Index

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Abrams, M. H., 162–63

advertising, 32, 86–87, 120, 132, 136, 142, 150–53, 192, 206, 208, 210–17, 229

Age of Spiritual Machines, The (Kurzweil), 48

Alfred A. Knopf, 109

algorithms, 136, 220

and artificial intelligence, 35–36

and creativity, 76–77

development of, 63–67, 69, 188

explanation of, 67–70, 73–75

make choices, 3, 73, 229

power of, 69–73, 75–77, 111

suppress opinions, 177–78

and tech giants, 5, 7–8, 33, 37, 49–53, 90, 103, 132

uncovers patterns, 70–71, 73–74

See also specific corporations

Alphabet, 32, 198. See also Google

amateurism, 93, 160, 175

Amazon, 93, 168, 187, 205, 223–24

and algorithms, 70, 103, 106, 132, 160

avoids taxes, 195–98

criticism of, 119–23, 174

deflates book prices, 90–91

disrupts book publishing, 101–6, 110, 119–20, 174

dominance of, 1, 4–5, 28, 78, 192

founding of, 79–81, 83

goals of, 1, 5, 82, 89, 122–23

low prices of, 91, 104, 132, 191, 196

manipulation of, 126

power of, 122–23, 174

regulation of, 194, 203–4

See also Kindle

analytics, 124, 144–47, 160

Anderson, Chris, 70, 174–75

Andreessen, Marc, 31, 62

antitrust laws, 81, 113, 120, 185, 188–92, 203–4

AOL, 58, 107

Apple, 2–3, 6, 19, 31, 81, 86, 89–90, 198

Arnold, Thurman, 189–92

artificial intelligence (AI), 2, 35–38, 44–47, 49, 51–52, 55

Associated Press (AP), 114–17, 121

AT&T, 29, 185, 203

Authors Guild, 121, 170

authorship, 3, 156–64, 173–74, 176. See also writing profession

automation, 3, 62–68, 72, 76–77, 211, 231

automatons, 24, 39–41

Baron, Marty, 106

Baumol, William, 171–72

Belasco, Warren, 207

Bermuda, 197

Bernays, Edward, 214–16, 220

Berners-Lee, Tim, 26, 34

Bezos, Jeff, 33, 222

avoids taxes, 195–97

buys Post, 94–95, 100–102, 106–7, 122

founds/runs Amazon, 79–81, 83, 91, 101–6

as gatekeeper, 94–95, 100–103, 106, 110

power of, 121–22, 174

blind, the, 45–46

blogs, 58, 145, 160, 175

book publishing, 13, 214

and bookshelves, 215–16, 220

costs of, 91, 172–74

demise of, 224–25

dependent on Amazon, 174

disrupted by Amazon, 91, 93, 101–6, 110, 119–20

history of, 164–68, 173–74

by media companies, 107, 109–10

and tech giants, 5, 55, 77–79, 86, 110, 121–22, 176–77

and writers, 162, 172–73

books, 218–19

digital, 91, 101–5, 173, 222–26

history of, 225–28

paper editions of, 91, 173, 223–29

scanned by Google, 52, 54–55, 86, 176–77

selling/buying of, 70, 78–82, 89, 91, 162, 213–14, 222–25

See also Amazon; Kindle

“Books v. Cigarettes” (Orwell), 213–14

Borah, William, 190

Bourdieu, Pierre, 218–19

Bowen, William, 171–72

Brand, Stewart, 12–25, 56, 87, 177, 205–7

Brandeis, Louis, 190–94, 203, 218

Brin, Sergey, 1, 37–38, 50, 52, 212

BuzzFeed, 74, 137–39, 145–48, 151–52

Calico, 53

Cecil lion story, 148

Ceruzzi, Paul, 16

Chartbeat, 144–45, 212

Clinton administration, 203

code, 34, 58, 68, 73–74, 84, 200

Coleridge, Samuel, 163

collaboration, 2–3, 13, 26, 29, 156–57, 160

communal connection, 21–27, 55, 65, 177–79

communes, 18–23, 206–7

competition, 29, 186, 202–3

with journalism, 144–45

in the marketplace, 84, 174, 178, 184, 188, 191–92, 231

and monopolies, 5, 11, 30

and tech giants, 3, 12, 31, 55, 103

computer science, 22, 33–35, 42, 59, 68–71, 73–74, 80

computers, 8, 25, 38, 101, 109

and algorithms, 67–70, 74, 229

and cooperation/connection, 25–27

as copying machine, 85–86

and creativity, 76–77

early era of, 15–17, 20–22, 25–28, 33–34, 43–46, 57, 68, 74

and human transformation, 2, 13–14, 28, 33, 38

and neural networks, 52–53

personal, 20–22, 28

progress in, 47–48

Comte, Auguste, 61, 63

conformism, 5, 13, 60, 156, 178, 206, 208, 231

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, 200

copyright laws, 84–85, 90, 157–60, 163–66

counterculture, 12–24, 56, 205–8

Cowley, Malcolm, 169

creativity, 76–77, 85, 101, 105, 156–62, 173, 230

Credit Suisse, 152–53

CrowdTangle, 147

culture

definition of, 218–20

degradation of, 92, 210

Dallas Morning News, 196

data, 97, 218, 220

collection of, 8, 33, 69, 83, 186–87, 200, 211, 224, 229

exploitation of, 82–83, 123–25, 200, 229

and the media, 139–40, 145–50

ownership of, 200–201

patterns in, 69–71, 75–76, 187, 231

power of, 186–88, 200–201

protection of, 200–204

sets of, 74–75, 77, 123, 160

tracking of, 82, 138, 145, 171, 187, 201, 224, 230

See also algorithms; surveillance (of users)

