Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Abständigkeit (distantiality), 213
Abstract independence, 147
Actions: as action of other, 217–19; as alien power, 57; consequences of, 61–64; independent existence of, 51–67; inhibition of, 126–28; scope of, 67
Activism, as form of life lifestyle, 61
Actor, 96–98
Addicts, 238n14
Adolescents, 229n5
Adorno, Theodor W., 242n16
Agamemnon (fictional character), 175
Alienated labor, 224n12
Alienation: as appropriation relation, 36–37; autonomy influenced by, xxii; concept of, 3, 26–27; critical theory defined by, vii; critique of critique of, 27–28; as critique’s starting point, vii, xix; as diagnostic concept, 26–27; dimensions of, 12–14; as domination relation, 22, 224n9; emancipation diagnoses, 23; essentialism relied on by, xi–xii; as ethical problem, xxii–xxiii; freedom and, xii, 2, 23, 34–36, 199; as good life theory constituent, 28; heteronomy and, 22, 23, 24, 58–59, 152, 200; history of, 6–10; impotence in, 24; as inauthenticity, 18–21; indifference and, 149–50, 152; of individual, 217; interpretations of, 134–41; labor and, 11–16; as loss of control, 12–14, 221n3; Marx’s conception of, 14–16; as meaninglessness, 22; modernity characterized by, 8; normative status of, 128–29; positive freedom as opposite of, 199; praxis as important to diagnosis of, 18; project of reconstructing, 40; reconciliation dependence of, 40; relation of relationlessness as core of, xii; roles and, 72–76; second order, 114; self-realization and, 149–50; in sociality, 31; theories of, 5–10, 37
Alienation critique, see Critique
Alienness: appropriation’s contrast with, 12; feeling of, 228–29
Ambivalence: of indifference, 141–49; of roles, 80–92; tolerating, 245n31
Anthropology: Marx’s labor, 14–16; social philosophy foundation, 227n16
Antiessentialism: appropriation model, 206; articulation understood through, 162; authenticity conception, 210; personal identity conception, 178–79; self-appropriation and, 187; self-invention and, 187
Antipaternalism, 34
Appropriateness: having oneself at one’s command determining, 121–22; of self-conception, 123–26
Appropriation, xii–xv; alienation as impeded relation of, 36–37; alienness’s contrast with, 12; antiessentialist model of, 206; being oneself as, 160–61; concept of, 37, 153, 177, 191–92; deficiencies of, 92–94; of desires, 117; of events, 63–64; through experiences, 192; as experiment, 189–90; freedom and, 148–49; histories of, 177, 178–79; identity needing, 178; impairments in processes of, ix, 47; by individuals, 86; integration involved in, 186; interpretation needed by, 122; of life, 47; for Locke, 228n13; Marx’s conception of, 14–16; of past, 178; personal identity as result of, 177–79; practical, 9, 152; as praxis, 38; processes of, 64, 152–53, 157–66, 186, 228n13; property and, 228n13; real, 14; as reappropriation, 15; relation of, 1; of roles, 84, 86, 201, 217; of role scripts, 85; of self, 33, 36, 151–220, 192; self as process of, 157–66; of social practices and institutions, 219; of species-being, 9; as subjectivity mark, xii; successful, 95–96, 190; as transformation, 148; unsuccessful, 95–96; of world, 148, 151–220
Appropriative transformation, 243n24
Archer, Isabel (fictional character), 183–85, 246n45
Articulation: antiessentialism understanding, 162; of desires, 161–62; distinguishing, 48; experience accounted for by, 244n11; externalization and, 165; modes of, 48; overview of, 161–62; self-appropriation and, 162–64; self-relation as inseparable from, 165; Taylor’s concept of, 161–64, 240n42
Artificial man, 90–92
Autarchy, 203
Authenticity, 234n37, 248n2; antiessentialist version of, 210; as creating individuality, 210; critique of roles and, 73; definition of, 231n4, 232n13; of desires, 99–130; as doing, 159; drama and, 232n8; of human being’s nature, ix; inauthenticity’s discrepancy with, 47; inner essence determining, 157–59; as inside, 45–48; inwardness conception of, 185; loss of, 95; modern ideal of, 73; MUDs and, 194–98; obstinacy’s connection to, 185; originality and, 209–11; personhood needed for, 106–7; in political communities, 210; possibility of, 86, 217; as private autonomy question, 210; resistance’s connection to, 185; role deformation and, 75; in role-playing, 212; roles and, 68–98, 158; role scripts and, 85; Rorty on, 209–11; Rousseau and, 7; search for, 85; self-alienation and, 69–70; self-determination and, 199–215; selfhood criterion, 44; self-production taking place of, 186; self-realization and, 199–215; social roles and loss of, 68–98; will formation preconditions, 120–21; worldless accounts of, 209
