 249, 250–3

Control of Land Use, The  48–9, 280

Corn Laws  138

Council of Europe  106

country houses  239–44, 247, 248, 249–52

countryside  4–6, 30–1, 36–9, 47, 51–2, 53

and access  68–70, 72–3, 74–5

and leisure  150–1, 257

Countryside and Rights of Way Act (2000)  74–5

Countryside Character Programme  111

Countryside Commission  81, 82, 89–90, 106, 112

and agriculture  141–2, 145–6, 147–8

and the coast  207

and forests  186

Countryside in 1970 conferences  106

CPRE, see Council for the Preservation of Rural England

Cripps, John  204–5

crop farming  130, 131, 138

Crossman, Richard  245

Crowe, Dame Sylvia  177

Crown Estate  135, 222

Cuckmere Haven  218–19

Curry, Don  152, 153

 

dairy farming  139

Dartmoor  78, 80, 82, 88

Dawber, Sir Guy  36–7, 39

Defoe, Daniel  3, 132

Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS)  255–7

Department for Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)  153, 187

devolution  303–4

Dickens, Charles  271–2, 273–4

Dinas Oleu  14, 27–8, 200, 201, 207

Domesday Book  127, 163–4, 198

Doughty, Sir Martin  113

Dougill, Wesley  202–3

Dower, John  76–7, 78, 79, 176

Dower, Pauline  78

Durham Coast  211–12

 

Earth Summit 1992  60, 112

economism  63–4, 302, 308

economy, the  xv, 31, 35, 53–4

ecosystems  114–16

Edwards, Ron  89, 90

egg collecting  99, 100

electricity  283–4

Eliot, George  137–8, 273

Ellis, Tom  69

England and the Octopus (Williams-Ellis)  41–2

English Heritage  253, 256

English Nature  112

Enterprise Neptune  207–11

Environment Acts (1990/95)  90, 112

environmental movement  56–8

Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs)  146

Epping Forest  18, 22, 69

European Landscape Convention  92

European Union (EU)  58, 105, 154

Evelyn, John  22, 170–1

Exmoor  66–7, 78, 84, 85–6, 204

 

farming, see agriculture

Fedden, Robin  247, 249

fens  95–6, 100, 119, 130–1, 136, 157

Finn, Hugh  261, 262, 263

First World War  30, 33–4, 138, 173, 237

fish  54, 104, 128, 196, 197, 214–15

flooding  131, 157–8, 220–1

Flow Country  111–12, 179–80, 181, 182, 183

food supplies  8–9, 117, 125–6, 138–9, 140, 154

and quality  149, 150, 151, 152–3

and surpluses  147

foot and mouth disease  149–52, 257

footpaths  25, 70, 73, 90, 225–8

Forest of Dean  160, 170

Forestry Commission  111, 160–1, 173–4, 175–7, 178–9, 182–4

and sales  187, 188–90

Forestry Panel  190–2

forests  103, 165–8, 169–70, 177–8, 179–80, 182

fossil fuels  55, 59, 61

fracking  88–9

Friends of the Earth  56

Friends of the Lake District  41, 175

 

Garden Cities  278–80

gardens  3–4, 16, 248–9

Geddes, Sir Patrick  36–7

General Enclosure Acts  133–5

geological sites  103, 197

Gibbs, Christopher  208

Gilpin, William  5

Glasgow  92, 93

Gower Peninsula  204

grant schemes  243–4

green belts  44, 58, 280, 302

greenhouse gases  60, 61

Greenpeace  56

Griffin, Sir Herbert  36–7, 39

Grove-White, Robin  109

Guild of St George  13–14

Gummer, John (Lord Deben)  58, 149, 293–4

 