DeepMind, 53

Democrats, 116–17, 141, 199

Denton, Nick, 146

Descartes, René, 39–43, 47

Diamandis, Peter, 48

Dickens, Charles, 164–65

digital age, 43, 67, 224, 229

disruptive agents, 59, 93, 101, 176, 199. See also specific names

Doctorow, Cory, 85–86

dot-com crash, 185–86

Economist, 191

Eisenhower, Dwight, 99, 109

Eliot, T. S., 159, 175, 219

Engelbart, Doug, 20–21

engineers, 13, 16, 21–22, 45, 83

and editorial process, 106, 155

at Facebook, 59, 63, 73–75

at Google, 50, 52–53, 55, 124–25

mind-set of, 63, 77

profession of, 43–44, 61–63

write algorithms, 73–75

England, 43–44, 115, 164–66, 168, 213–14

Enlightenment, 161–62, 218, 230

entertainment industry, 86, 107–8, 158

environment, 4, 17, 200, 204, 223

Epstein, Jason, 173

Facebook, 14, 30, 93, 102, 205, 221

and advertising, 210–11

and algorithms, 5, 7, 63, 69, 72–75, 90, 177–78

avoids taxes, 197

and copyright, 166

dominance of, 4–5, 29, 78, 81–82, 192

experiments on users, 74–77

and false news, 91–92, 217

“Filter Bubble” of, 177–79

founding of, 59–61, 134

goals/projects of, 1–2, 5, 72–73, 89

and journalism, 131–32

managed top-down, 56–57

manipulation of, 126

and the media, 6–7, 74, 90, 92, 140, 150, 155

and politics, 123

regulation of, 194, 203–4

“trending on,” 140, 147

and writers, 171, 174

Facebook’s News Feed, 72–75, 160

Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 108, 125–26, 185, 201

Federal Trade Commission, 121, 198, 203

Fischer, Steven Roger, 226–27

Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 167–68

Folklore of Capitalism, The (Arnold), 189

food movement, 4–5, 205–9, 217

France, 61–64, 207, 218–19

Franklin, Ben, 165, 230

free will, 3, 77, 229. See also individualism

Freud, Sigmund, 35–36, 214

gatekeepers (of knowledge), 5, 92, 94–102, 106, 110, 126, 201, 221

Gates, Bill, 5–6, 49

Gawker, 146

genius, 156–57, 160–64, 168, 179

Geraci, Robert, 48–49

Germany, 40, 64–65, 164

Global Village, 25–26, 28

Goffman, Erving, 216

Google, 14, 110, 205, 221

abuses of, 124–26

acquires companies, 30–31

and advertising, 210–12

and algorithms, 7, 33, 37, 49–53, 69, 71–72, 90, 132

avoids taxes, 197

and copyright, 159–60

dominance of, 3–5, 28, 78, 81, 91, 187, 192

founding of, 1, 37, 49

goals/projects of, 1–2, 5, 27, 32–33, 37–39, 42, 50–54, 89

and Internet media, 6–7, 87, 90

and journalism, 131–32, 150, 174

and politics, 123–25, 198

regulation of, 194, 203–4

uploads books, 52, 54–55, 86, 176–77

Graham, Don, 59, 95, 98, 100–102, 106

Graham family, 94–95, 97–98, 108

Graham, Katharine, 98–99

Graham, Philip, 98–100

Grant, Ulysses S., 113

Hachette, 105–6, 119

hackers, 27, 57–60, 199

Harvard, 7, 57–58, 60, 71, 123, 134, 157, 168

Hayes, Rutherford B., 115–16, 141

Hinton, Geoff, 53

hive mind, 178–79

Hoffman, Reid, 160

Hollywood, 85, 97, 148

Holt, Henry, 164–65, 167

Home Depot, 197–98

homogenization, 5, 205, 227

Hoover, Herbert, 62

Houghton Library (Harvard), 168

Howells, William Dean, 167

Huffington Post, 86, 145

Hughes, Chris, 7–8, 117–18, 120, 133–38, 140, 152–55, 171

IBM, 15–16, 28, 185, 203

individualism, 2–3, 19, 25, 56, 60, 161, 204, 230

Information Rules (Varian), 188

intellectual property, 3, 8, 55, 82, 84–86, 90–91, 105, 195–96