Authorization: of authenticator, 112; of desires, 107–17; identification as, 110
Autonomy: alienation influencing, xxii; conceptions of, 203–5; conventionalism compared with, 203; critique of, 204; definition of, 58–59, 142–43, 202, 203–5; ethical, 203–5; Hegel’s theory incorporating, 8–9; heteronomy as symmetrical opposite of, 204; indifference and, 142–43, 202; material conditions of realizing, 202; private, 210–15; value of, 42; see also Self-determination
Baczko, Bronislaw, 222n10
Barth, Hans, 222n10
Baumann, Peter, 49
Beckett, Samuel, 131
Behavior: conventions established by, 233n19; critique of, 73; forced, 70; role, 68–98
Being-in-the-world, 16–21
Berlin, Isaiah, 35, 41, 242n15
Bernstein, Richard, 226n6
Bieri, Peter, 177–79
Bildung, see Formation
Bloom, Harold, 209–10
Borderline experience, 191, 198
Boredom, 143–45
Bourgeois society, 5
Brinkmann, Rolf Dieter, 51
Brudney, Daniel, 25
Büchner, Georg, 68
Butler, Judith, 31
Cassavetes, John, 166, 171, 185
Christman, John, 119–20, 203, 204
Clichés, 212
Clothes, as social convention, 183–84, 185
Coercion, desires as untouched by, 71
Coherence, 129–30
Complexity, 129–30
Confessions (Rousseau), 180
Conformism, 84–88
Constitutive rigidification, 64–65
Constraint, manipulation and, 119–21
Continuity: Internet representing, 197–98; loss and, 172–73; self-betrayal and, 173–75; in transformations, 176–79; see also Discontinuities
Control (loss of): alienation as, 12–14, 221n3; of events, 63–64; Plessner on, 62; reality influencing, 196–97; as self-alienation, 51–67
Conventions, 231n27; autonomy compared with, 203; behavior establishing, 233n19; clothes as social, 185; definition of, 67; as foreign law, 230n13; Internet and, 197–98; liberals influencing, 250n37; power of, 67; rigidification and, 212, 230n14, 230n15, 250n35; of roles, 85–86, 235n39
Cooper, David E., 244n19
Cosmic self, 228n5
Critical theory: alienation critique in, 222n9; alienation defining, vii; development of, 10; Habermas’s refounding of, 223n20
Critique: alienation as starting point of, vii, xix, 10; approach crucial for, xxi–xxii; argument reliance of, 32; of artificiality, 91–92; of autonomy, 204; of behavior, 73; bourgeois society, 5; of capitalism, 6; conservative, 23; of cooperative activities, 250n2; of core model, 157–61; without core model, 157–59; in critical theory, 222n9; of critique of alienation, 27–28; of division of labor, 73; emancipation driven by, 119; emancipatory, 23; essence-based, 45, 228n1; of essentialism, 28, 156; without essential self, 157–59; existentialist, 9–10, 16, 244n19; foundation of, ix–x, xx; of Frankfurt, 240n33; of freedom, 146, 147; of homo sociologicus, 73; identity, 177–79; inauthenticity and, 72; incomplete man, 88–90; of inwardness conception of self, 180–86; of Marx, xxi, 224n13; normative criterion of, 48–49; normative status of, 128–29; as open-ended process part, 40; paradox of, 45; Plessner opposing, 234n27; of political economy, 223n17; poststructuralism’s, 30–31; presuppositions of, 32–33; rebuilding driven by, 119; recurring form of, 8; of roles, 73–76, 81–92; of romantics, 213; of self models, 47–48; of social appearance, 73; of social institutions, xxii; of specialization, 73; spirit of capitalism transcending, xx; of Stoicism, 145–49; structure and problems of, 22–31; of subject, 30–31; Taylor’s, 240n33; of thrownness, 115–17; versions of, 11–21
Critique (immanent), 41–42, 49
Critique of Dialectical Reason (Sartre), 234n37
Dahrendorf, Ralf, 73, 88, 235n43
Dantons Tod (Büchner), 68
Deception, as inauthenticity, 70–71
Decisionism, 110–15
Deeds, emancipatory power of, 62