Hall, Chris  86

Halvergate Marshes  123, 145–6

Hampstead Heath  22, 69

Hardy, Thomas  34, 138, 172

health  9, 46, 64, 185, 272–3, 275

and children  314

and nature  310–11

heritage  229–30, 232–9, 244–6, 253–60, 306

Heritage Coasts  206–7, 212

Heritage Link  256

Heritage Lottery Fund  253–4, 294–5

hill farming  143–4

Hill, Octavia  xii, 15, 17–21, 22–3, 64, 239, 275

and National Trust  25, 26, 28, 200

historic buildings  54, 232–3, 234, 235–44, 246–54

Historic Buildings and Ancient Monuments Act (1953)  243–4

Historic England  253

history  255–6, 257–60

History of British Birds (Bewick)  5–6

Hobhouse, Sir Arthur  77–8, 102

Hoskins, W. G.  xiv, 123–5, 141, 161

housing  7, 8, 19–20, 32, 33, 58–9

and back-to-backs  230, 231, 232, 252–3

and London  281–2

and New Towns  285–6

and philanthropy  275–6, 278

and planning  290–1, 296, 292–5

and post-war  34, 35, 36

and sprawl  41–3, 44, 40, 45

and wood  185–6

Housman, A. E.  1, 33

Howard, Ebenezer  278–80

Hunter, Robert  15, 20–1, 22–3, 25, 26

hunting  98, 165, 166

Hussey, Christopher  239, 244

Huxley, Julian  102, 103

 

industrialisation  xii, 1–2, 8–10, 30, 254–5

and the coast  205–6

and urbanisation  265–6, 267–71

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)  60–1

Internal Drainage Board  123, 145

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)  114, 246

iron industry  269

 

John, King of England  166–7

Joint Nature Conservation Committee  112

Jones, Rt Rev. James  190

Jurassic Coast  92

 

Kent  261–3

Kirby, Esmé  82

Kyoto Protocol (1997)  60

Kyrle Society for the Diffusion of Beauty  16–17, 245

 

Lake District  5, 12, 28, 78, 91, 92

and administration  79, 83

and the coast  204

and Rawnsley  23–6

and trees  172–3, 174–6

and Wordsworth  6–8, 68

land

and access  68–70, 72–3, 74–5

and development  32–3, 35–6, 45, 48–9

and planning  xii, 58, 297–8, 300–4, 306–6

and reclamation  200

Land Utilisation in Rural Areas  47

landscape  1, 2, 96–7, 101–2, 123–5, 305–6

and agriculture  125–9, 130–1, 132–3, 142–8

landscape gardens  4, 169

Lansbury, George  238

Larkin, Philip  287

Last Child in the Woods (Louv)  314

Lawson, Nigel  111, 182

Lawton, John  115–16

Lees-Milne, James  240–1, 242–3

leisure  53, 68–9, 150–1, 177

Letchworth  279–80

Letwin, Oliver  62

Lever Brothers  276

Limits to Growth, The  54–6

Lincoln, Abraham  67

Lloyd George, David  31, 173

Loch Lomond and the Trossachs  92

London  16, 19–21, 22, 92–3, 266–7, 271–3

and green belts  280

and post-war  280–2

and trees  187

Longland, Jack  82, 84

Louv, Richard  314

Lundy  213, 214

 

Macdonald, Ramsay  75

MacEwen, Malcolm  86

Macmillan, Harold  52–3

Magna Carta  166–7

Making of the English Landscape, The (Hoskins)  123–5

Malthus, Rev Robert  8–9

Manchester Corporation  24–5, 175

Marine and Coastal Access Act (2009)  224, 225

marine environment  212–15

Mass Trespass  72–3

Matheson, Donald  240

Melchett, Lord  108

military occupation  194, 203

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment  114–15

Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF)  142, 144, 145–6, 148, 149, 153

Montreal Protocol (1987)  60

Morris, William (artist)  xii, 15–16, 25

Morris, William (car designer)  287

motorways  288, 289

mountains  69–70

Muir, John  xv, 68

 