Intercept, The, 198

Internet, 5, 20, 28, 32, 78, 175

and advertising, 210–12

and bookselling, 79–81

as copying machine, 85–86

defenders of, 157–58, 224

early era of, 159–60

escaping from, 225, 230, 232

free resources of, 86–88, 90, 210–11, 217

history of, 26, 184–86

journalism, 6–8, 87, 151, 169–70

and knowledge boom, 81–82, 88–89

and mechanical thinking, 67

and the media, 109, 140–41, 145

and tax avoidance, 195–98

iPad, 217, 223

iPod, 89–90

iTunes, 89–90

Jefferson, Thomas, 11, 81, 190, 230

Jobs, Steve, 18, 20, 22, 66, 89

Johnson, Lyndon, 99–100

journalists/journalism, 21, 75, 84, 115, 135, 175, 205, 220

and algorithms, 76–77

and audience/readership, 137–50

and “branded content,” 150–53

and data profusion, 148–50

dependent on tech giants, 131–33, 141, 148–49, 155

disrupted by tech giants, 5, 8, 77

history of, 141–44, 176

Internet, 6–8, 210–11

and “snackable content,” 140–41

and web traffic, 137–41, 144–50, 154–55

See also magazines; newspaper industry

Kay, Alan, 21

Kazin, Alfred, 169

Kelly, Kevin, 27, 87, 176–78, 224

Kennedy, Anthony, 202

Kesey, Ken, 14

Kindle, 102, 104, 217, 222–25

Kipling, Rudyard, 165

Kleinberg, Jon, 73–74

knowledge, 66, 102, 160, 185

boom in, 81–83

collapse of value, 78–79, 84, 86, 89, 157, 170

economy of, 78–79, 81–85

global database/network of, 33, 69, 177, 184

massive storing of, 55, 69, 82, 88

monopoly of, 81–82, 85, 88–89, 111, 120–21, 126

production/consumption of, 4–5, 72–73, 88, 90–91, 93

and tech giants, 78, 89, 170, 183

Kundera, Milan, 228–29

Kurzweil, Ray, 45–49, 51–53. See also singularity, the

Lanier, Jaron, 49

Leibniz, Gottfried, 64–67, 177

Lessig, Larry, 86, 157–62

Levy, Steven, 38, 54

libertarianism, 2, 19, 23, 30, 161, 183, 204

Liberty and the News (Lippmann), 142–43

Licklider, J.C.R., 26

Lincoln, Abraham, 112

LinkedIn, 160

Linux, 26–27

Lippmann, Walter, 97, 142–43, 219

Logical Computing Machine, 43

Luce, Henry, 219

Luxembourg, 196–97

Macintosh, 22

Macmillan, 105

Madison, James, 84–85

magazines, 18, 34, 103, 149, 214–15

and advertising, 136, 153, 210–11, 216–17

on Internet, 6, 87, 135–37, 145, 148, 169–70, 210, 217

in print, 7, 87, 216–17, 229

revenue of, 86–87, 90, 136, 210, 216–17

weakened by tech giants, 78–79, 210–11

writers of, 134, 166–67, 173, 176, 211, 219

See also specific titles

Marlow, Cameron, 74–75

math/mathematicians, 1, 42, 44, 64, 66–69, 74, 76, 137–38

Mayer, Marissa, 63, 87

McCarthy, John, 49

McLuhan, Marshall, 24–26, 177

mechanical thinking, 67–68, 72, 76–77

media, 2–3, 5, 49, 59, 174–75, 220–21, 231

and advertising, 150–53, 210–13

audience of, 211–13

companies, 143–44, 195

consolidation of, 107–10

dependent on tech giants, 131–33, 148–49

giants/moguls, 145–47, 166

Internet, 6–8, 72–74, 90, 145

manipulation of, 114–17

monopolies of, 98, 121

revenue sources of, 210–13

traditional, 6–7, 74, 78–79, 86–91, 119, 153

weakened by Internet, 89–92, 107, 109

and web traffic, 132, 136–37, 144–50, 211–12

See also journalists/journalism; magazines; newspaper industry

Meyer, Eugene, 98

Microsoft, 1–2, 5–6, 28, 51, 87, 157, 203–4

Middle Ages, 96, 225–27

Milner, Marius, 124–25

MIT, 36, 45–46, 57, 224–25

Mitchell, John, 99