Desire, 237n2, 243n24; alien, 24, 104–7, 122, 237n6, 238n7; alternatives, emerging from, 120, 121; appropriation of, 117; articulation of, 161–62; attitudes toward, 218; authenticity of, 99–130; authorization of, 107–17; Butler on, 31; to change self, 49; coercion touching, 71; concealed, 160; conflict, 237n6; domination by, 105; emancipatory significance of, 103–4; essentialism influencing, 158; evaluation of, 238n13; feminist example, 100–9, 158, 201–2, 218; freedom influenced by, 103–4; identifying with, 109–17, 137–39, 201–2; inauthenticity of, 99–130; incompatibility of, 101–2; indifference and, 237n6; infinite regress of order of, 239n28; manipulation forming, 119–20; position in relation to, 238n13; practical justification of, 240n33; praxis influencing, 158; as raw facts, 116; reinterpreting of, 238n7; rejecting of, 238n7; self-conceptions conflicting with, 103; self-conceptions’ importance to, 122–26; self-determination importance of, 203–4; significance of, 101; social character of, 218; in theory of alienation, 36–37; third order volition and, 239n28; unwanted, 160
Diederichsen, Diedrich, 187
Diggins, John Patrick, 180
“Discourse on the Origin of Inequality Among Men” (Rousseau), 7
Dissociation: discontinuity and, 172–75; hybridity and, 190–92; multiple identities and, 190–92
Distantiality (Abständigkeit), 213
Division: autonomy influenced by, xxii; features of, 101–4; indifference calling into question, 160; self-alienation as, 99–130
Division of labor, critiques of, 73
Domination: alienation as relation of, 22, 224n9; of alien powers, 99–130; by desire, 105; Heidegger on, 20–21; indifference’s relation with, 24; meaninglessness’s convergence with, 224n8; by others, 20–21; self-, 20
Doppelgänger (lookalike), 77–78
Drama, 232n8
Dreitzel, Hans-Peter, 87
Drifting, 204
Dworkin, Gerald, 203–4
Eberlein, Undine, 234n29
“Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts” (Marx), 11–16
Eigensinn, see Obstinacy
Einzigartigkeit (Eberlein), 234n29
Elements of the Philosophy of Right (Hegel), 221n3
Emancipation: alienation diagnoses, 23; being oneself and, 117–21; of conception of inwardness, 246n45; conservative diagnoses distinguished from, 23; critique, 23; critique driving, 119; desires having significance for, 103–4; dilemma of, 118–19; feminist example, 100–9; Foucault on, 30–31; freedom and, 103–4; indifference’s potential for, 142; protection as alternative to, 120; self-production continuing project of, 186–87; volitional nature’s implications for, 116
Entäußerung, see Externalization
Essentialism: alienation relying on, xi–xii; appropriation relying on remainder of, 163–64; articulation relying on remainder of, 163–64; avoiding, viii; critique of, 28, 156; end of, vii; Foucault attacking, 30–31; as problematic, 27; Raz’s position of, 169–70; replacing conceptions of, 40
Essential self, 157–59
Ethics: alienation as problem of, xxii–xxiii; autonomy with, 203–5; freedom yielding reality of, 147; Kierkegaard’s ideal of, 9; modern theory, 33–34; questions, 222n10; self-deception importance, 231n26; in social life, 8–9
“The Ethics of Antiquity and Modernity” (Tugendhat), 33–34
The Ethics of Authenticity (Taylor), 232n13
Evaluated coherence, 122–26
Events, loss of control of, 63–64
Existentialism: crisis, 44; critiques, 9–10, 16, 244n19; of Heidegger, 16–21; questions, 43–44; self in, 144
Experience: appropriation through, 192; articulation accounting for, 244n11; borderline, 191, 198; horizons of, 231n27; on Internet, 193–98; on MUDs, 193–98; one-sidedness restricting, 236n48; of other, 190–92; self having, 191–92; subject dissolved through, 247n62; subject having, 191
“The Experience of Time and Personality” (Bieri), 177–79
Experiential content, 222n4
Experimentation: form of life found through, 214–15; halting of, 65–66; life, 209–15; private, 213–15
Expression, antiessentialist conception of, 163
Externalization (Entäußerung): articulation and, 165; as balancing out process, 63–64; being oneself as result of, 161; for existence, 79; through labor, 14–16; Marx’s interpretation of, 12, 14–16; reality acquired through, 46; of self, 159–61; self-relation as dependent on, 165; subject coming to self through, 206; world as, 224n13
The Fabric of Self (Margolis), 228n5
Falk, Peter, 166
Fatalism, as form of life lifestyle, 61
Feminist, 100–9, 117–18, 119–21, 158, 201–2, 218
Force: actively structuring, 44; alien, 58–59, 114
Form, identity taking on, 78–79
Formation (Bildung), 9, 205; individuals playing part in, 177–78; on Internet, 194–98; The Philosophy of Right on, 243n24; roles taken over in, 79; of true self, 81; see also Self-production; Will formation