National Character Areas  111

National Ecosystem Assessment  115–16, 154, 185

National Farmers’ Union (NFU)  87, 140, 144

National Forest  186

National Grid  80, 283–4

National Health Service  46, 51

National Heritage Memorial Fund (NHMF)  248, 252

National Land Fund  243

National Nature Reserves  103

National Parks  xiv, 54, 90–1, 92–4, 120, 284

and administration  79–84, 86–90, 91–2

and agriculture  143–4

and cities  92–3, 296

and the coast  203–5

and creation  75–8, 307

and Exmoor  66–7, 85–6

and forests  177–8

and USA  67–8

National Parks and Access to Countryside Act (1949)  51–2, 74, 78

National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF)  297–8, 300–2

National Trust  xii, xiv, 43, 153, 256–8

and children  315–16

and the coast  193–4, 200, 204, 207–12, 216–21, 223, 225

and forests  187–9

and foundation  15, 17, 23, 26–9, 306

and historic buildings  230, 232, 238, 239–44, 246–53

and nature  95–6, 100, 105–6

and peat  155–7

and planning  298, 299, 300–2

Natural Capital Committee  116, 117

Natural England  113

Natural Environment White Paper 2011  116

Natural History of Selborne (White)  5, 97–8

Natural Resources Wales  184

nature  5–6, 51, 95–8, 100–4, 307, 310–11

and agriculture  107–9

and children  314–16

and the coast  212–14

and conservation  110–11, 112–21

and pollution  104–6

see also birdlife; plantlife; wildlife

Nature Conservancy  102–4, 213–14

Nature Conservancy Council (NCC)  106–7, 108–9, 111–12, 180, 182

Nature Improvement Areas  116, 117

Neville, Charles  201, 202

New Forest  5, 78, 89–90, 92, 170, 177

New Lanark  276

New Towns  48, 281, 282, 283, 285–6

non-native species  119–20

Norfolk Broads  91, 92, 122–3, 145–6

North Downs  79

North York Moors  78, 80, 92, 204

Northern Ireland  208

Northumberland  78, 204

 

Office of Works  235

oil  54, 104, 212–13, 215

open-field farming  128, 129, 130, 133–5

Owen, Robert  276

 

Packer, Richard  148

Parker, Barry  279

parks  3–4, 16, 81, 271, 294; see also National Parks

Patten, Chris, Lord  58

Peacehaven  44, 200–2

Peak District 40, 70, 71, 72–3, 74, 78

and administration  79, 80

and peat  91, 155–6

peat  91, 97, 122, 131, 155–7, 180

Peek, Henry  21

Peers, Charles Reed  235, 237

Pembrokeshire Coast  78, 80, 204, 208

Pennine Way  73, 74, 97

pesticides  104, 105

Planning Acts (1909/19/32)  31–2, 33, 44

plantlife  54, 120, 179

poetry  2, 6, 30, 33–4, 133–4, 287

pollution  9, 54, 55, 104–5, 215, 289–90

population growth  8–9, 55, 264, 265, 267

Porchester, Henry Herbert, Lord  86–7

Port Sunlight  276, 277

Potter, Beatrix  26, 150

poverty  9, 23, 35, 139

Prescott, John, Lord  58, 293

Preservation of Rural England, The (Abercrombie)  37

Price, Uvedale  5

Priestley, J. B.  35–6

Public Forest Estate  187–90

 

quarrying  7, 24, 25, 88

 

Rackham, Oliver  161–2, 164, 169

railways  12, 24, 139, 230, 261–3, 273–4

ramblers  70, 73, 151

Rawnsley, Conrad  211

Rawnsley, Hardwicke  15, 23–4, 25–6

regionalism  46, 127–31, 136–7

Reilly, Sir Charles  36–7

Reith, John, Lord  47–9, 76–7, 282

religion  2, 265, 275, 311

renewable energy  221–4

Repton, Humphry  5, 169

ResPublica  297, 309

Restriction of Ribbon Development Act (1935)  44

ribbon development  36, 37, 41, 44, 280

Rivers (Prevention of Pollution) Act (1951)  104

roads  25, 87–8, 205, 287, 288–90

Rogers, Richard, Lord  263, 292–3, 295

Rothman, Benny  72–3

Rothschild, Charles  100, 101

Rowntree, Joseph  278

Royal Agricultural Society of England (RASE)  136

Royal Forests  165–8, 176–7

Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)  100, 101, 105, 118, 179, 180, 182

rural planning  36–9, 47

Ruskin, John  xii–xiii, 1–2, 10–15, 17–18, 23, 25, 64

and legacy  31, 50

and National Trust  26–7

 