monopoly, 178, 210, 231

criticism of, 5, 11, 28, 183–84

data-driven, 187–88, 201

historical debate on, 188–92

limits on, 202–4, 229

and media companies, 108, 113–17

of music industry, 89–90

and politics, 113–15

of tech giants, 1–3, 11–12, 14, 16, 20, 51, 78, 110, 119, 183, 186, 188, 194–95, 229

value of, 29–31

See also knowledge: monopoly of

Morgan, J. P., 29

Morse, Samuel, 112

Moskovitz, Dustin, 60

Murdoch, Rupert, 99, 108, 146

Musk, Elon, 33

NASA, 17, 53

National Science Foundation, 184

Native Americans, 12–13, 15

Negroponte, Nicholas, 224–25

Netflix, 70, 76

New Republic, 7–8, 117–20, 133–38, 140–45, 152–55, 168–71

New York, 93, 101–4, 118, 134, 155, 158, 214–15

New York Review of Books, 134

New York Times, 6, 49, 74, 102, 116, 120, 122, 141, 146–48, 151, 153, 167, 211–12, 217

New York Times Magazine, 176

New Yorker, 148, 216–17

newspaper industry, 190, 214

and advertising, 210–11

digital, 95, 107, 110, 143–50

and editorial vs. advertising, 150–53

editors of, 96–98, 100, 106, 116

and “gatekeeping,” 95–100, 102–3, 106

history of, 141–44

print editions of, 212–13, 229

and pursuit of profit, 147, 149–50, 154–55

revenue of, 86–87, 90, 217

and sensationalism, 7, 141–43

weakened by tech, 78–79, 107–9, 155

See also Associated Press (AP); journalists/journalism; specific titles

Nixon, Richard, 99, 195, 203

Norvig, Peter, 53

Obama, Barack, 123–24, 149, 190, 198–99

Obama, Michelle, 208

oligopoly, 81, 119, 194

originality, 156–57, 159, 161, 163–64, 178–79

Orwell, George, 213–14

Page, Carl Jr., 34

Page, Carl Sr., 33–37

Page, Larry, 1, 33–35, 37–39, 49–55, 72, 212

PageRank, 50–51, 55

Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), 21–22

Peretti, John, 137–38, 145–46

Performing Arts: The Economic Dilemma (Baumol and Bowen), 171–72

piracy, 86, 89

plagiarism, 159, 161–62

political

liberty, 230–31

power, 80, 92

Pollan, Michael, 209

populism, 93–94, 102, 157, 192

postal service, 112–13, 202

Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, The (Goffman), 216

printing press, 162

privacy, 3, 8, 25, 77, 125, 183–84, 188, 193, 200–203, 230–31

programmers, 20, 34, 67–68, 71, 124–25

Propaganda (Bernays), 215

radio, 24, 109, 112, 153, 201, 203, 219

Rand, Ayn, 2, 23, 161

Random House, 109

reading, 4, 144, 225–28

regulation, 82, 108–9, 113, 121, 183–85, 194, 198–204

Republicans, 115–17, 199

Rolling Stone, 21–22

Romer, Paul, 84

Roosevelt, Franklin, 62, 189

Rosenberg, Jonathan, 90

Roszak, Theodore, 17, 206

Russia, 199. See also Soviet Union

Saint-Simon, Henri de, 61, 63

San Francisco, 12, 14–15, 21, 23, 35

Savio, Mario, 15

Schmidt, Eric, 31, 51–52, 123–24, 187

search engines, 5, 50, 55, 69, 71, 82, 89, 125, 187, 212. See also Google

Seattle, 6, 81

Second Self, The (Turkle), 36

Securities and Exchange Commission, 50

security, 124, 199

Shakespeare, William, 161–62, 165

Shaw, David, 80

Shawn, William, 217

Shirky, Clay, 160

Simon, Herbert, 88

Simon & Schuster, 215

singularity, the, 46–49, 51–55

Slate, 6, 137, 170

Smith, Adam, 83

Smith, William Henry, 115–17

Snowden, Edward, 124

social media, 6–8, 26, 28–29, 32, 56, 123–25, 137–38, 145, 148, 160, 178, 224, 231. See also Facebook; Google; Twitter