Form of life: of academic, 217; activism as lifestyle within, 61; as alienating, xxiii; experiences influencing, 214; experimentation finding, 214–15; immanent critique judging, 41, 42; liquifying, 214–15
Foucault, Michel, 30–31, 247n62
Fragmentation, 88–90
Frankfurt, Harry, 104–18, 143–45, 168–79, 191, 238n13, 240n33, 242n21, 245n24
Freedom: abstract, 147; alienation and, xii, 2, 23, 34–36, 199; appropriation and, 148–49; to be anything, 171; of choice, 149; conditions, 2, 8, 36, 149; critique of, 146, 147; definition of, 148; desires influencing, 103–4; emancipation and, 103–4; ethical reality yielded by, 147; as ethical social life, 8–9; excessive, 171; as formal, 147; Hegel on, 8–9, 145–49; of indifference, 149; indifference’s relation with, 141–49; inner, 146–47; instances of, 35; meaning’s relation with, 23; obstacles to, 227n8; perfect, 121; real, 227n8; roles constraining, 84–85; roles robbing, 83–84; sociality of, 216–20; of Stoics, 146–47; subjectivity existence of, 147; worldlessness of, 147
Freedom (negative): positive freedom, sublated into, 149; rejection, 148; in will formation, 243n24
Freedom (positive): alienation as opposite of, 199; Berlin’s description of, 35, 41; definition of, 148, 248n2; elements of, 248n2; emergence of, 146; Geuss on, 248n2; Hegel on, 148; implications of, 35; negative freedom sublated into, 149
Freedom (social), 7–8
“Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person” (Frankfurt), 104–18
Freud, Sigmund, 231n23
Fromm, Erich, 24
Functioning: appropriation criteria as in, 153; in labor, 224n12; self-conceptions as, 126–28; of tolerating of ambivalence, 245n31; of will, 128–30; willing capacity, 33–34
Gagnon, John, 73
Genuineness, independence and, 181–82
Geuss, Raymond, 119, 121, 240n36, 248n2
Godard, Jean-Luc, 160
Ground projects, 168–70
Habermas, Jürgen, 223n20
Hamlet (fictional character), 74, 97–98
Hamlet (Shakespeare), 74, 97–98
Harun Farocki: Speaking of Godard (Silverman), 155
Having oneself at one’s command (Übersichverfügenkönnen): appropriateness determined by, 121–22; impairment to, 37; instances of alienation reconstructed with, 34; overview of, xv–xvi, 32–42; relations and, 218; self-alienation as, 152; see also Self-accessibility
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, xvii, 8–9, 145–49, 221n3, 238n13, 243n24
Heidegger, Martin, 11, 16–21, 182, 213, 225n16, 225n20
Heteronomy: alienation and, 22, 23, 24, 58–59, 152, 200; autonomy as symmetrical opposite of, 204; definition of, 229n11; influence as principal source of, 204; structural, 24, 248n4
History and Class Consciousness (Lukács), 223n19
Hofmann, Stefanie, 246n45
Homo sociologicus, 73
Human beings: alien, 81–84; authenticity of nature of, ix; as Doppelgänger, 77–78; Kusser on, 228n1; persons exhibiting properties of, 228n1
Hybridity, 190–92
The Idea of a Critical Theory (Geuss), 240n36
Identification: as authorization, 110; basic pattern of, 137–39; defining, 137–39; with desires, 109–17, 137–39, 201–2; indifference as loss of, 134, 136–41; interpretation needed by, 122; model of, 137–39; overview of, 137–39, 164–65
Identities (multiple), 174–75, 190–92, 194–98
Identity: adoption example, 115–17; appropriation as needed by, 178; balancing leading to, 175–79; boredom and, 143–45; conceptions of, 172–79, 190–92; critique, 177–79; developing, 192; dissolution of, 111–12; doubt about, 118–19; Dreitzel on, 87; feminist, 101, 103; form taken on by, 78–79; foundations of, 168–72; ground projects constituting, 168–70; indifference and, 143–45; as inwardness, 184; limits making up, 113, 171; loss and, 172–73; loss of, 113, 179; moral, 210; as objective fact, 125; offstage, 232n14; personal identity and, 174–75; as process, 178; purified, 127; resoluteness influencing, 111–12; roles influencing, 87, 93–96; second order alienation undermining, 114; shattering of, 176; situations causing emergence of, 166; subject of, 186, 190, 191; as tenable, 190; as threatened, 111–12, 179; volitional nature and, 114; will and, 112–13; via world, 134; see also Formation; Identification; Self-conception
Identity (personal): antiessentialist conception of, 178–79; as appropriation history result, 177–79; Goffman on, 236n51; identities and, 174–75
Impotence: in alienation, 24; meaninglessness and, 12, 22, 23
