Appendix 1
Systematic List of Phyla and Larger Taxonomic Groups Mentioned in Text

Note: this is not a comprehensive classification; Margulis & Schwartz (1998) present a detailed, illustrated review of the phyla of living organisms, while Howson & Picton (1997) provide a complete classification of the marine fauna and flora of the British Isles.

KINGDOM PROTOCTISTA
Phylum Dinomastigota dinoflagellates e.g. Gymnodinium, Noctiluca
Phylum Ciliophora ciliates
Phylum Haptomonada e.g. Phaeocystis
Phylum Phaeophyta brown seaweeds e.g. Fucus, Ascophyllum
Phylum Rhodophyta red seaweeds e.g. Chondrus, Mastocarpus
Phylum Chlorophyta green seaweeds e.g. Enteromorpha, Ulva
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Phylum Porifera sponges e.g. Sycon, Halichondria
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Scyphomedusae jellyfish e.g. Aurelia
Class Leptolida hydroids e.g. Dynamena
Class Octocorallia octocorals
Order Alcyonacea soft corals e.g. Alcyonium
Order Gorgonacea sea fans
Order Pennatulacea sea pens
Class Hexacorallia hexacorals
Order Ceriantharia tube anemones e.g. Cerianthus
Order Actiniaria sea anemones e.g. Actinia
Order Scleractinia corals e.g. Caryophyllia
Phylum Ctenophora comb jellies
Phylum Platyhelminthes flat worms e.g. Prostheceraeus
Phylum Nemertinea ribbon worms e.g. Lineus
Phylum Nematoda nematodes
Phylum Annelida bristle worms
Class Polychaeta e.g. Arenicola, Nereis
Class Oligochaeta
Class Hirudinea leeches
Phylum Priapulida priapulids e.g. Priapulus
Phylum Sipuncula peanut worms
Phylum Echiura spoon worms
Phylum Entoprocta
Phylum Chelicerata includes Pycnogonida sea spiders e.g. Pycnogonum
Phylum Mandibulata includes insects e.g. Anurida
Phylum Crustacea
Class Maxillopoda
Order Thoracica barnacles e.g. Semibalanus
Order Rhizocephala parasitic barnacles e.g. Sacculina
Subclass Copepoda
Order Calanoida e.g. Calanus
Order Cyclopoida mostly freshwater
Order Harpacticoida e.g. Tigriopus, Metis
Order Poecilostomatoida e.g. Modiolicola
Order Siphonostomatoida e.g. Lernaeocera
Class Ostracoda
Class Eumalacostraca
Subclass Peracarida
Order Mysidacea ghost shrimps e.g. Praunus
Order Amphipoda sandhoppers e.g. Talitrus
Order Isopoda sea slaters e.g. Eurydice
Order Tanaidacea
Subclass Eucarida
Order Decapoda
Infraorder Caridea shrimps and prawns e.g. Crangon
Infraorder Astacidea e.g. Homarus
Infraorder Thalassinidea e.g. Upogebia
Infraorder Anomura e.g. Pagurus
Infraorder Brachyura e.g. Carcinus
Phylum Mollusca
Class Polyplacophora chitons
Class Gastropoda
Subclass Prosobranchia
Order Archaeogastropoda limpets and top shells
e.g. Patella
Order Mesogastropoda periwinkles, chink shells etc
e.g. Littorina
Order Neogastropoda e.g. Nucella
Subclass Opisthobranchia sea slugs e.g. Acteon, Doto
Subclass Pulmonata e.g. Onchidella
Class Scaphopoda tusk shells
Class Bivalvia e.g. Mytilus
Class Cepalopoda e.g. Sepia
Phylum Bryozoa sea mats, moss animals
e.g. Membranipora
Phylum Brachiopoda lamp shells
Phylum Phoronida e.g. Phoronis
Phylum Echinodermata
Class Crinoidea sea lilies e.g. Antedon
Class Asteroidea starfish e.g. Asterias
Class Ophiuroidea brittlestars e.g. Ophiothrix
Class Echinoidea sea urchins e.g. Echinus
Class Holothurioidea sea cucumbers e.g. Cucumaria
Phylum Hemichordata acorn worms e.g. Glossobalanus
Phylum Urochordata includes sea squirts e.g. Ciona, Botryllus
Phylum Craniata includes fish