Soviet Union, 16, 184–85, 229

Stanford, 14, 20, 37, 212

Starting Out in the Thirties (Kazin), 169

Steyer, Tom, 152–53

subscriptions, 7, 86–87, 90, 98, 210, 212–13, 217, 219

Sullivan, Andrew, 151

surveillance (of users), 25, 57, 188, 193–94, 199–201, 229

tax avoidance, 121, 152, 195–99

Taylor, Frederick, 193

technology

criticism of, 15, 19, 230–31

early era of, 16–17, 20–25

goals of, 13–14, 27

network of, 2–3, 24–28, 31–32, 69, 177–79

technology giants, 5, 20

abuses of, 8, 78–79, 90–91, 111–12, 124–27

criticism of, 121, 222–28, 231–32

dependence on, 131–33

dominance of, 1, 3–5, 8, 121, 187–89, 195, 202–3, 231

positive aspect of, 78

power of, 67, 72, 74–77, 81–83, 89–92, 94, 106, 110–12, 126–27, 131–32, 231–32

resisting them, 8, 228–32

worldview of, 2–3

See also specific corporations

telegraph, 112–17, 202–3

television, 1, 17, 24, 84, 137, 206, 208, 219

consolidation of, 107–10

medium of, 56, 158

regulation of, 201, 203

subliminal messages on, 125–26

Texas, 196

Thiel, Peter, 30

Tilden, Samuel, 116

Time, 53, 140, 151

Time-Life, 109

Time Warner, 28, 107, 109

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 219

Topolsky, Joshua, 148

Torvalds, Linus, 27

transparency, 60, 111, 125–27, 212

trending, 140, 147–49, 227

Trump, Donald, 7, 30, 92–93, 149, 217, 221

Turing, Alan, 43–44, 68

Turkle, Sherry, 36

Turner, Fred, 20

Twain, Mark, 159, 165–67

Twitter, 6, 147, 150, 223

Uber, 132

University of California, 15–16, 83, 207

Upworthy, 138–39

U.S. Defense Department, 16, 20, 184

U.S. government, 82, 154, 170, 194

and antitrust laws, 120–21, 190

and monopolies, 11, 84

and protecting privacy, 200–203

and regulating Internet, 183–85, 229

and regulating media, 108–9, 125–26

and regulating tech giants, 125, 203–4

U.S. Justice Department, 109, 121, 185, 189–90

U.S. Supreme Court, 108, 190, 192–93, 202

Vail, Theodore, 29

Varian, Hal, 188

Veblen, Thorstein, 62

Vice, 145

Vidra, Guy, 118–19

virality, 7, 137–41, 146, 148

virtual reality, 49

Vox, 139, 148

Wall Street, 50, 80, 103

Walmart, 1, 79, 191, 197–98, 208

Warren, Elizabeth, 200

Washington Post, 87, 94–102, 106–7, 122, 139–41, 145

Waters, Alice, 207–8

Web, 186, 232

and advertising, 150–53, 210–11

and Google, 49–50, 89

headlines of, 138–41, 145, 211

invention of, 26, 34, 112

pages of, 87, 135, 150

reading on, 144, 223–25

sites on, 71, 80, 85–86, 101, 135–37, 146, 151–52, 160, 169

traffic on, 132, 136–41, 144–50, 154–55, 171, 211–12

Western Union, 113–17, 203

White, Byron, 108

White, David Manning, 96–97

Whitman, Walt, 165

Whole Earth Catalog, 18–21, 23, 205–6

Wikipedia, 26, 160, 177

Wilson, Woodrow, 142, 190, 215

Wired, 27, 51, 70, 87, 176

Wolff, Michael, 211–12

Wordsworth, William, 163–64

writing profession, 146, 217, 221

and Amazon, 102, 104–6, 119, 121–22

and “branded content,” 151–52

compensation for, 102, 163–76, 210

decaying of, 5, 55, 157, 170, 174–75, 210–11

description of, 172–76

in England, 164–66

history of, 101, 161–68, 175–76

and New Republic, 134, 136–37, 144, 169

and newspapers, 106, 114, 144

Wu, Tim, 186

Xerox, 21–22, 85

Zero to One (Thiel), 30

Zittrain, Jonathan, 123

Zuckerberg, Mark, 7, 72, 92, 123

on Facebook goals, 60–61, 81–82

founds Facebook, 59–60, 134

and hackers, 57–60

philosophies of, 59–60, 63, 76

rebellious years of, 5759