Inauthenticity: alienation as, 18–21; authenticity’s discrepancy with, 47; critique and, 72; deception as, 70–71; of desires, 99–130; as externally coerced, 70–71; inner core determining, 45; of role player, 201; in role-playing, 212; roles and, 212; Sartre on, 91–92; social world as cause of, 20; subject influenced in, 71; systematic blinding of, 18
Incomplete man, 88–90
Independency, xvii; abstract, 147; of actions, 51–67; in autarchy, 203; definition of, 181; genuineness and, 181–82; indifference as asserting, 150; in inner life, 183; as inwardness, 184–85; otherness struggle leading to, 148; powerlessness and, 51–67; of relations, 5; of roles, 84–85; of subject-function, 87–88; withdrawing having potential for, 142–43, 146
Indifference: alienation and, 149–50, 152; ambivalence of, 141–49; autonomy and, 142–43, 202; desires and, 237n6; division called into question by, 160; domination’s relation with, 24; emancipatory potential of, 142; in false life, 242n16; freedom of, 149; freedom’s relation with, 141–49; good life question undermined by, xxii, 222n10; as identification loss, 134, 136–41; identity and, 143–45; as independence assertion, 150; loss of self and, 141–49; Perlmann’s, 131–35, 140–41, 160, 202, 218; person obliterated by, 242n21; as relations loss, 134–36; self-alienation and, 131–50; self-realization and, 149–50
Indifferent man, 131–35
Individual: alienation of, 217; drama and, 232n8; formation part of, 177–78; life experiments, 209–15; relations and, 218, 219; role formation of, 217; self-relation of outward-directed, 81; society’s relation with, 232n8
Individuality: authenticity as creating, 210; developing, 213; meaning of, 210; natural development of, 215; resisting, 182; Tugendhat on, 211; as uniqueness, 211–13
Inhibition of actions, 126–28
Inner citadel, 180–85
Inner core, inauthenticity determined by, 45
Inner essence, authenticity determined by, 157–59
Inner freedom, 146–47
Inner life: independence in, 183; as inner world, 182–83; overview of, 182–83
Institutions, constitution of, 220
Instrumentalism, 93–94
Instrumentalization: meaninglessness intensified into by, 13–14; prohibition against, 224n8
Integration: appropriation involvement, 186; ethical social life as form of, 8; on Internet, 197; otherness influencing, 129; of personality, 122–26; process of, 176–77; self and, 176, 192; unity of self as achievement of, 160
Interests, uniqueness and, 211–13
Internal division, see Division
Internet: continuity represented by, 197–98; conventions and, 197–98; experiences on, 193–98; formation on, 194–98; integration on, 197; multiple identities on, 194–98; personality influenced by, 197–98
Interpretation: of alienation, 134–41; appropriation needing, 122; blocking out, 218–19; identification needing, 122; on life, 54–60; self-conception as, 124; social, 218–19
Interpretive sovereignty, 71–72
Intractability (Unverfügbarkeit): Frankfurt on, 112; inwardness and, 166–85; of self, 167–79; volitional necessities and, 112
Inwardness, 246n37; Archer’s conception of, 246n45; critique of, 180–86; independence as, 184–85; intractability and, 166–85; romantic conceptions of, 246n40
James, Henry, 183–85
James, William, 139–41
Kambartel, Friedrich, 206–7
Keiner Weiß Mehr (Brinkmann), 51
Kierkegaard, Søren, 9
Kusser, Anna, 228n1
Labor: alienated, 224n12; alienation and, 11–16; alien power as product of, 224n9; anthropology of, 14–16; distinctive feature of, 224n12; externalization through, 14–16; functioning in, 224n12; Marx on, 14–16
Laboratory scientist, 236n48
LaCroix (fictional character), 68
Laertes (fictional character), 74
Liberals, conventions influenced by, 250n37
Liberation: Foucault on, 30–31; self-determination as process of, 205; will limitation as, 114
Life: academic example, 52–59; as alien life, 43–150; drifting through, 204; with dynamic of own, 54–59, 60–64; indifference in false, 242n16; interpretations on, 54–60; on screen, 192–98; see also Form of life; Inner life; Powerlessness; Rigidification
Life (good): alienation as constituent of theory of, 28; indifference undermining question of, xxii, 222n10; Marx’s conception of, 14; modern inquiry into, 33–34
Life experiment, 209–15
Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet (Turkle), 192–98
Liveliness, 143–45
Locke, John, 228n13
Lookalike (Doppelgänger), 77–78
Loss: continuity and, 172–73; coping failures, 245n28; of meaning, 12; of power, 22–23; of self, 141–49, 172–75