Sandford, Lord  82–4

sandlands  136

Sandys, Duncan  244–5, 280

sanitation  32, 33, 272–3

Sayer, Sylvia  82

Sayes Court  22–3, 170

science  101–3

Scotland  39, 69, 92, 111, 112, 179–80, 182

Scott Committee  47, 103–4, 125, 203

Sea Birds Preservation Act (1869)  99–100

seaside resorts  199–200, 205, 271, 274

Second World War  45–6, 140

set-aside schemes  147, 148

sewage  215–16

Shaw Lefevre, George  234–5

sheep farming  128–9, 130, 135, 144, 150

Sheffield Association for the Protection of Local Scenery  41

shipbuilding  170, 196, 197

Shoard, Marion  56, 143

Shropshire Lad, A (Housman)  1, 33

Silent Spring (Carson)  104–5

Silkin, Lewis  30, 51–2, 73, 74, 77

Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs)  88–9, 102, 103, 106–7, 109

slum clearances  33, 35, 275

Snowdonia  xiii–xiv, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 204

Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves (SPNR)  100–2, 105

Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings (SPAB)  15, 28

Society of Antiquaries of London  233, 234

soil conditions  154–8

Somerset, Guy  66

Somervell, Robert Miller  24–5

South Downs  78, 79, 91, 92

sprawl  30–1, 35–6, 41–2, 275, 280

Standing Committee on National Parks (SCNP)  81, 82, 178

Steers, J. Alfred  203, 208

Stephenson, Tom  73, 74, 78, 225

Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment (1972)  54, 60

Stukeley, William  233

sustainability  63, 91, 185, 309–10

and agriculture  147, 152–3, 155

and fish  214–15

Symonds, Rev H. H.  176

 

Talbot, Fanny  14, 27, 200

tax breaks  111, 142, 180, 182

technology  53–4, 61–2, 131–2, 135

textile industry  269

Theft of the Countryside, The (Shoard)  56, 143

Thirlmere  24–5

timber  138–9, 168, 170–2, 173–4, 185–6

Tomorrow! A Peaceful Path to Reform (Howard)  278

Torrey Canyon, SS  104, 212–13, 215

tourism  5, 24, 150–1, 232–3, 257

and the coast  193–4, 199–200, 205

and historic buildings  246–50

and National Parks  81, 82, 90

and woodlands  177, 184–5

Town and Country Planning Acts (1932/44/47)  51, 75, 76, 244, 282–3

Transition Towns  295

trees  25, 91, 111, 160–5, 168–9, 170

and benefits  184–5, 190–1

and controversies  54, 172–3, 174–6, 179–80, 182

and forestry  169–70

Trevelyan, Charles  69

Trevelyan, G. M.  42–3, 76

Turner, J. M. W.  1, 10

 

ugliness  41, 43, 63

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)  246

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)  60, 114

United States of America  67–8, 104–5

Unwin, Sir Raymond  36–7, 279, 280

uplands  136, 137, 174

urban regeneration  263–4, 292–7

urbanisation  9–10, 12–13, 30–1, 33, 35–6, 135–6, 261–2, 307–8

and decline  291–3

and history  264–9, 270–5, 284–6

and planning  297–8, 300–4

Uthwatt Committee  46

 

Vermuyden, Cornelius  130, 131

 

Waldegrave, William, Lord  109, 148

Wales  39, 69, 112, 184

and coastal path  225, 226–7

war poets  30, 33–4

Weaver, Sir Lawrence  36–7

Webb, Mary  34

Wembury Point  193–4

wetlands  98, 119

White, Gilbert  5, 97–8

Whittow, Dr John  208–9

Wicken Fen  95–6, 100, 157

Wild Birds Acts  99–100, 101

wildlife  51, 91, 96–7, 98–100, 115–16, 307

and the coast  194, 212–14

and decline  118

and pollution  104–5

and woodlands  185

Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981)  86–7, 107–9, 213

Wildlife and Countryside Link  113

Wildlife Link  108

Wildlife Trusts, The  119, 214, 225

Williams-Ellis, Clough  36, 41–2, 280

Williamson, Henry  34

Wilson, Woodrow  67–8

Wimbledon Common  21, 22, 69

wind turbines  63, 221–4

Woodland Trust  185, 187

woodlands  54, 90, 161, 162–5, 168–9, 171

and benefits  184–7, 190–2

and decline  170–2, 173, 179

and new creations  186–7

wool industry  265–6

Wordsworth, William  6, 7–8, 12, 24, 68, 306

and trees  172–3, 175

World Heritage Sites  92–3, 246

Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)  56

 

Yorkshire Dales  78, 80, 91, 92

Young, Arthur  132, 133, 268