Löw-Beer, Martin, 127, 142–43, 211
Lukes, Steven, 227n8
Manipulation: constraint and, 119–21; desires formed by, 119–20; will formation influenced by, 119–20, 204
Marcuse, Herbert, 28–29, 223n17
Margolis, Diane Rothbard, 228n5
Marx, Karl, xxi, 11–16, 62, 224n12, 224n13, 227n8, 227n15
Marxism and Morality (Lukes), 227n8
Matzner, Jutta, 235n43
Meaning: freedom’s relation with, 23; loss of, 12, 22–23; meaninglessness and, 231n23; question of, 231n23
Meaninglessness: alienation as, 22; domination’s convergence with, 224n8; impotence and, 12, 22, 23; instrumentalization intensifying into, 13–14; meaning and, 231n23; powerlessness intertwined with, 22; suspicion of, 231n23
Mercier, Pascal, 131–35, 140–41, 155, 160, 202, 218
Merker, Barbara, 225n26
Merle (fictional character), 183–84, 246n45
Modernity: alienation characterizing, 8; cosmic self as concept of, 228n5
Moodysson, Lukas, 250n35
Moral identity, 210
Multi-user domains (MUDs), 193–98
Nagel, Thomas, 135–36
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 149, 186, 210, 246n47, 247n56
Normativity: of alienation critique, 128–29; question of, 189; subjectivity view, xiv
Objectivism, 28–30
Obstinacy (Eigensinn): development of, 183; Goffman on, 236n51; Hegel on, 221n3; human beings honored by, 221n3; overview of, xvi–xvii; role multidimensionality and, 94–95; roles, developing on margins of, 236n51; selves in making confronted with, 189; source of, 182
Offstage identity, 232n14
One Dimensional Man (Marcuse), 28–29
“On the Usefulness of FinalEnds” (Frankfurt), 171–72
Opening Night, 185
The Opposing Self (Trilling), 180
Originality: authenticity and, 209–11; as byproduct, 214, 250n32; life experiment aiming at, 214; of persons, 235n39; of roles, 235n39; Rorty on, 209–11
Pale man, 84–88
Perfectionism (ethical), 28–30, 204, 227n15
Perlmann (fictional character), 131–35, 140–41, 160, 202, 218
Perlmann’s Silence (Mercier), 131–35, 140–41, 155, 160, 202, 218
Person: addicts as, 238n14; Baumann on, 49; being of, 83; cosmic self as quality of, 228n5; destruction of, 172–75; doing of, 83; fragmentation of, 191; human being properties exhibited by, 228n1; indifference obliterating, 242n21; Kusser on, 228n1; originality of, 235n39; properties of, 49; real interests of, 240n36; significant things to, 237n2
Personal autonomy, see Autonomy
Personality: center of, 237n2; characterizing, 170–71; development of, 197; dimensions, 170–71; dissolution of, 171; feminism example, 101; integration of, 122–26; Internet influencing, 197–98; margins of, 237n2; part played by, 87–88; roles as part of, 93–94; shrinkage of, 141; tragic hero as, 175; unsocialized remainder of, 79–80; wasting away of, 145
Persons, subjects developing into, 243n24
Phenomenology of Spirit (Hegel), 205
The Philosophy of Right (Hegel), xvii, 148, 238n13, 243n24
“The Philosophy of the Actor” (Simmel), 96–98
Pippin, Robert, 35
Plessner, Helmuth, 62, 68, 76–78, 234n27
Poeisis (product creation), 247n58
Poet, 209–10
Political communities, authenticity in, 210
Pollesch, René, 43
The Portrait of a Lady (Henry), 183–85, 246n45
Postmodern self, 192–98
Poststructuralism, 156, 186, 193, 247n56
Power: loss of, 22–23; productivity of, 31; subject beyond, 30–31
Power (alien), 12; actions as, 57; domination of, 99–130; as labor product, 224n9
Powerlessness: independent existence and, 51–67; meaninglessness intertwined with, 22; sovereignty as characterized by, 147
Praxis: alienation importance of, 18; appropriation as, 38; Aristotle on, 247n58; desires influenced by, 158; self as, 189–90
Praxis and Action (Bernstein), 226n6
Private: life experiments as, 213–15; public separated from, 210–11
Private autonomy, 210–15
Product creation (poeisis), 247n58
Promethean expressivism, 224n4
Property, appropriation and, 228n13
Protection, emancipation as alternative to, 120
Public: private separated from, 210–11; roles, 81–84
Purified identity, 127
Real appropriation, 14
Real interests, 240n36
Reality: externalization, acquired through, 46; loss of control influenced by, 196–97
Reappropriation, appropriation as, 15
Reconciliation, 2; alienation dependent on, 40; history pushing toward, 28; meaning of, 15
Reification (Verdinglichung), 60; Habermas influencing, 223n20; Heidegger referencing, 225n16; self-relation’s importance to, 19; theory of, 223n20; world and, 16–21
Relation (self-and world): alienation as appropriation, 36–37; alienation as domination, 22, 224n9; of appropriation, 1; having oneself at one’s command and, 218; independence of, 5; indifference as loss of, 134–36; individual and, 218, 219
Relation of relationlessness: as alienation core, xii; definition of, ix
Repression hypothesis, 30–31
Resistance: of self, 180–85; self-invention’s potential for, 187
Resisting individuality, 182
Resoluteness, identity influenced by, 111–12
Rigidification, 54; constitutive, 64–65; conventions and, 212, 230n14, 230n15, 250n35; critique revealed by, 65; objections to, 60–61; overview of, 59–60
Rigidity, 127
Role: alienation and, 72–76; ambivalence of, 80–92; appropriation of, 84, 86, 201, 217; aspects of, 80–92; authenticity and, 68–98, 158; behavior, 68–98; Benn on, 93; constellations, 94–95; constitutive nature of, 76–80; conventionality of, 85–86, 235n39; critiques of, 73–76, 81–92; formation, taken over in, 79; freedom constrained by, 84–85; freedom robbed by, 83–84; identity influenced by, 87, 93–96; inauthenticity and, 212; as independent, 84–85; individual’s formation of, 217; ineluctable nature of, 76–80; limits of metaphor of, 74–75; Mead on, 235n39; multidimensionality of, 94–95; obstinacy and multidimensionality of, 94–95; obstinacy developing on margins of, 236n51; originality of, 235n39; as personality part, 93–94; public, 81–84; scripts, 85; self-alienation in, 92–98; self’s dichotomy with, 75–76; switching, 74–75; true self alienated by, 73
Role-playing: authenticity in, 212; inauthenticity in, 212; outward-directed character of, 81–84; overview of, 69–72
Romantic subject, 209–15
Rorty, Richard, 209–15, 216, 246n40
Rousseau (Baczko), 222n10
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 6–9, 81, 180
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 91–92, 234n37
Schmitt, Carl, 213
Scope of action, 67
Second order alienation, 114
Second order volition, 104–9, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115–16, 238n13, 238n14, 240n33
Self: authenticity criterion, 44; cosmic, 228n5; critique of models of, 47–48; as demiurge, 188; desire to change, 49; essential, 157–59; in existentialism, 144; experiences had by, 191–92; externalization of, 159–61; false, 95–96; formation of true, 81; indifference and loss of, 141–49; integration and, 160, 176, 192; intractability of, 167–79; inwardness conception of, 180–86; in making, 189; multiplicity of, 185–98; as one, 190–92; opposition of, 180–85; postmodern, 192–98; as praxis, 189–90; production paradigm of, 188; resistance of, 180–85; roles’ dichotomy with, 75–76; shell and, 183–85; sociality of, 216–20
Self (core model of): alienation critique without, 157–59; critique of, 157–61; definition of, 157, 243n2; positions included in, 243n2
Self (loss of), 141–49, 172–75
Self (true): definition of, 45; false self and, 95–96, 236n52; formation of, 81; as proto-self, 45; roles alienating, 73; as self-relation, 128
Self (unity of): creation of, 175–79; as integration achievement, 160; self-appropriation and, 175–79; wholeheartedness constituting, 143
Self-accessibility: being oneself as, 121–30; definition of, 130; degrees of, 130; inhibition of actions and, 126–28; nonfulfillment of, 129–30; self-alienation as, 152; understanding presupposed by, 218
Self-alienation: authenticity and, 69–70; as division, 99–130; as failure to apprehend, 19–20; as having oneself at one’s command, 152; indifference and, 131–50; loss of control as, 51–67; in roles, 92–98; as self-accessibility, 152; self-determination and, 200–5; social world as cause of, 20; uniqueness and, 208–15
Self-appropriation: antiessentialism and, 187; articulation and, 162–64; being oneself as, 155–98, 175–79; conception of, 177–78; self-invention versus, 187–88; self-relations and, 187; unity of self and, 175–79
Self-betrayal: of Agamemnon, 175; continuity and, 173–75; overview of, 173
Self-conception: appropriateness of, 123–26; desires conflicting with, 103; desires importance of, 122–26; dimensions of, 49; evaluated coherence and, 122–26; as functioning, 126–28; as interpretation, 124; as project, 124; subjectivity’s conflict with, 183–85
Self-creation, 93, 187, 195, 213–15, 246n47
Self-deception, ethical importance of, 231n26
Self-determination: authenticity and, 199–215; desires’ importance to, 203–4; as liberation process, 205; self-alienation and, 200–205; self-realization and, 199–215; self-relation’s reliance on, 200
Self-domination, 20
Self-formation, see Formation
Self-invention: antiessentialism and, 187; finding oneself versus, 186–90; multiplicity of self and, 185–98; resistance potential represented by, 187; self-appropriation versus, 187–88; self-discovery contrasted with, 185–98
Self-production: authenticity’s place taken by, 186; emancipation project continued by, 186–87
Self-realization: alienation and, 149–50; appropriation of world and, 205–8; authenticity and, 199–215; indifference and, 149–50; self-determination and, 199–215
Self-relation: articulation as inseparable from, 165; externalization dependence of, 165; illusory, 81, 218; of outward-directed individuals, 81; reification importance of, 19; relevance of, 198; Rousseau on, 81; self-appropriation and, 187; self-determination reliance of, 200; true self as, 128
Self-understanding: cultural, 41–42; Heidegger on, 182; introspective approach towards, 182; see also Articulation
Seligman, Dan, 221n3
Sennett, Richard, 127
Shakespeare, William, 74, 97–98
Silverman, Kaja, 155
Simmel, Georg, 10, 78–80, 96–98, 234n29
Sincerity and Authenticity (Trilling), 246n40
Smith, Adam, 12–13
Sociality: alienation in, 31; of freedom, 216–20; of self, 216–20
Socialization: feminist influenced by, 119–21; history of, 243n24; individualization as, 180; limits to, 180; of remainder, 79–80; Rousseau on, 7–9
Social life, ethical, 8–9
Social philosophy: of Marx, 227n15; reconstructing concept of, 1–42
Sources of the Self (Taylor), 244n11
Sovereignty, 147
Specialization, critiques of, 73
Species-being, appropriation of, 9
Spirit of capitalism, xx
Standardization, 84–88
Steinfath, Holmer, 163, 244n11
Stoicism: critique of, 145–49; freedom of, 146–47
Structural heteronomy, 24, 248n4
Subject: critique of, 30–31; experience, dissolved through, 247n62; experience had by, 191; externalization and, 206; of identity, 186, 190, 191; inauthenticity influencing, 71; persons developed into by, 243n24; beyond power, 30–31; romantic, 209–15
Subject-function, as independent, 87–88
Subjectivism (qualified), 34, 40, 153
Subjectivity, xi; appropriation as mark of, xii; decentering of, 230n16; Foucault rejecting, 30–31; freedom existing in, 147; mark of, xii–xiii; normative view of, xiv; processes distinctive of, xvii; reconstruction of, xiv; romantic, 213; self-conception’s conflict with, 183–85
Suburban existence, 52–59
Taylor, Charles, 161–64, 224n4, 232n13, 240n33, 240n42, 244n11
They: authenticity and, 235n38; independent existence of, 21; as social power, 21
Third order volition, 239n28
Thrownness, 112–17
Tolerating of ambivalence, 245n31
Tragic hero, 175
True volition, 34
Tugendhat, Ernst, 33–34, 211, 230n16, 250n2
Turkle, Sherry, 192–98
Übersichverfügenkönnen, see Having oneself at one’s command
Unavailability, see Intractability
Uniqueness: of adolescents, 229n5; individuality as, 211–13; interests and, 211–13; self-alienation and, 208–15
The Unnamable (Beckett), 131
Unsocialized remainder, 79–80
Unverfügbarkeit, see Intractability
Velleman, David, 245n24
Verdinglichung, see Reification
Volition: second order, 104–9, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115–16, 238n13, 238n14, 240n33; true, 34
Volitional nature, 114–17, 168–70
Volitional necessities, 113–17, 239n28
Volitional unity, 174–75
Wahrheit und Ideologie (Barth), 222n10
Wanton, 238n14
Weber, Max, 10
“When We Are Ourselves” (Raz), 99
Wholeheartedness, 143
Wildt, Andreas, 208
Will: functioning of, 128–30; identity and, 112–13; liberation, limitation as, 114
Will formation: alternatives influencing, 120, 121; authenticity preconditions, 119–21; manipulation influencing, 119–20, 204; negative freedom in, 243n24
Willing, functional capacity of, 33–34
Wilshire, Bruce, 232n14
Wolf, Ursula, 222n10
A Woman Under the Influence, 166, 171
Wood, Allen, 148
Work (alienated), 5, 12–16, 93
Worker, functioning of, 224n12
World: appropriation of, 148, 151–220; being-in-the-, 16–21; as externalization, 224n13; Heidegger on, 225n20; identity via, 134; inner life as inner, 182–83; loss of control in meaningful, 23; reification and, 16–21
World Trade Organization (WTO), 221n3